Miami,[b]officially theCity of Miami,is acoastalcity in theU.S. stateofFloridaand thecounty seatofMiami-Dade CountyinSouth Florida.It is the core of theMiami metropolitan area,which, with a population of 6.14 million, is the second-largest metropolitan area in theSoutheastafterAtlanta,and theninth-largestin the United States.[9]With a population of 442,241 as of the2020 census,[6]Miami is thesecond-most populous cityin Florida afterJacksonville.Miami has thethird-largest skylinein the U.S. with over300 high-rises,[11]61 of which exceed 491 ft (150 m).[12]
Miami | |
|---|---|
 Seal  Alternative seal | |
| Nicknames: The305,Magic City,Gateway to the Americas,Gateway toLatin America,Capital of Latin America[1]andVice City | |
 Interactive map of Miami | |
  Miami Location within the state of Florida  Miami Location within the United States | |
| Coordinates:25°47′N80°13′W/ 25.78°N 80.21°W[2] | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Florida |
| County |  Miami-Dade |
| Settled | After 1858[a] |
| Incorporated | July 28, 1896 |
| Founded by | Julia Tuttle |
| Named for | Miami River,ultimately derived fromMayaimi |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–Commission |
| •Mayor | Francis Suarez(R) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 56.07 sq mi (145.23 km2) |
| • Land | 36.00 sq mi (93.23 km2) |
| • Water | 20.08 sq mi (52.00 km2) |
| • Metro | 6,137 sq mi (15,890 km2) |
| Elevation | 6 ft (1.8 m) |
| Highest elevation | 42 ft (12.8 m) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 442,241 |
| • Estimate (2023)[7] | 455,924 |
| • Rank | 42ndin the United States 2ndin Florida |
| • Density | 12,284.47/sq mi (4,743.55/km2) |
| •Urban | 6,077,522 (US:4th) |
| • Urban density | 4,884.8/sq mi (1,886.0/km2) |
| •Metro | 6,091,747 (US:9th) |
| Demonym | Miamian |
| GDP | |
| • Metro | $483.755 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC–05:00(EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC– 04:00 |
| ZIP Codes | 33101–33102, 33106, 33109, 33111–33112, 33114, 33116, 33119, 33122, 33124–33138, 33140–33147, 33149–33158, 33160–33170, 33172–33199, 33206, 33222, 33231, 33233–33234, 33238–33239, 33242–33243, 33245, 33247, 33255–33257, 33261, 33265–33266, 33269, 33280, 33283, 33296, 33299 |
| Area code(s) | 305,786,645 |
| FIPS code | 12-45000 |
| GNISfeature ID | 277593,2411786 |
| Website | www |
Miami is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and international trade.[13][14]Miami's metropolitan area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida, with a 2017gross domestic productof $344.9 billion.[15]In a 2018UBSstudy of 77 world cities, Miami was the third-richest city in the U.S. and the third-richest globally inpurchasing power.[16]Miami is amajority-minoritycity with aHispanic and Latinopopulation of 310,472, or 70.2 percent of the city's population, as of 2020.[17]
Downtown Miamihas among the largest concentrations of international banks in the U.S. and is home to several large national and international companies.[citation needed]TheHealth Districtis home to several majorUniversity of Miami-affiliated hospital and health facilities, includingJackson Memorial Hospital,the nation's largest hospital with 1,547 beds,[18]and theMiller School of Medicine,the University of Miami's academic medical center and teaching hospital, and others engaged in health-related care and research.PortMiami,the city's seaport, is the busiestcruiseport in the world in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.[19]
The Miami metropolitan area is the second-most visited city or metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. afterNew York City,with over four million visitors in 2022.[20]Miami has sometimes been called the "Gateway to Latin America" because of the magnitude of its commercial and cultural ties toLatin America.[21]In 2022, Miami ranked seventh in the U.S. in business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.[22]
Toponymy
editMiami was named after theMiami River,derived fromMayaimi,the historic name ofLake Okeechobeeand the Native Americans who lived around it.[23]Miami is sometimes colloquially referred to asThe305,Magic City,Gateway to the Americas,Gateway to Latin America,Capital of Latin America,[1]andVice City.
History
edit
TheTequestatribe occupied the Miami area for around 2,000 years before contact with Europeans. A village of hundreds of people, dating to 500–600 BCE, was located at the mouth of theMiami River.It is believed that the entire tribe migrated toCubaby the mid-1700s.[24]
Settlement
editIn 1566, admiralPedro Menéndez de Avilés,Florida's first governor, claimed the area forSpain.A Spanishmissionwas constructed one year later. Spain, and brieflyBritain,ruled Florida until it ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the U.S. builtFort Dallason the banks of the Miami River as part of their development of theFlorida Territoryand their attempt to suppress and remove theSeminoles.As a result, the Miami area became a site of fighting in theSecond Seminole War.
Founding
editMiami is noted as the only major city in the United States founded by a woman.Julia Tuttle,a localcitrus growerand a wealthyClevelandnative, was the original owner of the land upon which Miami was built.[25]In the late 19th century, the area was known as "Biscayne Bay Country", and reports described it as a promising wilderness and "one of the finest building sites in Florida".[26][27]TheGreat Freezeof 1894–1895 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops there were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convincedrailroad tycoonHenry Flaglerto extend hisFlorida East Coast Railwayto the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami".[28][29]Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896, with a population of just over 300.[30]
20th century
editDuring the early 20th century, migrants from theBahamasand African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population.[31]: 25 When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans around Avenue J, what would later become NW Fifth Avenue, a gang of white men with torches marched through the neighborhood and warned the residents to move or be bombed.[31]: 33
Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and development in infrastructure as northerners moved to the city. The legacy ofJim Crowwas embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police at the time,H. Leslie Quigg,did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of theKu Klux Klan.Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman".[31]: 53 [32]
The collapse of theFlorida land boom of the 1920s,the1926 Miami Hurricane,and theGreat Depressionin the 1930s slowed development. WhenWorld War IIbegan, Miami became a base for U.S. defense againstGerman submarinesdue to its prime location on the southern coast of Florida. This brought an increase in Miami's population; 172,172 people lived in the city by 1940. The city's nickname,The Magic City,came from its rapid growth, which was noticed by winter visitors who remarked that the city grew so much from one year to the next that it was like magic.[33]
AfterFidel Castrorose to power inCubafollowing theRevolutionin 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the city's population. Miami's national profile expanded dramatically in the 1970s, particularly in 1972.[34]The region hosted both theDemocraticandRepublican National Conventionsin the1972 Presidential election.TheMiami Dolphinsalso made history with theirundefeated "perfect" season.The area's educational and cultural institutions also developed significantly in this period, positioning the city to service a larger and increasingly international population.[34]
Miami developed new businesses and cultural amenities as part of theNew Southin the 1980s and 1990s. At the same time, South Florida weathered social problems related todrug wars,immigration fromHaitiand Latin America, and the widespread destruction ofHurricane Andrew.[35][33]Racial and cultural tensions sometimes sparked, but Miami developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority (afterEl Paso, Texas), and the largest city with aCuban-Americanplurality.[36][37]
Geography
editMiami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between theEvergladesto the west andBiscayne Bayto the east, which extends fromLake Okeechobeesouthward toFlorida Bay.The elevation of the area averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m)[38]above sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest points are found along theMiami Rock Ridge,which lies under most of the eastern Miami metro. The main portion of Miami is on the shores of Biscayne Bay, which contains several hundred natural and artificialbarrier islands,the largest of which containsMiami BeachandSouth Beach.TheGulf Stream,a warmocean current,runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing Miami's climate to stay warm and mild all year.
