Wikipedia

Mercury Records

Mercury Recordsis an Americanrecord labelowned byUniversal Music Group.It had significant success as an independent operation in the 1940s and 1950s.Smash RecordsandFontana Recordswere sub labels of Mercury.[1]Mercury Records released rock,funk,R&B,doo wop,soul music,blues,pop,rock and roll,andjazzrecords. In the United States, it is operated throughRepublic Records;in the United Kingdom and Japan (as Mercury Tokyo in the latter country), it is distributed byEMI Records.

Mercury Records
Parent companyUniversal Music Group
Founded1945;80 years ago(1945)
Founder
  • Irving Green
  • Berle Adams
  • Arthur Talmadge
  • Ray Greenberg
StatusActive
Distributor(s)
GenreVarious
Country of originUnited States
LocationChicago,Illinois,U.S.(1945–1980)
New York City,New York,U.S. (1980–present)
Official website

Since the separation ofIsland Records,Motown,Mercury Records, andDef Jam Recordingscombining theIsland Def Jam Music Group,Mercury Records has been placed under Island Records, although its back catalogue is still owned by the Island Def Jam Music Group (now Island Records).

Background

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Mercury Records was started inChicagoin 1945 and over several decades, saw great success. The success of Mercury has been attributed to the use of alternative marketing techniques to promote records. The conventional method of record promotion used by major labels such asRCA Victor,Decca Records,andCapitol Recordswas dependent on radio airplay, but Mercury Records co-founderIrving Greendecided to promote new records usingjukeboxesinstead. By lowering promotion costs, Mercury was able to compete with the more established record labels, and thus became an established record label itself.[2]

Beginnings

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Mercury Record Corporation was formed inChicagoin 1945 by Irving Green,Berle Adams,Ray Greenberg,[3]andArthur Talmadge.[4]The company was a major force inR&B,doo wop,soul music,pop doo wop, pop soul,blues,pop,rock and roll,jazzandclassical music.Early in the label's history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other inSt. Louis, Missouri.[5]By hiring two promoters,Tiny Hilland Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with names such asFrankie Laine,Vic Damone,Tony Fontane,andPatti Page.

In 1946, Mercury hiredEddie Gaedel,an American with dwarfism, most notable for participating in a Major League Baseball game, to portray the "Mercury Man", complete with a winged hat similar to its logo, to promote Mercury recordings.[6][7]Some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as their logo.[8][9]

In 1947, Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page (whom he managed) record a song that had been planned to be done byVic Damone,"Confess". The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the "answer" parts to Page, so at Rael's suggestion, she did both voices. Though "overdubbing" had been used occasionally on 78-rpm discs in the 1930s, forLawrence Tibbettrecordings, among others, this became the first documented example of "overdubbing" using tape.

The company released an enormous number of recordings under the Mercury label, as well as its subsidiaries (Blue Rock Records,Cumberland Records,EmArcy Records,Smash Records,andWing Records,later viaFontana RecordsandLimelight Recordsafter being absorbed by Philips). In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels and redistributed them. Under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. Its subsidiaries, though, focused on their own specialized categories of music.[10]

Mercury's jazz division

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Norman Granz "Jazz at the Philharmonic"78rpm release

From 1947 to 1952,John Hammondwas a vice-president of Mercury Records.[11]Mercury, under its EmArcy label, released LPs by many post-swing and bebop artists, includingClifford BrownandMax Roach,Kenny Drew,Dinah Washington,Nat Adderley,Cannonball Adderley,Ernestine Anderson,Sarah Vaughan,Maynard Ferguson,Walter Benton,Herb Geller.[12]

In the late 1950s, Mercury released jazz recordings of multiple artists, including Max Roach, Coleman Hawkins,Lester Young,Dizzy Gillespie,and Buddy Rich.[13]During the 1960s albums were released by artists includingGene Ammons,Quincy Jones,Buddy Rich,Cannonball Adderley,Dinah Washington,Max Roach,Paul Bleyand Jimmy Smith.[14]

Later history: 1950s–present

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From its inception until the mid-1990s, the winged head ofMercurywas the label's trademark. As of 2018, Mercury UK, Mercury Classics, and Mercury Tokyo (Japan) use the logo.

