Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov(Russian:Михаи́л Андре́евич Су́слов;21 November [O.S.8 November] 1902 – 25 January 1982) was aSovietstatesman during theCold War.He served asSecond Secretaryof theCommunist Party of the Soviet Unionfrom 1965, and as unofficial chief ideologue of the party until his death in 1982. Suslov was responsible for party democracy and power separation within the Communist Party. Hishardlineattitude resisting change made him one of the foremost orthodox communist Soviet leaders.
Mikhail Suslov | |
|---|---|
Михаил Суслов | |
 Suslov in 1964 | |
| Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | |
| In office 6 December 1965 – 25 January 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Nikolai Podgorny |
| Succeeded by | Konstantin Chernenko(de facto) |
| In office 14 September 1953 – 17 December 1957 [verification needed] | |
| Preceded by | Nikita Khrushchev |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Kirichenko |
| Senior Secretary of Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | |
| In office 31 August 1948 – 25 January 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Andrei Zhdanov |
| Succeeded by | Konstantin Chernenko(acting) |
| First Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee | |
| In office 1939 – November 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Dmitry Goncharov |
| Succeeded by | Aleksandr Orlov |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov 21 November 1902 Shakhovskoye,Russian Empire |
| Died | 25 January 1982(aged 79) Moscow,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Kremlin Wall Necropolis,Moscow |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Political party | CPSU(1921–1982) |
| Spouse |
Yelizaveta Alexandrovna
(died 1972) |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Kutuzovsky Prospekt |
| Alma mater | Plekhanov Russian University of Economics |
| Profession |
|
| Awards | Hero of Socialist Labor(twice) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Branch/service | Soviet partisans |
| Years of service | 1941–1945 |
| Battles/wars | |
Central institution membership Other political offices held
| |
Born in rural Russia in 1902, Suslov became a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921 and studied economics for much of the 1920s. He left his job as a teacher in 1931 to pursue politics full-time, becoming one of the many Soviet politicians who took part in the mass repression begun byJoseph Stalin's regime. He was made First Secretary ofStavropol Kraiadministrative areain 1939. During World War II, Suslov headed the localStavropolguerrilla movement.
After the war, Suslov became a member of theOrganisational Bureau(Orgburo) of the Central Committee in 1946. In June 1950, he was elected to thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet.From 16 October 1952 onwards, he was a full member of the19th Presidiumof the CPSU. In the ensuing shuffle of the Soviet leadership following Stalin's death, Suslov lost much of the recognition and influence he had previously earned. However, by the late 1950s, he had risen to become the leader of the party opposition to First SecretaryNikita Khrushchev.When Khrushchev was ousted in 1964, Suslov supported the establishment of acollective leadership.He also supported inner-party democracy and opposed the reestablishment of the one-man rule as seen during the Stalin and Khrushchev eras. During the Brezhnev era, Suslov was considered to be the party's chief ideologue and second-in-command. His death on 25 January 1982 is viewed as starting the battle to succeedLeonid Brezhnevasgeneral secretary.
Early years and career
editSuslov was born inShakhovskoye,Khvalynsky Uyezd,Saratov Governorate(today, a rural locality inPavlovsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast),Russian Empireon 21 November 1902. Suslov began work in the localKomsomolorganisation inSaratovin 1918, eventually becoming a member of the Poverty Relief Committee. After working in the Komsomol for nearly three years, Suslov became a member of theAll-Union Communist Party (the Bolsheviks)in 1921. After graduating from therabfak,he studied economics at thePlekhanov Institute of National Economybetween 1924 and 1928. In the summer of 1928, after graduating from the Plekhanov institute, he became a graduate student (research fellow) in economics at theInstitute of Red Professors,[1]teaching atMoscow State University[2]and at the Industrial Academy.[1]
In 1931, he abandoned teaching in favour of the party apparatus. He became an inspector on the Communist Party'sParty Control Commissionand on thePeople's Commissariatof theWorkers' and Peasants' Inspectorate.[1]His main task there was to adjudicate large numbers of "personal cases", breaches of discipline, and appeals against expulsion from the party.