Geology
editThe surface bedrock under the Miami area is calledMiami ooliteor Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recentglacial periods,orice ages.Beginning some 130,000 years ago, theSangamonian Stageraised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Floridaplateau,stretching from the present Miami area to what is now theDry Tortugas.[39]
The area behind this reef line was a large lagoon. Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells ofbryozoans.Starting about 100,000 years ago, theWisconsin glaciationbegan lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving themainlandof South Florida justabove sea level.[39]
Beneath the plain lies theBiscayne Aquifer,a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southernPalm Beach CountytoFlorida Bay.It comes closest to the surface around the cities ofMiami SpringsandHialeah.[40]Most of theMiami metropolitan areaobtains its drinking water from the Biscayne Aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though someunderground parking garagesexist. For this reason, themass transitsystems in and around Miami are elevated orat-grade.[39]
Most of the western fringes of Miami border theEverglades,a tropical marshland covering most of the southern portion of Florida.Alligatorsthat live in the marshes have ventured into Miami communities and onto major highways.[39]
Cityscape
edit
Neighborhoods
edit
Miami is split roughly into north, south, west, and Downtown areas. The heart of the city isDowntown Miami,which is on the eastern side and includes the neighborhoods ofBrickell,Virginia Key,Watson Island,andPortMiami.Downtown Miami is Florida's largest and most influential central business district, with many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks, and a large residential population.Brickell Avenuehas the largest concentration of international banks in the United States. Just northwest of Downtown is theHealth District,which is Miami's center for hospitals,research institutesandbiotechnology,with hospitals such asJackson Memorial Hospital,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute,and theUniversity of Miami'sMiller School of Medicine.[42]
The southern side of Miami includes the neighborhoods ofCoral Way,The Roads,andCoconut Grove.Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 between Downtown andCoral Gables,and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove, settled in 1825, and annexed into Miami in 1925, is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads and a heavy tree canopy.[42][43]It is the location of Miami's City Hall atDinner Key,the formerCoconut Grove Playhouse,CocoWalk,and theCoconut Grove Convention Center.It is home to manynightclubs,bars, restaurants, andbohemianshops, which makes it very popular with localcollege students.Coconut Grove is known for its many parks and gardens, such asVizcaya Museum,The Kampong,The Barnacle Historic State Park,and numerous other historic homes and estates.[42]
The western side of Miami includes the neighborhoods ofLittle Havana,West Flagler,andFlagami.Although at one time a mostly Jewish neighborhood, today western Miami is home to immigrants from mostly Central America andCuba.The west central neighborhood ofAllapattahis a multicultural community of many ethnicities.[42]
The northern side of Miami includesMidtown,a district with a great mix of diversity ranging fromWest IndianstoHispanicstoEuropean Americans.TheEdgewaterneighborhood of Midtown is mostly composed of high-rise residential towers and is home to theAdrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts.Wynwoodis an art district with ten galleries in former warehouses, as well as a large outdoor mural project. The wealthier residents of Miami usually live in theDesign Districtand theUpper Eastside,which has many 1920s homes as well as examples ofMiami Modern architecturein the MiMo Historic District.[44]The northern side of Miami also has notable African-American andCaribbeanimmigrant communities, includingLittle Haiti,Overtown(home of theLyric Theater), andLiberty City.[42]
Climate
edit
Miami has atropical monsoon climate(Köppen climate classificationAm)[45][46]with hot and wet summers and warm and dry winters.
Miami's sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above theTropic of Cancer,and proximity to theGulf Streamshape its climate. Average winter high temperatures, from December to March, range from 76.4–80.3 °F (24.7–26.8 °C). January is the coolest month with an average daily temperature of 68.2 °F (20.1 °C). Low temperatures fall below 50 °F (10 °C) about 3 to 4 nights during the winter season,[citation needed]after the passage ofcold frontsthat produce what little rainfall that falls in the winter.
There are two basic seasons in Miami, a hot and wet season from May to October, and a warm and dry season from November to April. During the hot and wet season, daily thundershowers occur in the humid unstable air masses. The wet season in Miami is defined as the period during which the average dailydew pointtemperature is above 70 °F (21 °C). The rainy season typically begins on the first day that occurs, or within a few days later.[47]
Daily rainfall in Miami decreases sharply when the average daily dew point falls to 70 °F (21 °C) or below. In some years, a stalled front to the south of the Florida peninsula may cause rains to continue for a few more days. From 1956 to 1997, the date summer began ranged from April 16 to June 3, with a median date of May 21. In those same years, the date summer ended ranged from September 24 to November 1, with a median date of October 17.[48]
During summer, temperatures range from the mid-80s to low 90s °F (29–35 °C) and are accompanied by high humidity. The heat is often relieved in the afternoon by thunderstorms or asea breezethat develops off the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the year's 61.9 inches (1,572 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period.Dew pointsin the warm months range from 71.9 °F (22.2 °C) in June to 73.7 °F (23.2 °C) in August.[49]
Historical temperature extremes range from 27 °F (−2.8 °C) on February 3, 1917, to 100 °F (38 °C) on July 21, 1942.[50]While Miami has neverrecorded snowfallat any official weather station since records have been kept,snow flurriesfell in some parts of Miami on January 19, 1977.[51][52][53]The coldest daytime maximum temperature on record is 45 °F (7 °C) in December 1989 during theDecember 1989 United States cold wave.The coldest maximum temperature average between 1991 and 2020 stood at 59 °F (15 °C).[49]The warmest overnight low measured is 84 °F (29 °C) on several occasions.[49]The stability of summer overnight lows is underlined by the mean maximum annual overnight low of just one degree lower.[49]
Hurricane seasonofficially runs from June 1 to November 30, although hurricanes can develop beyond those dates. The most likely time for Miami to be hit is during the peak of theCape Verdeseason, which is mid-August to the end of September.[54]Although tornadoes are uncommon in the area, one struck in1925and another in1997.[55][56]Around 40% of homes in Miami are built uponfloodplainsand are considered as flood-risk zones.[57]
Miami falls within theDepartment of Agriculture's10b/11a planthardiness zone.[58]
Miami is one of the major coastal cities and major cities in the United States that will be most affected byclimate change.[59][60]Globally, it is one of the most at-risk cities, according to a 2020 report byResources for the Future.[61][62]Globalsea level rise,which in Miami is projected to be 21 inches (53 cm) to 40 inches (100 cm) by 2070, will lead to an increase in storm damage, more intense flooding, and will threaten Miami's water supply.[63][64][65]Other potential impacts of climate change include higher hurricane wind speeds and severe thunderstorms, which can bring about hail or tornadoes.[62]Some protective efforts are in place, including nourishing beaches and adding protective barriers, raising buildings and roads that are vulnerable, and restoring natural habitats such aswetlands.[62]Miami Beach has invested $500 million to protect roads, buildings, and water systems.[62]Real estate prices in Miami already reflect the increase in prices for real estate at a higher elevation within the city compared to real estate at a lower elevation.[66]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 88 (31) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
