Michael John Sullivan(born September 22, 1939) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 29thGovernor of Wyomingfrom 1987 to 1995, andUnited States Ambassador to Irelandfrom 1998 to 2001, as a member of theDemocratic Party.Prior to his gubernatorial tenure he was active in local politics inNatrona County, Wyoming.
Mike Sullivan | |
---|---|
United States Ambassador to Ireland | |
In office October 22, 1998 – June 20, 2001 | |
Appointed by | Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | Jean Kennedy Smith |
Succeeded by | Richard J. Egan |
29thGovernor of Wyoming | |
In office January 5, 1987 – January 2, 1995 | |
Preceded by | Edgar Herschler |
Succeeded by | Jim Geringer |
Personal details | |
Born | Michael John Sullivan September 22, 1939 Omaha, Nebraska,U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Other political affiliations | Republican(2022) |
Spouse | Jane Metzler |
Children | 3 |
Relatives | Joseph Sullivan(grandfather) |
Education | University of Wyoming(BS,JD) |
Signature | |
Sullivan was born inOmaha, Nebraska,as a member of a political family active in theWyoming Legislatureand grew up inDouglas, Wyoming.He was educated at Converse County High School and theUniversity of Wyoming.He practiced law and became involved in local politics with his service on theNatrona County Memorial Hospitalboard. Sullivan won in the1986and1990 gubernatorial electionsdespite being outspent both times byPete SimpsonandMary Mead.
During Sullivan's gubernatorial tenure he became the first governor in Wyoming's history to have his veto overturned, appointed three people to theWyoming Supreme Court,oversaw Wyoming's most recent criminal execution, led thepassageof aholidayinMartin Luther King Jr.'s honor, and chaired theWestern Governors Association.He unsuccessfully ran for a seat in theUnited States Senatein the1994 electionbefore being appointed as the ambassador to Ireland by PresidentBill Clinton.He was the first governor to endorse Clinton during the1992 Democratic presidential primariesand co-chaired his campaign in Wyoming during both presidential campaigns.
Early life
editMichael John Sullivan was born inOmaha, Nebraska,on September 22, 1939, to Margaret Elizabeth Sullivan and Joseph Sullivan Jr., who was elected asConverse Countyattorney as a member of theDemocratic Partyand served as the president of theWyoming State Bar.[1][2][3]His brother, Dan Sullivan, served in theWyoming Senateas a member of theRepublican Party.[4]His uncle,John Sullivan,and grandfather,Joseph Sullivan,served in theWyoming House of Representatives.[5][2]Sullivan was raised inDouglas, Wyoming,as a member of theCatholic Church.[6][7]
Sullivan graduated from Converse County High School, which he was class president once, as classsalutatorianin 1957.[8][9]In 1961, he graduated from theUniversity of Wyomingwith a bachelor of science in petroleum engineering and later with a Juris Doctor in 1964.[10]During his time in college he was a member of thestudent senate.[6]In 1961, he married Jane Metzler, with whom he had three children.[11]From 1968 to 1986, he worked as an attorney for Brown, Drew, Massey & Sullivan.[12]He became a member ofDelta Theta Phiin 1986.[13]
Career
editLocal politics
editIn 1974, Sullivan was speculated as a possible candidate to be nominated as Wyoming'sAttorney Generalby Governor-electEdgar Herschler.[14]During the 1970s he served as president of the Natrona County Bar Association.[15]
On January 27, 1976, Sullivan was appointed to the Building Appeal Board ofCasper, Wyomingand theNatrona County Memorial Hospitalboard, by the Natrona County commissioners to fill the vacancy created by Bill Barton's death.[16][17]On February 17, the board unanimously approved a resolution giving Sullivan another term.[18]During his tenure on the hospital board he served as its treasurer and president.[19][20][21]On December 11, 1986, he resigned from the hospital board following his election as governor.[22]
Governor
edit1986 election
editOn January 16, 1986, Sullivan announced that he was considering running for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination.[4]Former state Senator Bill Rector stated that "I think Mike [Sullivan] would be a good candidate" after he dropped out of the Democratic gubernatorial primary.[23]On March 20, Sullivan announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination at a press conference inside his house in Casper, Wyoming.[24]