In 1933 and 1934, Suslov directed a commission charged with purging the party in theUralandChernigovprovinces. The purge was organised byLazar Kaganovich,then Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission. AuthorYuri Druzhnikovcontends that Suslov was involved with setting up severalshow trials,[3]and contributed to the Party by expelling all members deviating from theParty line,meaningTrotskyists,Zinovievists,and other left-wing deviationists.[1]
From 1936 to 1937, Suslov studied at the Postgraduate Course of the EconomicInstitute of Red Professors.He gained a reputation as an unsociable, modest, and serious student who carefully studied and memorized the works and speeches of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin and became known for keeping a complete record of their statements on economic and political issues in boxes of cards and file cabinets in his tiny room in a communal apartment. Somehow,Stalinurgently needed Lenin's opinion on one narrow economic issue and dispatched his secretaryLev Mekhlisto locate the answer. Mekhlis, Suslov's classmate at the institute, approached him and instantly found the necessary quote. An amazed Stalin asked how he managed to find the quote so quickly, upon which Mekhlis introduced Stalin to Suslov.[4]Stalin immediately had Suslov promoted to a secretary of theRostov Regional Committeein 1937.[5][6][2]Suslov has been linked to political repression inRostovas part of theGreat Purgein 1938,[7][8]however writerRoy Medvedevhas questioned this, stating that "we have no evidence of his personal involvement in the repressive campaigns of 1937–1938, though they certainly paved the way for his rapid rise."[9]Suslov was made First Secretary of theStavropol KraiCommittee in 1939.[2]
Wartime activities (1941–1945)
edit
On theEastern Frontin World War II, Suslov was a member of Military Council of theNorth Caucasian Front[1]and led the Stavropol Krai Headquarters of the Partisan Divisions (the local guerrilla movement) after the Germans occupied the area.[2]Suslov spent much of his time mobilising workers to fight against the German invaders. The guerrilla movement he led was operated by the regional party cells; Suslov for his part maintained close contact with theRed Army.[1]Suslov also supervised thedeportationsofChechensand otherMuslimminorities from theCaucasusduring the war.[8]
According to Soviet historiography, Suslov's years as a guerrilla fighter were highly successful; however, testimonies from participants differ from the official account. These participants claim that there were a number of organizational problems which reduced their effectiveness on the battlefield. Suslov also suffered badly from tuberculosis, which he had contracted in his youth, that was further exacerbated in the dense partisan forests and hampered his ability as an effective combatant. Fearing further relapses, for the rest of his life, he continued to wear galoshes on his shoes as well as a hat and raincoat at all times, even in the hot summer weather, which made him the subject of jokes among his colleagues in Brezhnev's Politburo.[10]
Suslov later purged the Baltic region in the aftermath of the Great Patriotic War.[11]From 1944 to 1946, he chaired the Central Committee Bureau forLithuanianAffairs. Anti-Sovietsamizdatliterature from the height of his power in the 1970s would accuse him of being personally responsible for the deportation and killings of nationalist Lithuanians who became political opponents of the Soviets during the course of Soviet re-entry into theBaltic stateson their drive to Berlin in 1944.[12]
Stalin's protégé
edit
In 1946, Suslov was made a member of theOrgburoand immediately became the Head of the Foreign Policy Department of the Central Committee. Within a year, Suslov was appointed Head of the Central Committee Department forAgitation and Propaganda.He also became a harsh critic of theJewish Anti-Fascist Committeein the post-war years.[13]On 26 November 1946, Suslov sent a letter toAndrei Zhdanov,accusing the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee of spying. Suslov's letter, which was well-received among Soviet leadership, would serve as the basis for prosecution of the committee during theanti-cosmopolitan campaign.[14]After becoming head of the Agitprop, at the height of the anti-cosmopolitan campaign, Suslov also purged Jews from media and public institutions.[15] In 1947, Suslov was transferred to Moscow and elected to theCentral Committee Secretariat;he would retain this seat for the rest of his life.[2]Suslov had the full confidence of Stalin and in 1948 he was entrusted with the task of speaking on behalf of the Central Committee before a solemn meeting on the twenty-fourth anniversary ofVladimir Lenin's death.[16]From September 1949 to 1950, he was editor-in-chief of the central Party dailyPravda.[1]