98 (37) |
100 (38) |
98 (37) |
97 (36) |
95 (35) |
91 (33) |
89 (32) |
100 (38) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 84.4 (29.1) |
85.8 (29.9) |
89.0 (31.7) |
90.7 (32.6) |
92.8 (33.8) |
94.2 (34.6) |
94.7 (34.8) |
94.5 (34.7) |
93.2 (34.0) |
90.9 (32.7) |
87.0 (30.6) |
84.9 (29.4) |
95.8 (35.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 76.2 (24.6) |
78.2 (25.7) |
80.6 (27.0) |
83.6 (28.7) |
86.7 (30.4) |
89.3 (31.8) |
90.6 (32.6) |
90.7 (32.6) |
89.0 (31.7) |
85.9 (29.9) |
81.3 (27.4) |
78.2 (25.7) |
84.2 (29.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 68.6 (20.3) |
70.7 (21.5) |
73.1 (22.8) |
76.7 (24.8) |
80.1 (26.7) |
82.8 (28.2) |
84.1 (28.9) |
84.2 (29.0) |
83.0 (28.3) |
80.1 (26.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
71.2 (21.8) |
77.4 (25.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 61.0 (16.1) |
63.2 (17.3) |
65.6 (18.7) |
69.8 (21.0) |
73.4 (23.0) |
76.3 (24.6) |
77.5 (25.3) |
77.7 (25.4) |
76.9 (24.9) |
74.2 (23.4) |
68.3 (20.2) |
64.3 (17.9) |
70.7 (21.5) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 45.1 (7.3) |
48.5 (9.2) |
52.3 (11.3) |
59.6 (15.3) |
66.7 (19.3) |
71.5 (21.9) |
72.5 (22.5) |
72.8 (22.7) |
72.7 (22.6) |
65.0 (18.3) |
55.7 (13.2) |
49.7 (9.8) |
42.5 (5.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 28 (−2) |
27 (−3) |
32 (0) |
39 (4) |
50 (10) |
60 (16) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
62 (17) |
45 (7) |
36 (2) |
30 (−1) |
27 (−3) |
| Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 1.83 (46) |
2.15 (55) |
2.46 (62) |
3.36 (85) |
6.32 (161) |
10.51 (267) |
7.36 (187) |
9.58 (243) |
10.22 (260) |
7.65 (194) |
3.53 (90) |
2.44 (62) |
67.41 (1,712) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 10.8 | 17.6 | 17.3 | 19.4 | 18.1 | 13.8 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 141.0 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 72.7 | 70.9 | 69.5 | 67.3 | 71.6 | 76.2 | 74.8 | 76.2 | 77.8 | 74.9 | 73.8 | 72.5 | 73.2 |
| Averagedew point°F (°C) | 57.6 (14.2) |
57.6 (14.2) |
60.4 (15.8) |
62.6 (17.0) |
67.6 (19.8) |
72.0 (22.2) |
73.0 (22.8) |
73.8 (23.2) |
73.2 (22.9) |
68.7 (20.4) |
63.9 (17.7) |
59.2 (15.1) |
65.8 (18.8) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 219.8 | 216.9 | 277.2 | 293.8 | 301.3 | 288.7 | 308.7 | 288.3 | 262.2 | 260.2 | 220.8 | 216.1 | 3,154 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 66 | 69 | 75 | 77 | 72 | 70 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 68 | 66 | 71 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 5.1 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 8.2 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990),[49][67][68]The Weather Channel[69] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022),[70]Thunderstorm days (1961 to 1990)[71] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 1,681 | — | |
| 1910 | 5,471 | 225.5% | |
| 1920 | 29,571 | 440.5% | |
| 1930 | 110,637 | 274.1% | |
| 1940 | 172,172 | 55.6% | |
| 1950 | 249,276 | 44.8% | |
| 1960 | 291,688 | 17.0% | |
| 1970 | 334,859 | 14.8% | |
| 1980 | 346,865 | 3.6% | |
| 1990 | 358,648 | 3.4% | |
| 2000 | 362,470 | 1.1% | |
| 2010 | 399,457 | 10.2% | |
| 2020 | 442,241 | 10.7% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[72] 1900–1970[73]1980[74]1990[75] 2000[76]2010[77]2020[6]2022[7] | |||
Miami is the largest city inSouth Florida,the second-largest city inFlorida,and is the anchor of the largest metropolitan area in Florida: theMiami metropolitan area,which has over 6 million residents. Despite Miami being home to less than a fourteenth (1/14) of the population of the metro area, it is an outlier compared to its neighbors, being nearly twice the size of the next-largest city in the metro:Hialeah.Miami has approximately a sixth of the population of its own county,Miami-Dade,which is the state's largest.
Miami had rapid growth in the first half of the twentieth century. Its population grew from 1,681 in the1900 censusto 249,276 in the1950 census.This made it Florida's largest city, a title it retained until theJacksonville Consolidation,when the city of Jacksonville absorbed most ofDuval County,nearly tripling its population. Since then, Miami has retained its spot as Florida's second-largest city.
Throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, Miami experienced a certain amount of stagnation in its population, with expansion slowing during the 1950s and 1960s before nearly halting in the next three decades as suburbanization occurred. Miami grew by 34.3% in the 1950s and 1960s as its population reached 334,859 at the1970 census.In the next three decades, it only grew 8.2%. By the time of the2000 census,Miami's population stood at 362,470.
In the 2000s and 2010s, spurred by high-rise construction in Downtown Miami, Edgewater, and Brickell, Miami's population began to grow quickly once more.[78]An estimate by the American Community Survey found that the downtown population, from Brickell north to Midtown Miami, grew nearly 40% between 2010 and 2018.[79]From 2000 to 2010, Miami's population grew by 10.2% and reached 399,457 in 2010. In the early 2010s, Miami's population crossed a milestone of 400,000 people. In the2020 census,it had grown by a further 10.7%, up to a population of 442,241.
| Historical racial composition | 2020[6] | 2010[77] | 2000[76] | 1990[75] | 1980[74] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White(Non-Hispanic) | 14.0% | 11.9% | 11.8% | 12.2% | 19.4% |
| Hispanic or Latino(any race) | 70.2% | 70.0% | 65.8% | 62.5% | 55.9% |
| Black or African American(Non-Hispanic) | 11.9% | 16.3% | 19.9% | 24.6% | 23.7% |
| Asian(Non-Hispanic) | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 1.0% |
| Native American(Non-Hispanic) | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
| Some other race(Non-Hispanic) | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
| Two or more races(Non-Hispanic) | 2.0% | 0.7% | 1.7% | N/A | N/A |
| Population | 442,241 | 399,457 | 362,470 | 358,548 | 346,865 |
| Racial composition before 1980[80] |
1970 | 1960 | 1950 | 1940 | 1930 | 1920 | 1910 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White(includingHispanic) | 76.6% | 77.4% | 83.7% | 78.5% | 77.3% | 68.5% | 58.7% |
| Black or African American(includingHispanic) | 22.7% | 22.4% | 16.2% | 21.4% | 22.7% | 31.3% | 41.3% |
| Asian(includingHispanic) | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | < 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Some other race(includingHispanic) | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.1% | < 0.1% | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Hispanic or Latino | 45.3% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Non-Hispanic White | 32.9% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Population | 334,859 | 291,688 | 249,276 | 172,172 | 110,637 | 29,571 | 5,471 |
In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black.[81]Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, up until the 1960s. From 1970 to 2000, population growth in Miami was stagnant, asnon-Hispanic WhiteMiamians left and significant immigration from Latin America, particularlyCuba,made up the balance.[82][83]Miami's Hispanic majority solidified itself in this period of time, and in 1985, Miami elected its first Cuban-born mayor,Xavier Suarez.