Teno Roncalio,who served in theUnited States House of Representatives,supported Sullivan and was selected to serve as a honorary chairman of his campaign.[25][26]Charles Brown, the director ofKTWO-TVNews, was selected to serve as Sullivan's campaign manager.[27]On June 6, Sullivan filed to run for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination.[28]In the Democratic primary Sullivan defeated Pat McGuire, Keith Goodenough, and Al Hamburg after spending $102,219.[29][30][31]
On September 3,Bryan Sharratt,a former candidate in the1982 Senate election,was selected to replace Brown as Sullivan's campaign manager after Brown was assigned as the campaign's media coordinator.[32]In the general election he defeated Republican nomineePete Simpsonafter spending $192,917.[33][34][35]Sullivan did not expect to win the election according toJoseph Meyer.[7]He was the first person from Casper to win Wyoming's gubernatorial election sinceBryant Butler Brookswon in1906.[36][37]
1990 election
editCitizens for Sullivan was registered on December 7, 1989, by Marilyn Lyle and Mark Gifford, who met with Sullivan although he stated that it was not a campaign announcement, in order to allow campaign donations to be sent to Sullivan.[38]He waited until after the passage of the 1991–1992 budget as he stated that doing so before its passage would politicize the budget.[39]He announced his reelection campaign on May 1, 1990, and defeated Ron Clingman in the Democratic primary after raising $142,559 and spending $115,966.[40][41][42]Richard Lindsey was his campaign manager.[43]
The Republicans blamed their defeat in the 1986 election on the primary which had seven candidates that divided the loyalty of the party. TheWyoming Republican Party's central committee held a meeting in 1989 to reduce the size of the primary field of candidates.[44]Mary Meadwon the Republican nomination after every candidate except forNyla Murphydropped out and endorsed her.[45]Sullivan participated in five debates against Mead.[46]He defeated Mead with Mark Hughes, the chair of the Wyoming Republican Party, stating that it was a landslide victory.[47][35]Sullivan's margin of victory was the largest for any governor in Wyoming's history at the time.[48]Mead spent $702,105 during the campaign while Sullivan spent $310,030.[49]
Tenure
editOn February 20, 1987, Sullivan issued his first veto against legislation that would have required the governor to choose a replacement for United States Senate or other high offices from a list of three names submitted by the incumbent political party.[50]He criticized the leadership of the Republicans in the state house in 1988 for denying committee chair positions to Representatives Murphy andMary Oddedue to them not supporting an attempt to override one of Sullivan's vetoes.[51]In 1991, Sullivan became the first governor in Wyoming's statehood to have his veto overridden by the Wyoming Legislature when his veto of legislation allowing tax exemptions for wildcat oil drilling was overridden due to the Republicans gaining support from two Democratic members in the state senate andEli Beboutin the state house.[52][53][54]The Republicans gained a veto-proof majority in the state legislature following the 1992 elections.[55]
Sullivan's first judicial appointment was his appointment of Nicholas Kalokathis to the First Judicial District in 1987.[56]He made three appointments to theWyoming Supreme Courtwith him appointingMichael Goldento replaceCharles Stuart Brownin 1988,William A. Taylorto replaceSteve Urbigkitin 1992, andLarry Lehmanto replaceG. Joseph Cardinein 1994.[57][58][59]He attempted to reappointCarrol Orrisonto the Wyoming Board of Equalization, but the state senate rejected his nomination.[60]He appointed Meyer asAttorney Generalin 1987.[61]He appealed to PresidentBill Clintonto appoint a Wyomingite to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuitin 1993.[62]
Sullivan was selected to replaceDave Freudenthalas the chairman of the Economic Development and Stabilization Board on January 21, 1987.[63]He led an eighteen member delegation toAustraliaandTaiwanfor sixteen days in 1987 with the goal of increasing agricultural, business, investment, and tourism between them and later established a trade office in theTaipei World Trade Centerin 1989.[64][65]He was elected to theNational Governors AssociationExecutive Committee in 1988.[66]He was the vice-chair of theWestern Governors Associationand later succeed South Dakota GovernorGeorge S. Mickelsonas chair in 1991.[67]He was offered the presidency ofCouncil of State Governmentsfor 1992, but declined stating that "I have enough outside activities".[68]