In 1949, Suslov became a member, along withGeorgy Malenkov,Lavrentiy Beria,and Lazar Kaganovich, of a commission created to investigate charges levied against Moscow's local Communist Party First Secretary, Georgy Popov.[17]Russian historianRoy Medvedevspeculates in his book,Neizvestnyi Stalin,that Stalin had made Suslov his "secret heir".[8]Lavrentiy Beria,who hated Suslov, evidently felt so threatened by him that after his arrest, documents were found in Beria's safe labeling Suslov as the No. 1 person he wanted to "eliminate".[10]
In June 1950, Suslov was elected to thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet.He was promoted to the CPSUPresidium(later known as the Politburo) in 1952 following the19th Party Congress.He suffered a temporary reversal when Stalin died and was dismissed from the Presidium in 1953. He continued to work in the Supreme Soviet, even becoming Chairman of the Commission of Foreign Affairs in the years immediately following Stalin's death.[18]
Khrushchev era
edit
Suslov recovered his authority in 1955 and was elected to a seat in the Presidium, bypassing the customary candidate membership.[17]In the20th Party Congressof 1956, Khrushchev delivered the famousSecret Speechabout Stalin'scult of personality.In Suslov's ideological report on 16 February, he updated his criticism of Stalin and his personality cult:[19]
"(They) caused considerable harm to both organisational and ideological party work. They belittled the role of the masses and the role of the Party, disparaged collective leadership, undermined inner-party democracy, suppressed the activeness of party members, their initiative and enterprise, led to lack of control, irresponsibility, and even arbitrariness in the work of individuals, prevented the development of criticism and self-criticism, and gave rise to one-sided and at times mistaken decisions."
— Suslov, statement at the 20th Congress of the CPSU
During theHungarian Revolution of 1956,Suslov, along withAnastas Mikoyan,operated in close proximity toBudapestin order to direct the activities of the Soviet troops and to lend assistance to the new Hungarian leadership. Suslov and Mikoyan attended the Politburo meeting of theHungarian Socialist Workers' Partywhich electedJános Kádárto the office of General Secretary. In a telegram to the Soviet leadership, Suslov and Mikoyan acknowledged that the situation had become more dire, but both were content with the dismissal ofErnő Gerőas General Secretary and the choice of Kádár as his successor.[20]
ThePresidium of the Supreme Sovietcriticised Suslov's and Mikoyan's concessions to the new government in thePeople's Republic of Hungary.[21]Despite his initial reservations, Suslov eventually supported the Presidium's decision to intervene in Hungary militarily and replace the government's leadership there.[22]
In June 1957, Suslov backed Khrushchev during his struggle with theAnti-Party Groupled byGeorgy Malenkov,Vyacheslav Molotov,Lazar Kaganovich,andDmitry Shepilov.[23]Mikoyan later wrote in his memoirs that he convinced Suslov to support Khrushchev by telling him that Khrushchev would emerge the winner even if he did not have enough support in the Presidium.[24]
The following October Suslov accusedGeorgy Zhukov,theMinister of Defence,of "Bonapartism" at the Central Committee plenum that removed him from all party and government posts. The removal of Zhukov had the effect of firmly subordinating the armed forces to party control.[23]
In a speech on 22 January 1958, Khrushchev officially proposed to dissolve theMachine and Tractor Stations(MTS), state organizations that owned and maintained the farm machinery used bykolkhozy.This reform had a particular significance in Soviet ideology. In Marxist-Leninist doctrine, cooperative ownership of property was considered a "lower" form of public ownership than state ownership. Khrushchev's proposal to expand cooperative ownership ran contrary to theMarxisttheory as interpreted by Stalin.