During the 1950s, Mercury released hits of musicians such asthe Platters,Brook Benton,the Diamonds, andPatti Page. In 1961,Philips,a Dutch electronics company and owner ofPhilips Records,which had lost its distribution deal with Columbia Records outside North America, played a key role in Mercury's future by signing an exchange agreement with the American record company.[15]A year later, Mercury was sold to Consolidated Electronics Industries Corp. (Conelco), which was an affiliate of Philips under its U.S. Trust division; in 1963, Mercury switched British distribution fromEMIto Philips. In 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name.[16]

In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U.S. record label to release cassette music tapes (Musicassettes).[17]In 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc., while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp. (NAPC) after Philips bought control of the company.

Philips and German electronics giantSiemensreorganized their joint-ventured record operations, Grammophon-Philips Group, home ofDeutsche Grammophon,Philips Records, andPolydorto become PolyGram in 1972. That year, PolyGram bought Mercury from NAPC. Mercury's corporate name was changed toPhonogram Inc.to match a related company in the UK that operated the Mercury label there. During the 1970s, Mercury released hits by musicians such asThe Statler Brothers,Paper Lace,Rod Stewart,Bachman-Turner Overdrive,Cledus Maggard and The Citizen's Band,Jacky Ward,Glenn Sutton,William Bell,Rush,The BrainsandReba McEntire.

From late 1974 to early 1983, the company's label design featured a painting of three famous buildings that are located in Chicago:Marina City,John Hancock Center,and OneIBM Plaza,the latter which was Mercury's headquarters during that period, having moved from its long-time address at35 East Wacker Drive.Mercury released soul musicians such asthe Dellsand Marvin Sease. From the 1970s through the early 1980s, Mercury released albums of funk musicians such asOhio Players,theBar-Kays,Con Funk Shun,andHamilton Bohannon.[18]Mercury released albums by Kool & the Gang (following the dissolution of De-Lite Records in 1985), the first three albums of the 1979-86 self titled series ofthe Gap Band(via Total Experience Productions) and Cameo (via distribution of leader Larry Blackmon's label Atlanta Artists Records). And the label released early rapperKurtis Blow's hit "The Breaks" (1980) also. Mercury released blues musician Robert Cray.[19]

In 1980, Phonogram moved its headquarters from Chicago to New York City. In 1981, Mercury, along with other U.S. PolyGram-owned labels, which includedPolydor,RSO Records,andCasablanca,consolidated under the new name PolyGram Records, Inc. (nowUMG Recordings). Under PolyGram, Mercury absorbed the artists and catalogue ofCasablanca Records(also home to the20th Century Recordsback catalogue), which consisted of hard rockersKissand disco starsDonna Summerand theVillage People,and primarily became a rock/pop/new wave label withVan Morrison,Thin Lizzy,All About Eve,Julian Cope,Scorpions,Rush,John Cougar Mellencamp,Big Country,Tears for Fears,Bon Jovi,Cinderella,andDef Leppardas well as the Oklahoma-based three-pieceHanson.

Mercury, by having Thin Lizzy, Bon Jovi, Cinderella, Def Leppard, Kiss, the Scorpions, and various other rock acts on their roster, became a premiere label forhard rockmusic. Most of these bands were onVertigo Recordsin Europe (that label specialized inprogressive rockand hard rock including subgenres likeglam metal).

In late 1998, PolyGram was bought bySeagram,which then absorbed the company into itsUniversal Music Groupunit. Under the reorganization, Mercury Records was closed and folded into the newly formedThe Island Def Jam Music Group(IDJMG). Mercury's pop roster was predominantly taken over byIsland Records,while its hip-hop acts found a new home atDef Jam Recordings,and some of Mercury's R&B acts were moved to the newly created Def Soul Records. Mercury's former country unit becameMercury Nashville Records.However, Mercury Records was relaunched in 2007 as a label under The Island Def Jam Music Group, appointing record executiveDavid Masseyas the President and CEO of the new venture.[20]The label was defunct in 2015.[21] On April 11, 2022,Republic Recordsannounced that they had acquired Mercury Records, and it will continue as their imprint.[22]

The Mercury name also survives on the Mercury Records division of UMG France, the Mercury Studios film division (which absorbedEagle Rock Entertainment,acquired by UMG in 2014), the classical music label Mercury KX, and catalogue reissues in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Japan, and Brazil, as well.

In 2024, Mercury Records became part of Universal Music Group-ownedRepublic Corps,joining sister labelsRepublic Records,Island Records,Casablanca RecordsandDef Jam Recordings.