Sullivan remained neutral during the1988 Democratic presidential primariesuntil he endorsedMichael Dukakison May 6, 1988, and served as asuperdelegateto theDemocratic National Convention.[69][70][71]He endorsed Sharratt during his campaign in the1988 electionfor a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives fromWyoming's at-large congressional districtandJohn Vinichin the1989 special election.[72][73]Sullivan supportedDick Cheney's appointment asUnited States Secretary of Defense.[74]A Wyoming chapter of theDemocratic Leadership Councilwas organized in 1991, with Sullivan and Secretary of StateKathy Karpanas co-chairs.[75]He endorsed Clinton during the1992 Democratic presidential primariesbecoming the first governor to do so, co-chaired Clinton's campaign in Wyoming with Karpan, and attended theDemocratic National Conventionas a superdelegate.[76][77][78][79]He was the chair of the Wyoming delegation to the 1988 and 1992 national conventions.[80][81]
United States Senate campaign
editOn April 11, 1994, Sullivan announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the Senateelectionto succeed Republican SenatorMalcolm Wallop,and filed to run in the election on June 1.[82][83][84]During the election Republican nomineeCraig L. Thomascampaign claimed in a fundraising letter that President Clinton had pledged $1 million to aid Sullivan's campaign. Sullivan denied that Clinton had pledged any money and White House spokesman Joshua Silverman stated that no pledge was made.[85]
On July 20, Sullivan returned a $1,350 contribution from U.S. RepresentativeLawrence J. Smith,made at a June 17 fundraiser in Florida held by theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee,after Thomas's campaign sent copies of the donation and news reports of Smith's misuse of campaign funds to Sullivan.[86]TheWyoming Republican Partyused the letter Sullivan and Karpan wrote telling voters to support Clinton to criticize them for attempting to distance themselves from Clinton.[87]Sullivan faced no opposition in the Democratic primary and was defeated by Thomas in the general election.[88][89][90]
Ambassador
editDuring the1992 presidential electionSullivan and Karpan published a letter calling for Wyoming voters to support Clinton and criticizing PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushfor his negative campaign tactics, such as theWillie Hortonad during the1988 presidential election.[91]He supported Clinton's reelection campaign in the1996 electionand served as the co-chair of Clinton's Wyoming committee alongside Bob Schuster.[92]He was placed into consideration for ambassadorships by the Clinton administration. He was considered as a candidate forAmbassador to the Holy Seeto replaceRaymond Flynn,but that position was given toLindy Boggsinstead.[93][94]
On June 10, 1998,The Washington Postreported that Sullivan was the leading candidate forAmbassador to Ireland,and Sullivan stated that he had been contacted by White House officials.[94]On August 28, President Clinton announced his nomination of Sullivan to serve as the Ambassador to Ireland.[95]He was the tenth resident of Wyoming to receive a high-level diplomatic position.[96]On October 21, his nomination was approved by theUnited States Senateand he was sworn in at a ceremony in theIndian Treaty Roomon December 8.[97][98]On January 21, 1999, Sullivan presented his credentials to President of IrelandMary McAleese.[99]A legislative resolution honoring his appointment was sent to him by members of theWyoming Legislature.[100]
Later life
editIt was speculated that PresidentGeorge W. Bushwould appoint Sullivan asSecretary of the Interior,but Bush appointedGale Norton.[101]In 2002, he was appointed to replace John Turner, who had resigned to become assistant secretary of state for the State Department Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, as chairman of the University of Wyoming's Institute for Environment and Natural Resources board of directors.[102]In 2007, Sullivan was named as a distinguished alumnus of the University of Wyoming.[103]
During the2002 Wyoming gubernatorial electionSullivan endorsed Democratic nomineeDave Freudenthal.[104]During the2008 Democratic presidential primarieshe supportedHillary Clintonfor the nomination and was appointed onto a Wyoming steering committee for her campaign on February 28, 2008.[105][106]He registered as a Republican in order to vote forLiz Cheneyin the Republican primary in the2022 election.[107]
Political positions
editEconomics and development