The non-Hispanic Black population of the city of Miami peaked in 1990 at almost 90,000, making up nearly a quarter of the population of Miami. Since then, Miami's non-Hispanic Black population has experienced a precipitous and steady decline. In the 2020 census, it was 52,447, only 11.7% of the population. Reasons for this include high costs in areas such asLiberty CityandLittle Haiti,compounded withgentrification.[84][85]
The non-Hispanic White population began to rebound in the twenty-first century, as the monolithically Hispanic areas in the Western and Central parts of Miami experienced population stagnation. This caused them to begin to be outweighed by migration into the Downtown region, from Latin America and the rest of the United States. This caused the non-Hispanic White population to rise from a nadir of 11.8% at the time of the2000 censusto 11.9% at the time of the2010 census.After this, the non-Hispanic White population grew significantly faster than Miami as a whole did during the 2010s. In the2020 census,non-Hispanic Whites were 14.0% of the population of Miami and numbered 61,829, the highest number since the 1980s. The non-Hispanic White population of Miami surpassed the non-Hispanic Black population of Miami in the 2010s.
| Demographic characteristics | 2020[86][87][88] | 2010[89][90][91] | 2000[92][93][94] | 1990[75] | 1980[74] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 212,146 | 183,994 | 148,388 | 130,252 | 134,046 |
| Persons per household | 2.08 | 2.17 | 2.44 | 2.69 | 2.59 |
| Sex Ratio | 97.8 | 99.2 | 98.9 | 93.5 | 88.0 |
| Ages 0–17 | 16.5% | 18.4% | 21.7% | 23.0% | 21.4% |
| Ages 18–64 | 69.0% | 65.6% | 61.3% | 60.4% | 61.6% |
| Ages 65 + | 14.5% | 16.0% | 17.0% | 16.6% | 17.0% |
| Median age | 39.7 | 38.8 | 37.7 | 35.9 | 38.2 |
| Population | 442,241 | 399,457 | 362,470 | 358,548 | 346,865 |
| Economic indicators | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017–21American Community Survey | Miami | Miami-Dade County | Florida |
| Median income[95] | $31,472 | $32,513 | $34,367 |
| Median household income[96] | $47,860 | $57,815 | $61,777 |
| Poverty Rate[97] | 20.9% | 15.7% | 13.1% |
| High school diploma[98] | 79.2% | 82.5% | 89.0% |
| Bachelor's degree[98] | 33.1% | 31.7% | 31.5% |
| Advanced degree[98] | 13.2% | 11.9% | 11.7% |
| Language spoken at home[e] | 2015[f] | 2010[g] | 2000[101] | 1990[102] | 1980[103] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | 23.0% | 22.6% | 24.7% | 26.7% | 36.0% |
| SpanishorSpanish Creole | 70.0% | 69.9% | 66.6% | 64.0% | 57.5% |
| FrenchorHaitian Creole | 4.5% | 4.9% | 6.0% | 7.7% | 2.6% |
| Other Languages | 2.5% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 3.9% |
| Nativity | 2015[h] | 2010[i] | 2000[108][109] | 1990[110][102] | 1980[103] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % populationnative-born | 42.0% | 41.9% | 40.5% | 40.3% | 46.3% |
| ... born in theUnited States | 39.3% | 39.3% | 37.9% | 37.3% | 43.4% |
| ... born inPuerto RicoorIsland Areas | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.9% |
| ... born toAmerican parents abroad | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | |
| % populationforeign-born[j] | 58.0% | 58.1% | 59.5% | 59.7% | 53.7% |
| ... born inCuba | 27.6% | 27.5% | 30.3% | 32.1% | 35.9% |
| ... born inNicaragua | 5.4% | 5.7% | 7.2% | 7.3% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inHonduras | 5.0% | 5.4% | 4.5% | 1.9% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inHaiti | 2.8% | 3.2% | 3.9% | 5.0% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inColombia | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.2% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inVenezuela | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | N/A[k] |
| ... born in theDominican Republic | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% |
| ... born inPeru | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.6% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inArgentina | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.2% | N/A[k] |
| ... born inMexico | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% |
| ... born in other countries | 7.9% | 7.4% | 7.0% | 9.4% | 17.1% |
In 2010, 34.4% of city residents were ofCubanorigin, 15.8% had aCentral Americanbackground (7.2%Nicaraguan,5.8%Honduran,1.2%Salvadoran,and 1.0%Guatemalan), 8.7% were ofSouth Americandescent (3.2% Colombian, 1.4%Venezuelan,1.2%Peruvian,1.2%Argentine,1.0%Chileanand 0.7%Ecuadorian), 4.0% hadother Hispanic or Latinoorigins (0.5%Spaniard), 3.2% descended fromPuerto Ricans,2.4% wereDominican,and 1.5% had Mexican ancestry.
In 2010, 5.6% of city residents wereWest IndianorAfro-Caribbean Americanorigin (4.4%Haitian,0.4%Jamaican,0.4%Bahamian,0.1%British West Indian,and 0.1%Trinidadian and Tobagonian,0.1%Other or Unspecified West Indian),[111]3.0% wereBlack Hispanics,[112]and 0.4% wereSubsaharan Africanorigin.[113][114]
In 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry were 11.9% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 1.7% were German, 1.6% Italian, 1.4% Irish, 1.0% English, 0.8% French, 0.6% Russian, and 0.5% were Polish.[113][114]
In 2010, those of Asian ancestry were 1.0% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 0.3% wereIndian/Indo-Caribbean(1,206 people), 0.3% Chinese/Chinese Caribbean(1,804 people), 0.2%Filipino(647 people), 0.1% were other Asian (433 people), 0.1% Japanese (245 people), 0.1% Korean (213 people), and 0.0% wereVietnamese(125 people).[113]
In 2010, 1.9% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity),[113][114]while 0.5% were of Arab ancestry, in 2010.[113]
Religion in the Miami Metro Area (2014)[115]
In a 2014Pew Research Centerstudy, Christianity was the most-practiced religion in Miami (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be consideredProtestant,and 27% professingCatholicism.[116][117]Followed by Judaism (9%);Islam,Buddhism,Hinduism,and a variety of other religions have smaller followings;atheismor no self-identifying organized religious affiliation was practiced by 21%.
There has been aNorwegian Seamen's churchin Miami since the early 1980s. In November 2011,Crown Princess of Norway Mette-Maritopened a new building for the church. The church was built as a center for the 10,000 Scandinavians that live in Florida. Around 4,000 of them areNorwegian.The church is also an important place for the 150 Norwegians that work atWalt Disney Worldin Central Florida.[118]
In a 2022Point-In-TimeHomeless Count, there were 3,440homelesspeople in Miami-Dade County,[119]970 of which were on the streets. In the city limits of Miami, there were 591 unsheltered homeless people on the streets, up from 555 in 2021.[120]
According toNational Immigration Forum,the top countries of origin for Miami's immigrants are Latin America (86%): Cuba (741,666), Haiti (213,000), Colombia (166,338), Jamaica (144,445); Europe (6.1%): United Kingdom (23,334), Germany (15,611), Italy (14,240) and Asia (5.2%): India (23,602), China (21,580) and the Philippines (15,078).[121]
Economy
edit
Miami is a major center of commerce and finance and has a stronginternational businesscommunity. According to the 2020 ranking of world cities undertaken by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network(GaWC) based on the level of presence of global corporate service organizations, Miami is considered a Beta + levelworld city,along withAtlanta,Dallas,andHouston.However, according to the U.S. census between 2015–2019, Miami lacks in terms of owner-occupied housing, computer and internet usage, education of bachelor's degree or higher, median household income, per capita income, while having a higher percentage of persons in poverty.[122][123]In 2013, Miami had a Gross Metropolitan Product of $257 billion, ranking 11th in the United States and 20th worldwide in GMP.[124][125]
Several large companies are headquartered in Miami, including but not limited toAkerman LLP,[126]Alienware,[127]Arquitectonica,[128]Brightstar Corporation,Celebrity Cruises,[129]Carnival Corporation,[130]Duany Plater-Zyberk,[131]Greenberg Traurig,Inktel Direct,Lennar Corporation,Norwegian Cruise Line,Oceania Cruises,OPKO Health,Parkjockey,RCTV International,[132]Royal Caribbean International,Sitel,Southern Wine & Spirits,[133]Telemundo,Vector Group,WatscoandWorld Fuel Services.Over 1,400 multinational firms are located in Miami, with many major global organisations headquartering their Latin American operations (or regional offices) in the city includingWalmart.[134]Companies based in nearby cities or unincorporated areas ofMiami-Dade Countyinclude,Benihana,Burger King,Carnival Cruise Line,Navarro Discount Pharmacies,Perry Ellis International,Ryder,Sedano's,UniMás,andU.S. Century Bank.[135][136][137][138][139][140][141]
Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the United States for Spanish language media.TelemundoandUniMáshave their headquarters in the Miami area.Univisión StudiosandTelemundo Global Studiosproduce much of the original programming for their respective parent networks, such astelenovelas,news, sports, and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami.[142]Miami is a significant music recording center, with theSony Music Latinheadquarters in the city,[143]along with many other smaller record labels. Miami also attracts many artists for music video and film shoots.