Mercury Living Presence series

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In 1951, under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert (Bob) Fine and recording directorDavid Hall,Mercury Records initiated a recording technique using a single microphone to record symphony orchestras. Fine had for several years used a single microphone for Mercury small-ensemble classical recordings produced byJohn Hammondand laterMitch Miller(indeed, Miller, using his full name of Mitchell Miller, made several recordings as a featured oboe player in the late 1940s for Mercury). The first record in this new Mercury Olympian Series wasPictures at an Exhibitionperformed byRafael Kubelíkand theChicago Symphony.The group that became the best known using this technique was theMinneapolis Symphony Orchestra,which, under the leadership of conductorAntal Doráti,made a series of classical albums that were well reviewed and sold briskly, including the first-ever complete recordings ofTchaikovsky's balletsSwan Lake,The Sleeping Beauty,andThe Nutcracker.Dorati's 1954 one-microphone monaural recording (Mercury MG 50054) and 1958 three-microphonestereorerecording (Mercury MG 50054) of Tchaikovsky's1812 Overture[23]included dramatic overdub recordings of 1812-era artillery and the bells of theYale University Carillon.A stereo release in 1960 featured new recordings of the cannon shots, and the bells of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon at the Riverside Church in Chicago.[24]Besides Mercury's mono and stereo versions of the1812,only one other classical album rang up gold-record sales in the 1950s in the U.S.[25]

The New York Timesmusic criticHoward Taubmandescribed the Mercury sound onPictures at an Exhibitionas "being in the living presence of the orchestra"[26]and Mercury eventually began releasing their classical recordings under the 'Living Presence' series' name. The recordings were produced by Mercury vice presidentWilma Cozart,who later married Bob Fine. Cozart took over recording director duties in 1953 and also produced the CD reissues of more than half of the Mercury Living Presence catalog in the 1990s. By the late 1950s, the Mercury Living Presence crew included session musical supervisors Harold Lawrence and Clair van Ausdall and associate engineer Robert Eberenz.

Besides the recordings with the Chicago and Minneapolis orchestras, Mercury also recordedHoward Hansonwith the Eastman Rochester Orchestra,Frederick Fennellwith theEastman Wind Ensemble,andPaul Paraywith theDetroit Symphony Orchestra.

In late 1955, Mercury began using threeomnidirectional microphonesto make stereo recordings on three-track tape. The technique was an expansion on the mono process—center was still paramount. Once the center, single microphone was set, the sides were set to provide the depth and width heard in the stereo recordings. The center microphone still fed the mono LP releases, which accompanied stereo LPs well into the 1960s. From 1961, Mercury enhanced the three-microphone stereo technique by using 35-mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater emulsion thickness, track width, and speed (90 ft/min or 18 in/sec) of 35-mm magnetic film increased prevention of tape layerprint-throughand gained in addition extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury 'Living Presence' stereo records were mastered directly from the three-track tapes or magnetic film, with a 3-2 mix occurring in the mastering room. The same technique—and restored vintage equipment of the same type—was used during the CD reissues. Specifically, three-track tapes were recorded on Ampex 300-3 (½-in, three-track) machines at 15 in/sec. The 35-mm magnetic film recordings were made on three-track Westrex film recorders. The 3-2 mixdown was done on a modified Westrex mixer. For the original LPs, the mixer directly fed the custom cutting chain. At Fine Recording in New York City, the Westrex cutter head on aScullylathewas fed by modified McIntosh 200W tube amplifiers with very little feedback in the system. Older mono records were made with a Miller cutter head.

The original LP releases of the classical recordings continued through 1968. The Mercury classical-music catalogue (including the Living Presence catalogue) is currently managed byDecca Label Groupthrough Philips Records, which reissued the recordings on LP and then CD. In turn, Mercury now manages the pop/rock catalog of Philips Records.

In 2012, Decca Classics, the current owner of the Mercury Living Presence label, issued a value-priced 51-CD box that included 50 of the 1990s CD titles (remastered by Wilma Cozart Fine), a bonus CD containing an interview with Wilma Cozart Fine, and a deluxe booklet detailing the history of Mercury Living Presence. The CD set was issued worldwide and was sold by major retailers. A limited-edition six-LP box set was also issued. The CD set brings back into print dozens of titles that had not been available as manufactured CDs since the early 2000s.