editIn 1986, Sullivan called for theReagan administrationto be open to the usage of an oil import tax as a stable oil price would help maintain the economies of energy producing states and Native American tribes.[108]In 1987, Sullivan stated that "we didn't get any great support or reason for optimism" about the possibility of an oil import tax being implemented by Reagan after attending the National Governors Association.[109]He opposed theCanada–United States Free Trade Agreementstating that it would negatively impact Wyoming's energy industry and the National Governors Association voted thirty to five, with Sullivan against, in favor of giving its support to the.[110][111]He supported theNorth American Free Trade Agreement.[112]
In 1986, Sullivan called for theInterstate Commerce Commissionto prevent theChicago and Northwestern Railroadfrom discontinuing its railroad line toRiverton, Wyoming,as it would be "contrary to the interests ofFremont Countyand the state of Wyoming. "[113]Sullivan sought for the construction of theSuperconducting Super Colliderinside Wyoming.[114][115]Sullivan askedW. Graham Claytor Jr.to restoreAmtrak's passenger service through Wyoming which ended after the line was altered to travel through Colorado instead in 1983.[116]During his tenuremobile phoneservice was provided to Wyoming and Sullivan performed some of the first mobile phone calls in the state when he called Mayor Judi Laird and received a call fromGerald Ford.[117]Sullivan opposed the western United States being used for nuclear waste storage.[118]
In 1992, Sullivan was given an A grade of 75 from theCato Institute,ahead of every other state governor and only behind Massachusetts GovernorBill Weld's score of 85, due to his handling of Wyoming's energy industry growth.[119]
Foreign policy
editOn March 8, 1986, Sullivan gave the keynote address at the Natrona County Democratic convention. During his speech he criticized the Reagan administration as it "waffled and rationalized" over the fraud committed by PresidentFerdinand Marcosduring the1986 Philippine presidential election.He also criticized the administration for its support of military aid to theContrasduring theNicaraguan Revolution.[120]In October, he stated that he would accept the removal of missiles from Wyoming as a part of an arms agreement with theSoviet Unionas "if we can secure world peace, we can't be concerned about what effect it may have on our short-term economic development prospects."[121]He signed a legislative resolution supportingOperation Desert Storm.[122]
Government
editDuring the 1992 reapportionment process Sullivan supported the creation of single-member districts, but the state legislature approved legislation which reduced the state house from 64 members to 62 members, created 16 single-member and 23 multi-member, with at most two members, House districts, and had the entirety of the state senate elected from single-member districts.[123][124][125]On February 17, 1992, Sullivan vetoed the legislation.[126]On February 18, the state legislature failed to overturn his veto with all 42 Republican members of the House and Senate voting to override and all 22 Democratic members voting against, causing the attempted overturning to fall one vote short.[127]Sullivan signed a new redistricting plan on February 21, which had all thirty members of the state senate elected from single-member districts and reduced the state house from sixty-four to sixty members all elected from single-member districts.[128]
Sullivan vetoed multiple pieces legislation that altered the appointment to fill vacancies in partisan offices as to require the governor to choose from three people selected by the central committee of the party that held the office.[129][130][131]However, the Republicans successfully overrode his veto in 1993.[132]During the 1996 election he and fellow governorsClifford Hansen,Stanley K. Hathaway,andJim Geringeropposed ballot proposals that would institute term limits in the state legislature.[133]
During Sullivan's state-of-the-state speech in January 1987, he supported the idea of reorganizing the Department of Health and Social Service into four different departments, but when the legislation was introduced by SenatorWin Hickeyit died in committee.[134]
Social
editSullivan isopposedtoabortion rights.[135][43]In 1977, the Natrona County Memorial Hospital board voted two to two, with Sullivan against, tied on whether to allow non-therapeutic abortions, an abortion that is not performed as a result of threat to the mother's life, incest, or rape, in the hospital.[136][20]Bill Muller broke the tie by voting to allow non-therapeutic abortions.[137]Brown stated that Sullivan was against a constitutional amendment prohibiting abortions and that he would not support legislation that would prevent abortions.[138]TheNational Organization for Womenrated him as anti-choice during the 1990 election.[139]During the 1994 elections he opposed a ballot initiative that would ban abortions, except to save the mother's life or in the cases of rape or incest, and would punish physicians who perform abortions with up to fourteen years in prison.[140]