During the mid-2000s, Miami witnessed its largest real estate boom since theFlorida land boom of the 1920s,and the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects. However, only 50 were actually built.[144]Rapid high-rise construction led to fast population growth in Miami's inner neighborhoods, withDowntown,BrickellandEdgewaterbecoming the fastest-growing areas of Miami. Miami currently has the seven tallest, as well as fifteen of top twenty,skyscrapers in the state of Florida,with the tallest being the 868-foot (265 m)Panorama Tower.[145]
Thehousing market crash of 2007caused a foreclosure crisis in the area.[146]Like other metro areas in the United States, crime in Miami is localized to specific neighborhoods.[147]
Miami International Airport(IATA:MIA) andPortMiamiare among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo fromSouth Americaand theCaribbean.PortMiami is the world's busiest cruise port. Miami International Airport is the busiest airport in Florida and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America.[148]Due to its strength in international business, finance and trade, Miami has among the largest concentration of international banks in the country, primarily alongBrickell AvenueinBrickell,Miami's financial district. Miami was the host city of the 2003Free Trade Area of the Americasnegotiations.
Miami is the home to theNational Hurricane Centerand the headquarters of theUnited States Southern Command,responsible for military operations inCentraland South America. Miami is also an industrial center, especially for stone quarrying and warehousing. These industries are centered largely on the western fringes of Miami nearDoralandHialeah.[149]
In the 2012 census, Miami had thefourth highest percentageof family incomes below the federal poverty line out of all large cities in the United States, behindDetroit,Cleveland,andCincinnati,respectively. Miami is also one of the very few cities in the U.S. where the local government has gone bankrupt, in 2001.[150]
The Little Fire Ant,Wasmannia auropunctata,is aninvasive agricultural pestin parts of Miami.[151]
PortMiami
edit
PortMiamiin Miami is the largest cruise ship port in the world.[152]It has retained its status as the number one cruise and passenger port in the world for well over a decade, accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2017, the port served 5,340,559 cruise passengers.[153]The port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 9,162,340 tons of cargo in 2017.[153]
AmongNorth Americanports, it ranks second toNew Orleans'Port of South Louisianain cargo tonnage imported fromLatin America.The port sits on 518 acres (2 km2) and has seven passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country and number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home toCarnival Cruise Line,Celebrity Cruises,Norwegian Cruise Line,Oceania Cruises,andRoyal Caribbean International.In 2014, thePort of Miami Tunnelopened, connecting theMacArthur Causewayto PortMiami.[154]
Tourism and conventions
edit
Tourism is one of the Miami's largest private-sector industries, accounting for more than 144,800 jobs inMiami-Dade County.[155]Miami's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made Miami and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the second-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States, after New York City, and is among the top 20 cities worldwide by international visitor spending. More than 15.9 million visitors arrived in Miami in 2017, adding $26.1 billion to the economy.[156]With a large hotel infrastructure and the newly renovatedMiami Beach Convention Center,Miami is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.[157]
Some of the most popular tourist destinations in Miami includeSouth Beach,Lincoln Road,Bayside Marketplace,Downtown Miami,andBrickell City Centre.TheArt Deco DistrictinMiami Beachis reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for itsnightclubs,beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as theMiami Open,Art Basel,theWinter Music Conference,theSouth Beach Wine and Food Festival,andMercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miamiattract millions to the metropolis every year.
Culture
editMiami enjoys a vibrant culture that is influenced by a diverse population from all around the world. Miami is known as the "Magic City" for seemingly popping up overnight due to its young age and massive growth. Miami is infamous for itsdrug war in the early 1980sand its outrun aesthetics.[158][159][160]It is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" because of its high population of Spanish-speakers.[161][162][163][164]
Miami has been the setting of numerous films and television shows, includingBad Boys,Miami Vice,Cocaine Cowboys,Burn Notice,Jane the Virgin,Scarface,The Birdcage,Ballers,South Beach Tow,Ace Ventura: Pet Detective,Ride Along 2,Love & Hip Hop: Miami,Kourtney & Kim Take Miami,The Golden Girls,2 Fast 2 Furious,andDexter.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171]Several video games, includingHotline Miami,theGameloftracing gameAsphalt Overdrive,Scarface: The World Is Yours,and the fictionalVice Cityin several video games across theGrand Theft Autoseries, most notablyGrand Theft Auto: Vice Cityand the upcomingGrand Theft Auto VI,is based on Miami.[172][173]
Entertainment and performing arts
edit
In addition to annual festivals like theCalle Ocho Festival,Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is theAdrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts,home of theFlorida Grand Operaand the second-largest performing arts center in the United States afterLincoln Centerin New York City.[174]The center attracts many large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from around the world. Other performing arts venues in Miami include theOlympia Theater,Wertheim Performing Arts Center,theFair Expo Center,theTower Theater,and theBayfront Park Amphitheater.[175]
Another celebrated event is theMiami International Film Festival,taking place every year for 10 days around the first week of March, during which independent international and American films are screened across Miami. Miami has over a half dozen independent film theaters.[176]
Miami attracts a large number of musicians, singers, actors, dancers, and orchestral players. The city has numerous orchestras, symphonies and performing art conservatories. These include theFlorida Grand Opera,FIU School of Music,Frost School of Music,and theNew World School of the Arts.[177][178][179][180]
Miami is a major fashion center, home to models and some of the top modeling agencies in the world. Miami hosts many fashion shows and events, including the annualMiami Fashion Weekand theMercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami,held in theWynwood Art District.[181][182][183]
Miami's first boat-in movie theater opened in 2020.[184]
Museums and visual arts
edit
Some of the museums in Miami include theFrost Art Museum,Frost Museum of Science,HistoryMiami,Institute of Contemporary Art,Miami Children's Museum,Pérez Art Museum,Lowe Art Museum,and theVizcaya Museum and Gardens,aNational Historic Landmarkset on a 28-acre early 20th century estate inCoconut Grove.[185]
Cuisine
editThe cuisine of Miami is a reflection of its diverse population, with a heavy influence fromLatin American,Caribbean,Soul,andJewish cuisine.By combining them with mainstream-American cuisine,it has spawned a uniqueSouth Floridastyle of cooking known asFloribbean cuisine.It is widely available throughout Miami and South Florida and can be found in restaurant chains such asPollo Tropical.