In 2013, Decca Classics issued a second, 55-CD box set, along with a second six-LP box set. The CD box set included two bonus discs: a new reissue of the 1953 monophonic recording of Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" by Dorati with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, and a first-time-on-CD reissue of the premiere recording ofJohn Corigliano's Piano Concerto, played by Hilde Somer with the San Antonio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Victor Alessandro.

On January 4, 2015, Mercury co-founder Irwin Steinberg died at the age of 94.[27]

Major Mercury Records labels and operations worldwide

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This division of Mercury handled US distribution of most pre-1998 Polydor Records pop/rock releases currently under UMG control. Some exceptions remain, however. Some artists based outside the US did not have their releases on Polydor in North America, signing to various other labels, instead. Some of these bands, such asThe Who,did sign to a label that also is now part of the UMG family (or later absorbed by such a label), hence those labels control US rights to these works (in the case of The Who, they had been on US Decca Records andMCA Recordsin the past, their prebreakup catalogue is now onGeffen Recordsin North America).

Mercury KX (formerlyMercury Classics)

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Mercury Classics was relaunched in 2012 as an international classical label by UMGI, appointing musicologist and record executive Dr. Alexander Buhr as managing director. The label aims to identify and work with strong creative individuals who bring a distinctive and fresh perspective to classical music.

In its first year, artist signings to the label included Icelandic neoclassical composerOlafur Arnalds,New York-based string quartetBrooklyn Rider,Chinese pianistYundi,and Austrian clarinetist and Berlin Philharmonic soloistAndreas Ottensamer.The label also oversees the recording career of Montenegrin classical guitaristMilos Karadaglic,and has an ongoing partnership withTori Amos,which dates back to her work with Buhr on her classically inspiredNight of Huntersalbum for Deutsche Grammophon in 2011. Following Buhr's longstanding relationship with the Deutsche Grammophon label, some of Mercury Classics' early core classical recordings were rereleased under the aegis of sister companyDeutsche Grammophon.

In 2013, Mercury Classics releasedOlafur Arnalds' label debutFor Now I Am Winter,which entered the US Classical Chart at number one. It was followed by an EP of Arnalds' soundtrack of the ITV crime seriesBroadchurch,which received a BAFTA Award for best original soundtrack the following year. Yundi's recording of three Beethoven sonatas went platinum in his native China. The label also releasedAndreas Ottensamer's debut "Portraits", and the label debut ofBrooklyn Rider"A Walking Fire". Milos Karadaglic's "Latino Gold" topped the UK classical charts and entered the pop charts. Banjo soloist and 15-time Grammy Award winnerBela Fleck's concerto for banjo and orchestra "The Impostor" was released in the fall.[citation needed]

In 2014, Mercury Classics released "Aranjuez", Milos Karadaglic's recording of iconic guitar concertos by Joaquin Rodrigo, featuringYannick Nézet-Séguinand the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The album topped the iTunes Classical charts in more than 10 countries and the classical charts in the US, UK, France, New Zealand, and Denmark, where it peaked in the pop charts at number 17. With the release of Yundi's new albumEmperor/Fantasy,including Beethoven's 5th Piano Concerto with Berlin Philharmonic and Daniel Harding, Mercury Classics held the top two spots on the UK classical chart. In May 2014, the label released Tori Amos' 14th studio albumUnrepentant Geraldines.The album entered the USBillboardtop 200 at number seven, charted in UK (number 13), Netherlands (number 10), and Germany (number 15), and hit the iTunes top 10 in more than 20 countries.

Influential classical music website Alto Riot named Mercury Classics its Label of the Year 2013.

In 2016, Mercury Classics became Mercury KX and changed its focus to post-classical music

Mercury Nashville

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Mercury's Nashville unit dates back to 1957, when Mercury formed a joint venture withStarday Recordsspecifically for releasing artists performing country music. Mercury bought out Starday's half in 1958.[28]

In 1997, PolyGram, looking to cut costs in anticipation of a merger with a competitor, consolidated all of its Nashville operations under the Mercury name. Mercury Nashville took over management of all of PolyGram's country back catalog from sister labels such as Polydor (including releases once issued by MGM Records),A&M,and the small country back catalog ofMotownRecords (Motown released these albums under subsidiary labels). All country artists under contract to other PolyGram labels either moved to Mercury or were dropped altogether.