On September 16, 1986, Sullivan stated that he would not require general drug testing of state employees.[141]On October 7, he stated that whether or not children withAIDSshould be allowed to attend school should be decided by experts. He opposed legislation that would prohibit children with AIDS from attending school.[142]In 1987, he vetoed legislation which would have repealed a 1985 law requiringrubellatests and Rh factor tests for marriage licenses.[143]Alan Simpson,Sullivan, Thomas, and Wallop questioned the effects ofasbestoswith Sullivan also stating that the cost of removing asbestos from schools would be expensive.[144]
Sullivan supportscapital punishmentalthough he stated that he would not oppose an attempt to end executions by the state legislature.[145]In 1992, he stated that he would not grant clemency to convicted murdererMark Hopkinsondespite theAmerican Civil Liberties Union,Wyoming Public Defender Leonard Munker, Gerry Spence, who led the prosecution against Hopkinson, and Marjorie Coggeshall, a relative of the murder victims, asking for clemency.[146][147][148][149][150]He stated that he would talk toMother Teresaabout the execution, but only if she started the discussion.[151]Hopkinson was executed on January 22, 1992, becoming the first person executed in Wyoming since 1965, and the only person executed in Wyoming afterFurman v. Georgia.[152][153][154]
The Natrona County Memorial Hospital board voted four to zero, with Sullivan voting in favor, to prohibit the sale of tobacco in the hospital in 1977.[20]He supportedraisingthe drinking age in Wyoming from nineteen to twenty-one and signed the legislation into law making Wyoming the last state to raise its drinking age to twenty-one.[155][156]He stated that legislation by House Minority LeaderH. L. Jensento lower the drinking age from twenty-one to nineteen was "the silliest thing I've heard in a long time".[157][158]He opposed thelegalization of gambling.[159][160]
Sullivan supportedlegislationcreating aholidayin honor ofMartin Luther King Jr.while opposing attempts to name the holiday Wyoming's Day of Equal Rights.[161]He stated that it was "profound embarrassment to our state" when the legislation failed to pass.[162]He signed an executive order in 1989, declaring that Martin Luther King Jr. Equality Day would be on January 15, 1990.[163][164]In 1990, he signed legislation making Wyoming the forty-seventh state to recognize a holiday in honor of King.[165]
Taxation
editSullivan criticized theGramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Actfor "cutting and carving without recognition of needs and the merits of programs".[120]Brown stated that Sullivan would not support increasing taxes.[166]In 1987, the Wyoming Senate voted 16 to 14 in favor and the Wyoming House of Representatives voted 39 to 25 in favor of decreasing the coal tax which would decrease revenue by up to $15 million by the 1990s. Sullivan opposed the legislation and wrote a letter to legislators voicing his opposition.[167]He proposed increasing taxation on alcohol, from 2¢ per gallon to 20¢ per gallon, and cigarettes, from 8¢ per pack to 28¢ per pack, in 1987.[168][169]
Wyoming Senate Democratic Minority Whip John Fanos criticized Sullivan in 1992 for not having the leadership abilities to stop budget cuts and encourage tax increases.[170]On March 15, 1994, Sullivan signed the 1995–1996 budget into law, but used hisline-item vetoagainst thirteen parts of the legislation.[171]However, the stateHouseandSenatevoted to overturn his vetoes with all Republican members voting in favor of overriding and all Democratic members voting against.[172]
Sullivan and Wyoming's congressional delegation wrote inThe Washington Postto criticizeCitizens for Tax Justice's report stating that Wyoming was among the ten states with the worst tax structure.[173]
Electoral history
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Mike Sullivan | 29,266 | 70.92% | ||
Democratic | Pat McGuire | 5,406 | 13.10% | ||
Democratic | Keith Goodenough | ||||
Democratic | Al Hamburg | ||||
Total votes | 41,265 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Mike Sullivan | 88,879 | 53.96% | ||
Republican | Pete Simpson | 75,841 | 46.04% | ||
Total votes | 164,720 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Mike Sullivan (incumbent) | 104,638 | 65.35% | ||