Cuban immigrants in the 1960s originated theCuban sandwichand broughtmedianoche,Cuban espresso,Bistec de palomilla,andcroquetas,all of which have grown in popularity among all Miamians and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture and can be found throughout the city at window cafés, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants.[186][187]Some of these locations, such as theVersailles restaurantinLittle Havana,are landmark eateries of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as aseaport,Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along theMiami Riverand in and around Biscayne Bay.[188]The city is also the headquarters of restaurant chains such asBurger KingandBenihana.
Dialect
editThe Miami area has a unique dialect ofAmerican English,commonly called the "Miami accent",that is widely spoken. The accent developed among second- or third-generationHispanics,includingCuban Americans,whose first language was English. Somenon-Hispanic white,blackandother raceswho were born and raised in the Miami area have tended to adopt it as well.[189]
It is based on a fairlystandard American accentbut with some changes, very similar to dialects in theMid-Atlantic,especially those in theNew York areaandNorthern New Jersey,includingNew York Latino English.UnlikeVirginia Piedmont,Coastal Southern American, Northeast American dialects andFlorida Crackerdialect, "Miami accent" isrhotic.It incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish, where rhythm issyllable-timed.[190]
This is a native dialect of English, not learner English orinterlanguage.It is possible to differentiate this variety from aninterlanguagespoken by second-language speakers, in that the "Miami accent" doesnotgenerally display the following features: there is noadditionof/ɛ/before initial consonant clusters with/s/,speakers do not confuse/dʒ/with/j/,(e.g.,Yalewithjail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced asalveolar approximant [ɹ]instead ofalveolar tap[ɾ]oralveolar trill[r] in Spanish.[191][192][193][194]
Sports
edit
Miami's main five sports teams areInter Miami CFofMajor League Soccer(MLS),[195]theMiami Dolphinsof theNational Football League(NFL),[196]theMiami Heatof theNational Basketball Association(NBA),[197]theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball(MLB),[198]and theFlorida Panthersof theNational Hockey League(NHL).[199]TheMiami Open,an annual tennis tournament, was previously held inKey Biscaynebefore moving toHard Rock Stadiumafter the tournament was purchased byMiami DolphinsownerStephen Rossin 2019.
Miami is home to numerousmarinas,jai alaivenues, andgolf courses.The city streets have hosted professional auto races in the past, most notably the open-wheelGrand Prix of Miami,the sports carGrand Prix of Miami,andMiami Grand PrixofFormula One.[200]In 2015, Miami hosteda one-off Formula E race.TheHomestead–Miami SpeedwayovalhostsNASCARraces.[201]
The Heat and the Marlins play within Miami's city limits, at theKaseya CenterinDowntownandLoanDepot ParkinLittle Havana,respectively. Marlins Park is built on the site of the oldMiami Orange Bowlstadium.[202]
TheMiami Dolphinsplay atHard Rock Stadiumin suburbanMiami Gardens,while theFlorida Panthersplay in nearbySunriseatAmerant Bank Arena.Inter Miami CFplays atChase Stadiumin nearbyFort Lauderdale,temporarily until a stadium is built atMiami Freedom Park.Miami FCis another professional soccer club that plays in theUSL Championshipsecond tier of theUnited States soccer league system.The Club plays its home matches at theFIU Stadiumon the campus ofFlorida International University(FIU) in Miami.
TheOrange Bowl,one of the major bowl games in theCollege Football Playoffof theNCAA,is played at Hard Rock Stadium every winter. The stadium has also hosted theSuper Bowl.The Miami metro area has hosted the game ten times, five times at the current Hard Rock Stadium and five at theMiami Orange Bowl,tying New Orleans for the most games.[203]
Miami is also the home of many college sports teams. The two largest are theUniversity of MiamiHurricanes,whosefootball teamplays atHard Rock StadiumandFlorida International UniversityPanthers,whosefootball teamplays at FIU Stadium. The Hurricanes compete in theAtlantic Coast Conference(ACC), while the Panthers compete in theConference USAof theNational Collegiate Athletic Association.[204][205]
Miami is home toPaso Finohorses. Competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center.[206]
Miami hosted the2024 Copa Américafinal in July 2024.[207]
Miami will serve as one of eleven U.S. host cities for the2026 FIFA World Cup.[208]
The following are the major professional sports teams in the Miami metropolitan area:
| Club | Sport | Miami Area since | League | Venue | League Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miami Dolphins | American football | 1965[209] | National Football League | Hard Rock Stadium | 1972 (VII), 1973 (VIII)[210][211] |
| Florida Panthers | Ice hockey | 1993 | National Hockey League | Amerant Bank Arena | 2024 |
| Miami Heat | Basketball | 1988[212] | National Basketball Association | Kaseya Center | 2006,[213]2012,[214]2013[215] |
| Miami Marlins | Baseball | 1993[216] | Major League Baseball | LoanDepot Park | 1997, 2003[217][218] |
| Inter Miami CF | Soccer | 2018 | Major League Soccer | Chase Stadium |
Beaches and parks
edit
The City of Miami has various lands operated by theNational Park Service,the Florida Division of Recreation and Parks, and the City of Miami Department of Parks and Recreation.
Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoor activities.[219]Miami has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, canoeing, sailing, and fishing popular outdoor activities. Biscayne Bay has numerouscoral reefsthat makesnorkelingandscuba divingpopular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city.[220]The largest and most popular parks areBayfront ParkandMuseum Park(located in the heart ofDowntownand the location of theMiami-Dade ArenaandBayside Marketplace),Tropical Park,Peacock Park,Virginia Key,andWatson Island.[221][222][223][224][225]
Other popular cultural destinations in or near Miami includeZoo Miami,[226]Jungle Island,[227]theMiami Seaquarium,[228]Monkey Jungle,[229]Coral Castle,[230]Charles Deering Estate,[231]Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden,andKey Biscayne.[232][233]
In its 2020 ParkScore ranking,The Trust for Public Landreported that the park system in the City of Miami was the 64th best park system among the 100 most populous U.S. cities,[234]down slightly from 48th place in the 2017 ranking.[235]The City of Miami was analyzed to have a median park size of 2.6 acres, park land as percent of city area of 6.5%, 87% of residents living within a 10-minute walk of a park, $48.39 spending per capita of park services, and 1.3 playgrounds per 10,000 residents.[236]
Law and government
edit
The government of the City of Miami uses themayor-commissionertype of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners that are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by MayorFrancis Suarezand 5 city commissioners that oversee the five districts in the city.[237]
The commission's regular meetings are held atMiami City Hall,which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive onDinner Keyin the neighborhood ofCoconut Grove.In theUnited States House of Representatives,Miami is represented byRepublicansMaria Elvira SalazarandMario Diaz-Balart,along withDemocratFrederica Wilson.