Suslov, who supported Stalin's economic policy, regarded Khrushchev's proposal as unacceptable on ideological grounds. In an election speech to the Supreme Soviet in March 1958, Suslov refused to recognise the ideological significance of Khrushchev's reform, preferring instead to focus on the reform's practical benefits in improving productivity. Unlike other Party leaders, Suslov avoided mentioning Khrushchev as the MTS reform's initiator.[25]
The21st Party Congressconvened in January 1959. Khrushchev wanted to consider the draft of a new Seven-Year plan. Suslov cautiously demonstrated against Khrushchev's statement that the country had developed from thesocialist state of developmentto the higher state of communist development. He saw Khrushchev's view as flawed, and countered that his view had not been approved by the Party. To discredit Khrushchev's assertion further, Suslov invokedKarl MarxandVladimir Lenin:[26]
"Marx and Lenin teach us that communism doesn't appear suddenly, but comes into existence, matures, develops, passes in its development through definite stages or phases.... The new period in the development of Soviet society will be marked by the gradual drawing together of two forms of socialist property – state and kolkhoz... The process of these social changes will be long, and understandably, cannot end in the course of a seven-year period."
— Suslov, statement at the 21st Congress of the CPSU
Suslov was becoming progressively more critical of Khrushchev's policies,[27]his political intransigence, and his campaign to eliminate what was left of theStalinist old guard.[28]There were also deep-seated divergences in foreign and domestic policy between Suslov and Khrushchev. Suslov opposed the idea of improvingSoviet Union–United States relations[27]and was against Khrushchev's attempts at rapprochement withYugoslavia.[29]Domestically, Suslov opposed Khrushchev's policy ofde-Stalinisationand hiseconomic decentralisation scheme.[30]
Suslov visited the United Kingdom in 1959 as a parliamentarian for theSupreme Soviet.The visit was a success, andHugh Gaitskell,theLeader of the Labour Party,travelled to the Soviet Union later that year as a guest.[31]
Sino–Soviet relationshad long been strained and, as Suslov told the Central Committee in one of his reports, "The crux of the matter is that theLeadership of the CCPhas recently developed tendencies to exaggerate the degree of maturity of socialist relations in China... There are elements of conceit and haughtiness. [These shortcomings] are largely explained by the atmosphere of thecult of personalityof comradeMao Zedong... who, by all accounts, himself has come to believe in his own infallibility. "[32]Suslov compared Mao's growing personality cult with that seen under Joseph Stalin.[33]
Suslov was highly critical of Maoist China, as he led theSino-Soviet Disputeand criticizedMaoismin various ways under the Khrushchev administration, particularly its split from the Soviet leadership in theSocialist Camp,the rejection of the theory ofPeaceful Coexistence,and Mao's support of anti-Soviet rival communist militant groups globally. In a report made on14 February 1964 at a plenary meetingof the Central Committee, Suslov compared Mao's China toTrotskyism,and denounced the Chinese leadership aspetty-bourgeois nationalistsandleft-deviationists:
[...] the entire range of the CPC leadership's theoretical and political views are in many ways a rehash of Trotskyism [...] an examination of the sources of the present anti-Leninist dissentive policy of the CPC leadership leads up to the conclusion that the world communist movement faces a tangible danger of petty‐bourgeois nationalist deviation that disguises itself with "Left" phrase-mongering.
— Suslov,Struggle of the CPSU for Unity of the International Communist Movement[34]
In the years following the failure of the Anti-Party Group, Suslov became the leader of the faction in the Central Committee opposed to Khrushchev's leadership, known as the "Moscow faction".[35]Khrushchev was able to hold on to power by conceding to various opposition demands in times of crisis, such as during the1960 U-2 incidentand theCuban Missile Crisis.In the aftermath of the U-2 Crisis Suslov was able to remove, and replace, several of Khrushchev's appointees in the Politburo with new anti-Khrushchev members. Khrushchev's position was greatly weakened further after the failure of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Suslov's power greatly increased.
A campaign to oust Khrushchev from office was initiated in 1964. Although leader of the opposition, Suslov had fallen seriously ill during his trip to the People's Republic of China the previous year; instead,Leonid BrezhnevandAlexei Kosyginled the opposition.[36]
Brezhnev era
editCollective leadership
editIn October 1964, Khrushchev was ousted. Suslov played a crucial role in the event.