Today, Mercury Nashville continues to be an active imprint under Universal Music Group Nashville, where it continues to manage the country back catalog that once belonged to PolyGram (MCA Nashville manages what Universal had already owned at the time of the PolyGram merger).

Mercury Records (UK)

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In 1958, Mercury switched its distribution in the UK from Pye to EMI, and in 1964 to Philips.[29]

Mercury operated as an imprint in the UK under Phonogram, a division of Dutch electronics company Philips from the mid-1960s until 1998, when Phonogram was bought by Universal Music. In March 2013, its artist roster was moved toVirgin EMIin a restructuring of Universal's UK labels.

In 2005,Jason Ileywas appointed the new managing director of Mercury. He joined the company from Island Records, where he was general manager.[30]In July 2005, Iley appointed Paul Adam to senior artist and repertoire (A&R) director of the label; the two had previously worked together at Island Records.[31]

In October 2006, U2 decided to leave Island Records and moved to Mercury Records, reportedly to rejoin Iley, with whom they had worked previously at Island Records.[32]

In March 2011, the label announced it was stopping the production of CD and vinyl singles, and would only release them physically as "rare exceptions".[33]

In 2012, signings on Mercury includedPixie Lott,Arcade Fire,Amy Macdonald,Noah and the Whale,Chase & Status,Jake Bugg,andBo Bruce.[34][35]

In July, Mercury announced that Mike Smith was joining as president of its music division.[36]

In March 2013, Mercury UK was absorbed into Virgin EMI by Universal Music.[37]Virgin EMI was rebranded as EMI Records in June 2020.

Mercury Records (Australia)

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Launched in 1955 exclusively as a full-service local (Australian) A&R operation. Mercury Records first known Australian artist was Keith Potger in 1968, but the label was put into hibernation in 1999 in favour of the Universal label until 2007–2013. Some successful Australian artists on Mercury included:INXS,Kamahl,Bullamakanka,Darren Hayes,Carl Riseley,The Preatures,Tiddas,Dragon,Teen Queens,Melissa TkautzandKarise Eden.

Mercury Records (France)

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In France, Mercury Records operates as a part of the Mercury Music Group, a division of Universal Music Group, which Group controls the French operations of UMG labels Mercury, Fontana Records, Verve Records, Decca Records,Blue Note Records,Island Records, and Virgin Records, among others.

Various other national Universal Music Group companies are known to actively use the Mercury Records trademark as an imprint for their local A&R operations, but no other Universal Music Group companies use the label as a key marketing differentiator, nor do they operate frontline divisions based on the Mercury label.

Mercury Tokyo (formerly Mercury Music Entertainment, Nippon Phonogram and Kitty MME)

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The Mercury label was first launched in Japan in 1952, byTaihei Onkyo.The company's name was later changed to Nippon Mercury in 1953, however, the Mercury label started to be handled byKing Recordsin 1957, and later byNippon Victor.

It was relaunched in 1970 by Nippon Victor andMatsushita Corporation,as Nippon Phonogram. It operated severalPhonogramlabels in Japan. In 1993, it became a division of PolyGram K.K. (nowUniversal Music Japan). In 1995, it was relaunched as Mercury Music Entertainment. It later merged withKitty Recordsin 2000 and became Kitty MME. Half of it was merged into theUniversal Jlabel in 2002, the other half became known asUniversal Sigmain 2004. Its artist roster includedSeiko Matsuda,Yūji Oda,Delta, ZIGGY,Kinniku Shōjo Tai,andTakashi Sorimachi.