City Commission
edit- Francis Suarez– Mayor of the City of Miami
- Miguel Angel Gabela – Miami Commissioner, District 1
- Damian Pardo – Miami Commissioner, District 2
- Joe Carollo– Miami Commissioner, District 3
- Manolo Reyes – Miami Commissioner, District 4
- Christine King – Miami Commissioner, District 5
- Buena Vista,Design District,Liberty City,Little Haiti,Little River,Lummus Park,Overtown,Spring GardenandWynwoodand northern part of theUpper Eastside
- Arthur Noriega – City Manager
- Victoria Méndez – City Attorney
- Todd B. Hannon – City Clerk
Education
editColleges and universities
edit
Miami-Dade County has over 200,000 students enrolled in local colleges and universities, placing it seventh in the nation in per capita university enrollment. In 2010, the city's four largest colleges and universities,Miami Dade College,Florida International University,University of Miami,andBarry University,graduated 28,000 students.[238]
Miami is also home to both for-profit and nonprofit organizations that offer a range of professional training and other, related educational programs.PerScholas,for example is a nonprofit organization that offers free professional certification training directed towards successfully passingCompTIAA+ and Network+ certification exams as a route to securing jobs and building careers.[239] [240][241]
Colleges and universities in and around Miami:
- Barry University,Miami Shores[242]
- Broward College,Fort Lauderdale[243]
- Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton[244]
- Florida International University,University Park[245]
- Florida Memorial University,Miami Gardens[246]
- Keiser University,Fort Lauderdale[247]
- Miami Dade College,Miami[248]
- Miami International University of Art & Design
- Nova Southeastern University,Davie[249]
- Palm Beach Atlantic University,West Palm Beach[250]
- Palm Beach State College,Lake Worth Beach[251]
- St. Thomas University,Miami Gardens[252]
- Southeastern College,West Palm Beach[253]
- Talmudic University of Florida,Miami Beach[254]
- University of Fort Lauderdale,Lauderhill[255]
- University of Miami,Coral Gables[256]
Primary and secondary schools
edit
Public schools in Miami are governed byMiami-Dade County Public Schools,which is the largest school district in Florida and the fourth-largest in the United States. In September 2008 it had a student enrollment of 385,655 and over 392 schools and centers. The district is the largest minority public school system in the country, with 60% of its students being of Hispanic origin, 28%BlackorWest Indian American,10%White (non-Hispanic)and 2% non-white of other minorities.[257]
The Miami city limits is home to several key high schools:Design and Architecture High School,ranked seventh highest on the "Gold Medal" by listUS News and World Report,[258]MAST Academy,Coral Reef High School,and theNew World School of the Arts.[citation needed]M-DCPS is also one of a few public school districts in the United States to offer optionalbilingual educationin Spanish, French, German,Haitian Creole,andMandarin Chinese.
Miami is home to several well-known Roman Catholic, Jewish and non-denominational private schools. TheArchdiocese of Miamioperates the area's Catholic private schools, which includeImmaculata-Lasalle High School(in the Miami city limits),St. Theresa School(Coral Gables),Monsignor Edward Pace High School(Miami Gardens), andSt. Brendan High School(in Westchester), among numerous other Catholic elementary and high schools.[259][260][261]Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High Schoolwas in the Miami city limits until its closure in 2016.[262]
Catholic preparatory schools operated by religious orders in the area areBelen Jesuit Preparatory School(Tamiami) andChristopher Columbus High School(Westchester) for boys andCarrollton School of the Sacred Heart(Miami city limits) andOur Lady of Lourdes Academy(Ponce-Davis) for girls.[263][264][265][266]
Non-denominational private schools in Miami areRansom Everglades,Gulliver Preparatory School,The CushmanSchool, andMiami Country Day School.Other schools in the area includeSamuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School,Dade Christian School,Dawere International High School,[267][268]Palmer Trinity School,Westminster Christian School,andRiviera Schools.[269][270][271][272][273][274]
Supplementary education
editTheMiami Hoshuko,is apart-time Japanese schoolfor Japanese citizens and ethnic Japanese people in the area. Previously it was located onVirginia Key,at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.[275]Currently the school holds classes inWestchesterand has offices inDoral.[276]
Media
edit
Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida afterTampa Bay.[277]Miami has several major newspapers, the main and largest newspaper beingThe Miami Herald.El Nuevo Heraldis the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper.The Miami HeraldandEl Nuevo Heraldare Miami's and South Florida's main, major and largest newspapers. The papers left their longtime home in Downtown Miami in 2013. The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home ofU.S. Southern CommandinDoral.[278]
Other major newspapers includeMiami Today,headquartered in Brickell,Miami New Times,headquartered inMidtown,Miami SunPost,South Florida Business Journal,andThe Miami Times.An additional Spanish-language newspaper,Diario Las Americasalso serves Miami. Student newspapers from the local universities include theUniversity of Miami'sThe Miami Hurricane,Florida International University'sThe Beacon,Miami-Dade College'sThe Metropolis,andBarry University'sThe Buccaneer.Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas have their own local newspapers, such as theAventura News,Coral Gables Tribune,Biscayne Bay Tribune,Biscayne Times,and thePalmetto Bay News.
A number of magazines circulate throughout the greater Miami area, includingMiami Monthly,Southeast Florida's only city/regional, andOcean Drive,a hot-spot social scene glossy.
Miami is the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such asTelemundo,Univision,Univision Communications,Mega TV,Universal Music Latin Entertainment,RCTV InternationalandSunbeam Television.In 2009, Univision announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed Univision Studios. Univision Studios is headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univision Communications' television networks.[279]
Miami is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States.[280][281]Television stations serving the Miami area includeWAMI(UniMásO&O),WBFS(The CW),WSFL(Independent),WFOR(CBSO&O),WHFT(TBN),WLTV(UnivisionO&O),WPLG(ABC),WPXM(Ion),WSCV(Telemundo),WSVN(Fox),WTVJ(NBCO&O),WPBT(PBS), andWLRN(also PBS).
Transportation
editIn the 2016American Community Survey,72.3% of working city of Miami residents commuted by driving alone, 8.7% carpooled, 9% used public transportation, and 3.7% walked. About 1.8% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 4.5% of working city of Miami residents worked at home.[282]In 2015, 19.9% of city of Miami households were without a car, which decreased to 18.6% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Miami averaged 1.24 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[283]
Expressways and roads
edit
Miami's road system is based along the numerical Miami grid whereFlagler Streetforms the east–westbaselineandMiami Avenueforms the north–southmeridian.The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the DowntownMacy's(formerly theBurdine'sheadquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have "NW" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, the "NW" and "SW" quadrants are much larger than the "SE" and "NE" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g.,Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals.
With few exceptions, within this grid north–south roads are designated as Courts, Roads, Avenues or Places (often remembered by their acronym), while east–west roads are streets, Terraces, Drives or occasionally Ways. Major roads in each direction are located at one mile intervals. There are 16blocksto each mile on north–south avenues, and 10 blocks to each mile on east–west streets. Major north–south avenues generally end in "7" – e.g., 17th, 27th, 37th/Douglas Aves., 57th/Red Rd., 67th/Ludlam, 87th/Galloway, etc., all the way west beyond 177th/Krome Avenue. One prominent exception is 42nd Avenue, LeJeune Road, located at the half-mile point instead.
Major east–west streets to the south of Downtown are multiples of 16, though the beginning point of this system is at SW 8th St, one half-mile south of Flagler ( "zeroth" ) Street. Thus, major streets are at 8th St., 24th St./Coral Way, 40th St./Bird, 56th/Miller, 72nd/ Sunset, 88th/N. Kendall, 104th (originally S. Kendall), 120th/Montgomery, 136th/Howard, 152nd/Coral Reef, 168th/Richmond, 184th/Eureka, 200th/Quail Roost, 216th/Hainlin Mill, 232nd/Silver Palm, 248th/Coconut Palm, etc., well into the 300s. Within the grid, odd-numbered addresses are generally on the north or east side, and even-numbered addresses are on the south or west side.
All streets and avenues inMiami-Dade Countyfollow the Miami grid, with a few exceptions, most notably inCoral Gables,Hialeah,Coconut Grove andMiami Beach.One neighborhood,The Roads,is named as such because its streets run off the Miami grid at a 45-degree angle, and therefore are all named roads.