Suslov was, alongside Premier Alexei Kosygin and First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, one of the most influential Soviet politicians of the 1960s following the ousting of Khrushchev. Having led the opposition against Khrushchev for years, Suslov had acquired and wielded great power within the Central Committee when Brezhnev rose to power. However, Suslov was never interested in becoming theleader of the Soviet Union,and was content to remain the man behind the scenes.[37]During most of his term, Suslov was one of four people who had both a seat in the Secretariat and the Politburo; the three others were Brezhnev,Andrei KirilenkoandFyodor Kulakov.[38]
Acollective leadershipwas founded immediately after the ousting of Khrushchev, consisting of Brezhnev as First Secretary, Kosygin as head of government, andAnastas Mikoyan(replaced in 1965 byNikolai Podgorny) as head of state, who formed an unofficialTriumvirate(also known by its Russian nameTroika). From the beginning, Suslov was a vocal critic of one-man rule such as that seen under Joseph Stalin and Khrushchev.
While he condemned Stalin's one-man rule, he equally criticised the individualistic assertiveness of Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation policy. A strong supporter ofdemocratic centralism,Suslov prevented Brezhnev from taking over Kosygin's post as head of government in 1970.[39]Kirilenko, Brezhnev, and Suslov were members of an unofficial Troika within theCommunist Party leadership.[40]Suslov was ranked fourth in the Politburo hierarchy behind Brezhnev, Podgorny and Kosygin, ahead of Kirilenko.[41]
Throughout the Brezhnev era, Suslov became increasingly hardline. Suslov was opposed to any sort of anti-Soviet policies attempted by theEastern Blocleaders, but voted against Soviet military intervention in theCzechoslovak Socialist Republicin 1968 during thePrague Spring.Suslov was regarded, according to Christian Schmidt-Häuer, as the "pope" for "Orthodox communists" in the Eastern Bloc. Throughout his political career, Suslov became increasingly concerned that the Soviet Union's leading role in the communist movement would be compromised. Häuer, in his bookGorbachev: The Path to Power,argues that Suslov "was aRussian nationalist"who believed" Russia was the centre of the universe ".[42]
It was during the Brezhnev era that Suslov was given the unofficial title "Chief Ideologue of the Communist Party". Suslov spent much time in memorializing the legacies ofVladimir Lenin,Karl MarxandFriedrich Engels.However, Suslov followed the party line and supported the retreat from some of the beliefs ofMarxism-Leninism.[43]Examples of ideological retreat include the end of single, Party-approved natural science versions ofbiology,chemistryandphysics.[44]
There still existed, on the other hand, a tight ideological control over literature. This included not only literature critical of Soviet rule, but according toRobert Service,much of Lenin's work: an unpublicised ban on the sale of Lenin'sCollected Worksexisted from the late 1970s onwards, although no such decree has been uncovered.[45]
Later life and death
edit
At the beginning of the 1980s, the political and economic turmoil in thePolish People's Republichad seriously eroded the authority of thePolish United Workers' Party.Suslov's position on this matter carried particular weight as he chaired a Politburo Commission, established on 25 August 1980, on how to deal with thePolish crisis.Members of the commission included such high-ranking Soviets asKGB ChairmanAndropov,Minister of DefenceDmitriy Ustinov,Minister of Foreign AffairsAndrei Gromyko,and Brezhnev's long-time associateKonstantin Chernenko.
On 28 August, the Commission considered Soviet military intervention to stabilize the region.[46]Wojciech Jaruzelski,First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, was able to persuade the Commission that a Soviet military intervention would only aggravate the situation. Suslov agreed with Jaruzelski's argument, stating that "if troops are introduced, that will mean a catastrophe. I think that we all share the unanimous opinion here that there can be no discussion of any introduction of troops".[47]Suslov was able to persuade Jaruzelski and the Polish leadership to establishmartial law in Poland.[48]
In January 1982,Yuri Andropovrevealed to Suslov thatSemyon Tsvigun,the First Deputy Chairman of theKGB,had shieldedGalinaandYuri,Brezhnev's children, from corruption investigations. When these facts were revealed to him, Suslov challenged Tsvigun to make a statement on the matter. Suslov even threatened Tsvigun with expulsion from the Communist Party, but Tsvigun died on 19 January 1982 before he could challenge Suslov's statement.