Republican | Mary Mead | 55,471 | 34.65% | ||
Total votes | 160,109 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Mike Sullivan | 39,563 | 100.00% | ||
Total votes | 68,167 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Craig L. Thomas | 118,754 | 58.87% | +8.50% | |
Democratic | Mike Sullivan | 79,287 | 39.31% | −10.33% | |
Libertarian | Craig Alan McClune | 3,669 | 1.82% | +1.82% | |
Total votes | 201,710 | 100.00% |
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- ^"Judge Taylor has handled high-profile trials".Casper Star-Tribune.December 31, 1992. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Lehman named to Wyo Supreme Court".Casper Star-Tribune.June 2, 1994. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Orrison thinking about running for state auditor".Casper Star-Tribune.November 1, 1989. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Roberts 2009,pp. 26.
- ^"Wyo, Oklahoma vie for appellate judge".Casper Star-Tribune.November 3, 1993. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan wins chairmanship of EDS board".Casper Star-Tribune.January 22, 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan will head state trade mission".Casper Star-Tribune.July 28, 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 29, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyoming's Taiwan trade office officially opened".Casper Star-Tribune.June 28, 1989. p. 15.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan named to NGA oversight panel".Casper Star-Tribune.August 11, 1987. p. 15.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan will chair governors' group".Casper Star-Tribune.July 23, 1991. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan refuses national position".Casper Star-Tribune.December 10, 1991. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan neutral for now on candidates".Casper Star-Tribune.February 9, 1988. p. 15.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Poll".Casper Star-Tribune.March 4, 1988. p. 12.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"CAMPAIGN '88: 6 More Governors Join in Endorsing Dukakis".Los Angeles Times.May 7, 1988.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022.
- ^"Sullivan endorses Sharratt for Congress".Casper Star-Tribune.May 1, 1988. p. 17.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan, Herschler endorse Vinich; Thomas rejects debate in final week".Casper Star-Tribune.April 1, 1989. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyo leaders heap praise on Cheney".Casper Star-Tribune.March 11, 1989. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyoming to open Democratic Leadership Council chapter".Casper Star-Tribune.April 11, 1991. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan, Karpan endorse Clinton".Casper Star-Tribune.November 28, 1991. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Poll".Casper Star-Tribune.October 4, 1992. p. 12.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyo politicos eye presidential selection".Casper Star-Tribune.February 20, 1992. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Roberts 2009,pp. 180.
- ^"Sullivan says West will like Dukakis".Casper Star-Tribune.July 19, 1988. p. 15.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan looking for unity at Democratic convention".Casper Star-Tribune.July 11, 1992. p. 9.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Karpan says Sullivan plans makes governor run likely".Casper Star-Tribune.April 12, 1994. p. 9.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan jumps into Senate race".Casper Star-Tribune.April 12, 1994. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan formally enters Senate race".Casper Star-Tribune.June 4, 1994. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"White House denies pledging a million dollars to Sullivan".Casper Star-Tribune.June 13, 1994. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"White House denies pledging a million dollars to Sullivan".The Billings Gazette.July 21, 1994. p. 14.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan and Karpan Letter".Casper Star-Tribune.November 2, 1994. p. 5.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"No opponents".Casper Star-Tribune.August 14, 1994. p. 52.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^ab"1994 Democratic primary".Casper Star-Tribune.October 23, 1994. p. 8.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^ab"Clerk of the House of Representatives 1994 Election Results Page 45"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on May 25, 2017.