Miami-Dade Countyis served by four Interstate Highways (I-75,I-95,I-195,I-395) and several U.S. Highways includingU.S. Route 1,U.S. Route 27,U.S. Route 41,andU.S. Route 441.
| Miami Causeways | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Termini | Year built |
| Rickenbacker Causeway | BrickellandKey Biscayne | 1947 |
| Venetian Causeway | DowntownandSouth Beach | 1912–1925 |
| MacArthur Causeway | DowntownandSouth Beach | 1920 |
| Julia Tuttle Causeway | Wynwood/EdgewaterandMiami Beach | 1959 |
| 79th Street Causeway | Upper East SideandNorth Beach | 1929 |
| Broad Causeway | North MiamiandBal Harbour | 1951 |
Some of the majorFlorida State Roads(and their common names) serving Miami are:
- SR 112(Airport Expressway):Interstate 95toMIA
- Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike(SR 821):Florida's Turnpikemainline (SR 91)/Miami GardenstoU.S. Route 1/Florida City
- SR 826(Palmetto Expressway):Golden Glades Interchangeto U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest
- SR 836(Dolphin Expressway): Downtown to SW 137th Ave viaMIA
- SR 874(Don Shula Expressway): 826/Bird Road to Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike/Kendall
- SR 878(Snapper Creek Expressway): SR 874/Kendallto U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest &South Miami
- SR 924(Gratigny Parkway)Miami LakestoOpa-locka
Miami has six majorcausewaysthat span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. TheRickenbacker Causewayis the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell toVirginia KeyandKey Biscayne.TheVenetian CausewayandMacArthur CausewayconnectDowntownwithSouth Beach.TheJulia Tuttle CausewayconnectsMidtownandMiami Beach.The79th Street Causewayconnects theUpper East SidewithNorth Beach.The northernmost causeway, theBroad Causeway,is the smallest of Miami's six causeways and connectsNorth MiamitoBay Harbor IslandsandBal Harbour.
In 2007, Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States, the second year in a row to have been cited, in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage.[284]Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians.[285]
Public transportation
edit
Public transportationin Miami is operated byMiami-Dade TransitandSFRTA,and includescommuter rail(Tri-Rail), heavy-railrapid transit(Metrorail), an elevatedpeople mover(Metromover), and buses (Metrobus). Miami has Florida's highest transit ridership as about 17% of Miamians use transit on a daily basis.[286]The average Miami public transit commute on weekdays is 90 minutes, while 39% of public transit riders commute for more than 2 hours a day. The average wait time at a public transit stop or station is 18 minutes, while 37% of riders wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day. The average single trip distance with public transit is 7.46 mi (12 km), while 38% travel more than 8.08 mi (13 km) in each direction.[287]
Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system,Metrorail,is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs ofHialeah,Medley,and inner-city Miami with suburbanThe Roads,Coconut Grove,Coral Gables,South Miami,and urbanKendallvia the central business districts ofMiami International Airport,theHealth District,and Downtown. A free, elevatedpeople mover,Metromover,operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.[288]
Tri-Rail,a commuter rail system operated by theSouth Florida Regional Transportation Authority(SFRTA), runs fromMiami International Airportnorthward toWest Palm Beach,making eighteen stops throughoutMiami-Dade,Broward,andPalm Beachcounties.[289]
TheMiami Intermodal Centeris a massive transportation hub servicingMetrorail,Amtrak,Tri-Rail,Brightline,Metrobus,Greyhound Lines,taxis,rental cars,MIA Mover,private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Miami Intermodal Center was completed in 2010, and is serving about 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I ofMiamiCentralStation was completed in 2012, and the Tri-Rail part of Phase II was completed in 2015, but the construction of the Amtrak part remains delayed.
Two new light rail systems, Baylink and the Miami Streetcar, have been proposed and are currently in the planning stage. BayLink would connect Downtown withSouth Beach,and the Miami Streetcar would connect Downtown withMidtown.
Miami is the southern terminus ofAmtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, theSilver Meteorand theSilver Star,both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb ofHialeahnear theTri-Rail/Metrorail Stationon NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location withMetrorail,MIA Mover,Tri-Rail,Miami International Airport,and theMiami Intermodal Centerall within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012,[290]but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014,[291]again pushed back to early 2015.[292]
Airports
edit
Miami International Airportserves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world because of its centric location, Miami International Airport caters to over 45 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the largest international gateway forAmerican Airlines.[293]
Miami International is the second busiest airport by passenger traffic in Florida, the United States' third-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers, behind New York'sJohn F. Kennedy International AirportandLos Angeles International Airport.The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North andSouth America,Europe,Africa,Asia,and theMiddle East.[294]
NearbyFort Lauderdale–Hollywood International AirportandPalm Beach International Airportalso serve commercial traffic in the Miami area.[295]Miami-Opa Locka Executive AirportinOpa-lockaandMiami Executive Airportin an unincorporated area southwest of Miami serve general aviation traffic in the Miami area.
Cycling and walking
editThe city government under former mayorManny Diaztook an ambitious stance in support ofbicyclingin Miami for both recreation and commuting.[296]In 2010, Miami was ranked as the 44th-most bike-friendly city in the U.S., according toBicycling Magazine.[297]
A 2011 study byWalk Scoreranked Miami the eighth-most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the U.S.[298]
Public safety
editInternational relations
editSister cities
edit
Agadir,Morocco (since 1995)[299]- El Jadida,Morocco (since 1995)
Barranquilla,Colombia (since 2015)[300]- Bogotá,Colombia (since 1971)[301]
Buenos Aires,Argentina (since 1979)[301]
Kagoshima,Japan (since 1990)[301][302]
Kaohsiung,Taiwan (since 1987)[303]
Lima,Peru (since 1977)[301]
Madrid,Spain (since 2014)[301][304]- Murcia,Spain (since 1993)[305]
Nice,France (since 1986)[306]
Palermo,Italy (since 1997)[307]
Qingdao,China (since 2005)[301]
Salvador,Brazil (since 2006)[301]
San Salvador,El Salvador (since 1991)[301]
Santiago,Chile (since 1986)[301]
Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic (since 1987)[301]
Southampton,United Kingdom (since 2019)[308]
Cooperation agreements
edit
Notable people
editNotes
edit- ^Bahamians were farming along the Miami River before 1830. Richard Fitzpatrick established a plantation there in 1830, but abandoned it when theSecond Seminole War(1835–1843) began. The U.S. Army establishedFort Dallasthere in 1836, but left the fort in 1841. William English reopened Fitzpatrick's plantation after the war and sold city lots, but left the area at the end of the 1840s. The Army returned to the fort in 1849–1851, and again for the Third Seminole War (1855–1858).[3][4]
- ^pronounced/maɪˈæmi/my-AM-ee,obscure or dated/maɪˈæmə/my-AM-ə
- ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^Official records for Miami were kept at theLemon Cityfrom September 1895 to November 1900, the MiamiCOOPfrom December 1900 to May 1911, the Weather Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937, at various locations in and around the city from March 1937 to July 1942, and at Miami Int'l since August 1942. For more information, seeThreadEx.
- ^Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned
- ^Refers to 2013–2017American Community Surveydata;[99]the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the2000 census
- ^Refers to 2008–2012American Community Surveydata;[100]the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the2000 census
- ^Refers to 2013–2017American Community Surveydata;[104][105]the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the2000 census
- ^Refers to 2008–2012American Community Surveydata;[106][107]the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the2000 census
- ^Only countries of birth which at least 1% of residents were born in at any time since 1980 are mentioned
- ^abcdefgNot counted separately; aggregated into "Other" category
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Further reading
edit- Elizabeth M. Aranda, Sallie Hughes, and Elena Sabogal,Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami: Immigration and the Rise of a Global City.Boulder, Colorado: Renner, 2014.
External links
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