Two days later, Suslov had acoronary thrombosis,and died on 25 January ofarteriosclerosisanddiabetesat 16:05.[49]His death is viewed as starting the battle to succeed Brezhnev, in which Andropov, who assumed Suslov's post asthe Party's Second Secretary,sidelined Kirilenko and Chernenko during the last days of Brezhnev's rule.[42]
Suslov was buried on 29 January at theKremlin Wall Necropolis,in one of the twelve individual tombs located between theLenin Mausoleumand theKremlin wall.Brezhnev expressed great sadness at Suslov's passing.[50]
Recognition
editSuslov was awarded several decorations and medals during his life; among them were twoHero of Socialist Labourawards, fiveOrders of Lenin,oneOrder of the October Revolution,and one first degreeOrder of the Patriotic War.TheUSSR Academy of Sciencesawarded Suslov the Gold Medal of Karl Marx. Suslov was awarded the highest state awards of theGerman Democratic Republic,theMongolian People's Republic,and theCzechoslovak Socialist Republic.[1]
- Soviet Union
|
Order of Lenin,five times (16 March 1940, 20 November 1952, 20 November 1962, 2 December 1971, 20 November 1972) |
|
Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War",1st class (1943) |
|
Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"(1944) |
|
Order of the Patriotic War,1st class (24 March 1945) |
|
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"(1945) |
|
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"(1945) |
|
Hero of Socialist Labor,twice (20 November 1962, 20 November 1972) |
|
Order of the October Revolution(18 November 1977) |
|
Badge "50 Years in the CPSU" (1981) |
- Foreign
|
|
Hero of Socialist Labor (Bulgaria) |
|
Order of Georgi Dimitrov(Bulgaria, 1977) |
|
Order of Klement Gottwald(Czechoslovakia,1977) |
| Order of Karl Marx(East Germany,1978)[51] | |
|
Order of Sukhbaatar(Mongolia) |
|
Gold Star Order(Vietnam) |
Personal life
editSuslov married Yelizaveta Alexandrovna (1903–1972), who worked as the Director of the Moscow Institute for Stomatology. In her life, she badly suffered from internal diseases, especiallydiabetesin a severe form, but ignored her physician's recommendations.
Bernard Lown,a Lithuanian-born AmericanM.D.,was once requested to see her in theKremlin Hospital;it was one of the few cases where a renowned foreign doctor was invited to visit the Kremlin Hospital. Suslov expressed his gratitude for Lown's work, but avoided meeting Lown in person because he was a representative of an "imperialistic" country.[52]
Yelizaveta and Suslov had two children, Revoly (born 1929), named after theRussian Revolution,and his second child, Maya (born 1939), named afterMay Day.[53]
References
edit- ^abcdefghСуслов, Михаил Андреевич[Suslov, Mikhail Andreyevich] (in Russian). WarHeroes.ru.Retrieved15 February2011.
- ^abcdeLaw 1975,p. 224.
- ^Druzhnikov, Yuri(1997).Informer 001: The Myth of Pavlik Morozov.Transaction Publishers.p. 62.ISBN978-1-56000-283-3.
- ^Thelman, Joseph (December 2012)."The Man in Galoshes".Jew Observer.Retrieved28 February2021.
- ^"MIKHAIL SUSLOV, CHIEF IDEOLOGIST, IS DEAD IN SOVIET".The New York Times.27 January 1982.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2 March2023.
- ^"Mikhail Andreevich Suslov".Oxford Reference.Retrieved18 April2024.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 42.
- ^abcMontefiore 2005,p. 642n.
- ^Medvedev, Roy Aleksandrovich (1984).All Stalin's men.Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Press/Doubleday. p. 67.ISBN978-0-385-18388-8.