- ^"An Open Letter to Wyoming Voters".Casper Star-Tribune.November 1, 1992. p. 36.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Clinton-Gore opens headquarters".Casper Star-Tribune.September 20, 1996. p. 12.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan considered for Vatican post".Casper Star-Tribune.April 15, 1997. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^ab"Report: Sullivan tops Irish ambassador list".Casper Star-Tribune.June 11, 1998. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan nominated U.S. ambassador to Ireland".Casper Star-Tribune.August 29, 1998. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Other Wyo diplomats".Casper Star-Tribune.August 29, 1998. p. 8.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan sworn in today".Casper Star-Tribune.December 8, 1998. p. 16.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Roberts 2009,pp. 176.
- ^"Department of State Biography".Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022.
- ^"Resolution honors Sullivan".Casper Star-Tribune.February 14, 1999. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan may be on short list".Casper Star-Tribune.December 29, 2000. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan to head IENR".Casper Star-Tribune.February 1, 2002. p. 14.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Former Wyo governor receives UW honor".Casper Star-Tribune.November 7, 2007. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan backs Freudenthal".Casper Star-Tribune.October 4, 2002. p. 16.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Dem camps rally in Wyo".Casper Star-Tribune.March 1, 2008. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2020 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyo's politicians choose candidates".Casper Star-Tribune.February 29, 2008. p. 2.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"For Wyoming Democrats, voting for Cheney is another chance to vote against Trump".Casper Star-Tribune.July 17, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on August 8, 2022.
- ^"Sullivan supports oil import tax".Casper Star-Tribune.April 24, 1986. p. 7.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Oil state leaders offered little hope".Casper Star-Tribune.February 26, 1987. p. 17.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan opposes free trade pact".Casper Star-Tribune.November 24, 1987. p. 15.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Governors back U.S.-Canada trade pact".Casper Star-Tribune.February 24, 1988. p. 20.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyoming political players take unexpected sides on trade issue".Casper Star-Tribune.November 14, 1993. p. 29 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan asks ICC to stop C&NW move".Casper Star-Tribune.July 29, 1986. p. 21.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"State will bid for supercollider, Sullivan says".Casper Star-Tribune.April 18, 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 29, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyoming trails other states in SSC bidding".Casper Star-Tribune.April 21, 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 29, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan joins crowd trying to woo Amtrak".Casper Star-Tribune.December 29, 1989. p. 14.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Cellular phone service comes to Wyoming".Casper Star-Tribune.December 16, 1990. p. 24.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Western governors don't want region to become nation's nuclear waste site".Casper Star-Tribune.November 24, 1991. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan: Gets high marks on finances".Casper Star-Tribune.February 6, 1992. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^ab"Sullivan sounds like he's a candidate at convention".Casper Star-Tribune.March 9, 1986. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Governor candidates support missile cuts".Casper Star-Tribune.October 19, 1986. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Governor signs Gulf resolution".Casper Star-Tribune.January 29, 1991. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Let court decide redistricting plans".The Jackson Hole Guide.February 12, 1992. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Legislature pushes through final reapportionment bill".Casper Star-Tribune.February 15, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan vetoes proposal".Casper Star-Tribune.February 18, 1992. p. 5.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"GOP leaders charge governor with 'hardball partisanship'".Casper Star-Tribune.February 18, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"House upholds Sullivan's veto of reapportionment".Casper Star-Tribune.February 19, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Governor signs reapportionment".Casper Star-Tribune.February 22, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan vetoes appointment bill".Casper Star-Tribune.February 17, 1989. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Veto fight possible on HB 35".Casper Star-Tribune.February 18, 1993. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan vetoes measure on filling state vacancies".Casper Star-Tribune.February 19, 1993. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Legislature overrides veto on filling office vacancies".Casper Star-Tribune.February 25, 1993. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Past, present governors pan term limits proposals".Casper Star-Tribune.November 1, 1996. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"DHSS bill killed in committee".Casper Star-Tribune.February 19, 1987. p. 5.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Potential candidates vary on abortion issue".Casper Star-Tribune.October 22, 1989. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Definition of Nontherapeutic abortion Share Cite Open Split View".Archivedfrom the original on July 21, 2020.