After 13 years, the label was revitalized under its new name,Mercury Tokyo,under the Universal Music Group and Brands (UMG and Brands) division of Universal Music Japan.K-popgroupMonsta Xis the first artist or group signed under the newly relaunched label.[38]As of 2022, the label, currently operating under UMJ'sEMI Recordsdivision, has added K-pop groupsDrippin,Golden Child,Loona,andSTAYCon its roster.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Smash Album Discography".Bsnpubs.com.RetrievedDecember 22,2021.
  2. ^"Obituaries: Irving Green – Helped break colour barriers"by Dennis McLellen,Montreal Gazette,July 5, 2006, p. C6
  3. ^"Mecury (sic) Records co-founder Berle Adams dies ".Variety.August 27, 2009.RetrievedAugust 19,2016.
  4. ^"Mercury shooting at 700,000 disk within the year".Billboard.October 13, 1945. p. 23.RetrievedAugust 19,2016– via Google Books.
  5. ^"Mercury Records".Discogs(in French).RetrievedDecember 14,2017.
  6. ^"Billboard– Google Books ".Billboard.June 8, 1946. p. 19.RetrievedAugust 19,2016– via Google Books.
  7. ^"Billboard".May 27, 1972. p. 27.RetrievedAugust 19,2016– via Google Books.
  8. ^"Record label – No Baby No! – The Trenier Twins".Nugrape.net. Archived fromthe originalon August 21, 2006.RetrievedFebruary 28,2013.
  9. ^"Billboard".June 8, 1946. p. 31.RetrievedAugust 19,2016– via Google Books.
  10. ^Publishing, Rames El Desouki, The Traveller."Label Variations: Mercury Records".www.cvinyl.com.RetrievedDecember 14,2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^John Hammond Bio,Musicianguide.com,Retrieved March 4, 2023
  12. ^Best Coast Jazz,AllMusic,Retrieved February 28, 2023
  13. ^Mercury Records discography 1959,Jazzdisco.org,Retrieved February 27, 2023
  14. ^Mercury Records jazz story,AllMusic,Retrieved February 14, 2023
  15. ^"Billboard".Books.google.com.February 20, 1961. p. 3.RetrievedAugust 19,2016.
  16. ^Billboard.March 3, 1962.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  17. ^Billboard.June 22, 1968.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  18. ^Bohannon BiographyAllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2023
  19. ^Robert Cray BiographyAllMusic. Retrieved March 9, 2023
  20. ^"Def Jam to relaunch Mercury".Variety. April 11, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 26,2020.
  21. ^"Bon Jovi announce departure from label with bitter new song".The Guardian.August 24, 2015.RetrievedJuly 23,2019.
  22. ^Rys, Dan (April 11, 2022)."Republic Relaunches Mercury Records With Post Malone, James Bay".Billboard.RetrievedApril 11,2022.
  23. ^Soundfountain – Rudolf A. Bruil."Mercury Records Living Presence – Wilma Cozart Fine and 50 Years Mercury Recordings".Soundfountain.com.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  24. ^Liner notes from Mercury CD #434 360-2
  25. ^Whitburn, Joel:The Billboard Book of Top 40 Albums,3rd edition, p. 95
  26. ^Freed, Richard(September 30, 1990)."Recordings; Mercury 'Living Presence' Comes to Life Again".The New York Times.
  27. ^"Mercury Records Co-Founder Steinberg Dies at 94".Associated Press. January 4, 2015.RetrievedMarch 14,2015.
  28. ^"Universal Music Group Nashville - UMG".Archived fromthe originalon March 26, 2019.RetrievedApril 17,2019.
  29. ^"Mercury Label Discography – UK".45cat.RetrievedAugust 19,2016.
  30. ^"Universal exec named as Mercury managing director".Music Week. May 16, 2005.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  31. ^Cardew, Ben (July 16, 2010)."Promotions at Mercury".Music Week.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  32. ^"U2 leave Island to move to Mercury".Monsters and Critics. October 9, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon October 14, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  33. ^"Newsbeat – U2 and Arcade Fire's label ends CD and vinyl singles".BBC. March 25, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 7,2012.
  34. ^"Mercury Records (UK) Artists".Mtv.co.uk.RetrievedApril 18,2012.
  35. ^"Been a while…. | Bo Bruce".Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2012.RetrievedJune 29,2012.
  36. ^"Mike Smith Joins Mercury RecOrds | Mike Smith | News | MUSIC WEEK".musicweek.com. June 12, 2012.RetrievedDecember 20,2012.
  37. ^"EMI Music | Universal Music UK launches Virgin EMI Records".Archived fromthe originalon April 30, 2013.RetrievedApril 4,2013.
  38. ^"Nhật bổn デビューシングル『HERO』 5 nguyệt 17 nhật ユニバーサルミュージック tân レーベルMercury Tokyoより phát mại quyết định!!".Universal-music.co.jp/monstax(in Japanese). March 27, 2017.RetrievedMarch 31,2017.
  39. ^"Universal Music Japan - Artists".Universal-music.co.jp(in Japanese).RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
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