- ^abSkvortsova, Elena (7 December 2021)."Unknown history. The" Gray Eminence "of the Soviet system Mikhail Suslov".sobesednik.Retrieved22 February2022.
- ^Montefiore 2005,p. 560n.
- ^"Samizdat document on Suslov's role in Lithuania".Lituanus.24(1). Spring 1978.ISSN0024-5089.Archived fromthe originalon 17 December 2010.Retrieved27 April2006.
- ^Redlich, Simon; Anderson, Kirill Mikhaĭlovich; Altman, I. (1995).War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR.Vol. 1.Routledge.pp. 69–70.ISBN978-3-7186-5739-1.
- ^Pain, Emil (29 April 2020)."Antisemitism Deferred".MBK News.Retrieved28 February2021.
- ^Mlechin, Leonid (7 July 2019).""You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR ".Novaya Gazeta.Retrieved28 February2021.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 62.
- ^abBrown 2009,p. 218.
- ^Law 1975,pp. 224–225.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 84.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 282.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 283.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 285.
- ^abBrown 2009,p. 246.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 247.
- ^Petroff 1988,pp. 111–112.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 115.
- ^abLaw 1975,p. 225.
- ^Law 1975,p. 209.
- ^Khrushchev, Nikita(2006).Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Reformer, 1945–1964.Vol. 2. Pennsylvania State Press. p. 511.ISBN978-0-271-02861-3.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 117.
- ^ Oudenaren, John Van (1991).Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953.Duke University Press.p.118.ISBN978-0-8223-1141-6.
- ^ Feldman, Ofer; Valenty, Linda O. (2001).Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior.Greenwood Publishing Group.p. 126.ISBN978-0-275-97036-9.
- ^Leffler, Melvyn P. (2009).The Cambridge History of the Cold War.Vol. 1.Cambridge University Press.p. 369.ISBN978-0-521-83719-4.
- ^T͡SK KPSS (1964).Struggle of the CPSU for Unity of the International Communist Movement(PDF).Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. pp. 84, 95.
- ^Law 1975,p. 160.
- ^Law 1975,p. 210.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 402.
- ^Law 1975,p. 231.
- ^Schmidt-Häuer 1986,p. 77.
- ^Mitchell, R. Judson (1990).Getting To the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process.Hoover Press.p.26.ISBN978-0-8179-8921-7.
- ^"170. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon".history.state.gov. 10 April 1971.Retrieved6 March2018.
- ^abSchmidt-Häuer 1986,p. 78.
- ^Service 2009,p. 418.
- ^Service 2009,pp. 418–419.
- ^Service 2009,p. 419.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 430.
- ^Brown 2009,p. 435.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 197.
- ^Schmidt-Häuer 1986,p. 73.
- ^Schmidt-Häuer 1986,p. 74.
- ^"Neues Deutschland vom 12.01.1978".ND-Archiv(in German).Retrieved13 August2024.
- ^Zyankovich, Mikalai Alyaksandravich; Zenkovich, Nicholas (2005).Самые секретные родственники[Most Secret Family]. Olma Media Group. p. 416.ISBN978-5-94850-408-7.
- ^Petroff 1988,p. 73.
Bibliography
edit- Brown, Archie(2009).The Rise & Fall of Communism.London:Bodley Head.ISBN978-0-224-07879-5.
- Law, David A. (1975).Russian Civilization.New York: Ardent Media.ISBN978-0-8422-0529-0.
- Petroff, Serge (1988).The Red Eminence: A Biography of Mikhail A. Suslov.Cliffton, New Jersey: Kingston Press.ISBN978-0-940670-13-6.
- Schmidt-Häuer, Christian (1986).Gorbachev: The Path to Power.London:I.B.Tauris.ISBN978-1-85043-015-5.
- Sebag-Montefiore, Simon(2005).Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar.New York:Vintage Books.ISBN978-1-4000-7678-9.
- Service, Robert(2009).History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century.London:Penguin Books Ltd.ISBN978-0-14-103797-4.
External links
edit- Selected Writings and Speechespublished in 1980 byPergamon Press.