- ^"Abortion ruling supported".Casper Star-Tribune.November 24, 1977. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Gubernatorial abortion".Casper Star-Tribune.July 12, 1986. p. 18.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"National Organization for Women ratings".Casper Star-Tribune.August 14, 1990. p. 10.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan won't support abortion ban".Billings Gazette.June 27, 1994. p. 10.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan says he wouldn't order general drug testing".Casper Star-Tribune.September 17, 1986. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Candidates disagree on school-age AIDS victims".Casper Star-Tribune.October 8, 1986. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Marriage license bill vetoed by Sullivan".Casper Star-Tribune.March 5, 1987. p. 8.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Asbestos standards raise ire, questions of Wyo politicians".Casper Star-Tribune.November 19, 1989. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Mead, Sullivan support death penalty".Casper Star-Tribune.September 14, 1990. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Bomb victim's sister asks Sullivan to stop Hopkinson execution".Casper Star-Tribune.September 11, 1990. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Munker optimistic Sullivan will delay Hopkinson execution".Casper Star-Tribune.September 12, 1990. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Spence opposes Hopkinson execution".Casper Star-Tribune.September 18, 1990. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Groups seek clemency for death-row inmate".Casper Star-Tribune.January 8, 1992. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan won't grant Hopkinson clemency".Casper Star-Tribune.January 9, 1992. p. 11.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan: Would talk to Mother Theresa, but won't initiate call".Casper Star-Tribune.September 21, 1990. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Mark Hopkinson executed at pen".Casper Star-Tribune.January 22, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Hopkinson maintains innocence to the end".Casper Star-Tribune.January 23, 1992. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Wyoming".Death Penalty Information Center.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022.
- ^"Sullivan backs 21 drinking age".Casper Star-Tribune.February 17, 1988. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan signs drinking age bill".Casper Star-Tribune.March 12, 1988. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"New drinking age bill a silly waste of time".Jackson Hole Guide.January 4, 1989. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Study: higher drinking age reduces deaths".Jackson Hole Guide.January 18, 1989. p. 10.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan: Gambling not for Wyoming".Casper Star-Tribune.April 27, 1993. p. 9 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan: No reason to make gambling legal in Wyoming".Casper Star-Tribune.May 21, 1993. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan says opposed to 'minority' holiday".Casper Star-Tribune.February 1, 1989. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Full House rejects King holiday bill".Casper Star-Tribune.February 21, 1989. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Honoring Martin Luther King, Jr./Wyoming Equality Day".American Heritage Center.January 17, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on February 19, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan designates King holiday".Casper Star-Tribune.April 18, 1989. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Governor signs King-Equality Day bill into law".Casper Star-Tribune.March 16, 1990. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Both Simpson, Sullivan pledge no tax increases".Casper Star-Tribune.September 12, 1986. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Senate passes coal tax cut".Casper Star-Tribune.February 14, 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan proposal to tax cigarettes and booze bothers liquor association boss".Jackson Hole News.November 25, 1987. p. 34.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Liquor association opposes sin taxes".Casper Star-Tribune.November 25, 1987. p. 18.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Fanos attacks Sullivan, says leadership lacking".Casper Star-Tribune.February 26, 1992. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan signs budget bill".Casper Star-Tribune.March 16, 1994. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Senate follows House, overrides two vetoes".Casper Star-Tribune.March 18, 1994. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"Sullivan, delegate criticize tax report".Casper Star-Tribune.May 16, 1991. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2022 – viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Roberts 2009,pp. 16.
General references
edit- Roberts, Phillip (2009).Wyoming Blue Book.Cheyenne, Wyoming: Wyoming State Archives.ISBN9780978982928.