Wikipedia

Mini E

For the production battery electric vehicle launched in 2020, also known as the Cooper SE, seeMini Electric.

TheMini Ewas a demonstrationelectric cardeveloped byBMW ias aconversionof itsMini Coopercar. The Mini E was developed for field trials and deployed in several countries, including the United States, Germany, UK, France, Japan and China.[1]The field testing of the Mini E was part ofBMW Project i,which was followed in January 2012 by a similar trial with theBMW ActiveE,[2]and the last phase of project was the development of theBMW i3urban electric car, that went intomass productionin 2013.[3][4]In 2019, BMW announced that the mass marketMini Electricwill go in to production.

Mini E
Overview
ManufacturerBMW i
Production2009–2010
AssemblyEngland:Cowley, Oxfordshire(Plant Oxford)
Body and chassis
ClassSmall family car
Body style3-doorhatchback
LayoutFF layout
Powertrain
Electric motor150 kW (200 hp)asynchronous motor
Transmission1-speed helical
Battery35 kilowatt-hours (130 MJ)lithium ion battery
Range100 mi (160 km)
Dimensions
Wheelbase97.1 in (2,466 mm)
Length146.2 in (3,713 mm)
Width66.3 in (1,684 mm)
Height55.4 in (1,407 mm)
Chronology
SuccessorBMW ActiveE,Mini Electric

The first trial was launched in the U.S. in June 2009, and the Mini E was available through leasing to private users inLos Angelesand theNew York/New Jerseyarea.[5]Another field test was launched in theUKin December 2009, where more than forty Mini E cars were handed to private users for two consecutive six-month field trial periods.[6]This trial program allowed theBMW Groupto become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.[7]After the trial, some Mini Es were displayed in museums, others shipped to Germany for further lab testing, and the rest dismantled and crushed.[8]The 40 Mini Es that participated in the UK trial were kept in use after the trial ended in March 2011, participating in promotional activities and forming part of BMW Group UK's official vehicle fleet for theLondon 2012 Olympic Games.[9]

All Mini E vehicles were equipped similar to a standardMini Cooperhatchback.

History

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The Mini E was unveiled at the 2008Los Angeles Auto Show.[10]BMW used its Mini brand to test its electric powertrain technology, but the vehicle was also developed in order to meet new California regulations that require carmakers to offerzero emission vehicles.[11]

Specifications

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Powertrain

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The Mini E is powered by anasynchronouselectric motorthat is mounted in the former engine bay and is rated at 204 PS (150 kW) and 160 lbf⋅ft (220 N⋅m) of torque. Drive is sent to the front wheels. The Mini E employs alithium-ion batterypack with an overall capacity of 130 megajoules (35 kWh). The batteries weigh 572 pounds (259 kg) and replace the back seat.[12]Top speed is electronically limited to 95 mph (153 km/h), with 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) acceleration in 8 seconds.[13]The car's range is 156 miles (251 km) on a single charge under optimal conditions. Estimates of normal driving conditions put ranges at 109 miles (175 km) city and 96 miles (154 km) highway.[14]

Mini E under the bonnet

AC Propulsionissued a news release on 19 November 2008, announcing they were a supplier for Mini E.[15]The news release stated that AC Propulsion supplied a specially developed version of its proprietarytzero,a registeredtrademark,technology, including air-cooled copper-rotorinduction motorandLi ion batteryon the Mini E. It is characterized by high performance, high efficiency, and fast charging.

Charging

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The Mini E could be charged by 120-volt (at 12 amp) and 240-volt (at 32 or 48 amp) power sources; charging times were 20 hours and 3.5 hours (fast-charge system).[16]Charge rate was set from the instrument panel before charging.

The 240-volt 32-amp home "wall box"charging stationsfor the US trial were made by Clipper Creek,[17]with a proprietary electrical connector to the car made by ODU.[18]

Performance

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The accelerator was adrive-by-wiresystem with a soft start to limit the electric motor's response and preventburnoutfrom a standstill. After this initial delay, response goes back to normal.

The Mini E'sregenerative brakingwas designed to capture as much kinetic energy as possible giving it a distinct driving characteristic. When the driver released the acceleration pedal, the Mini E started braking, slowing it down significantly as if the brake pedal were pressed.

2009U.S. Environmental Protection Agency'sfuel economy labelfor the Mini E

EPA ratings

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TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) certified the Mini E range as 100 mi (160 km), with a city/highway combined energy consumption of 34kW·h/100 miles. Under its five-cycle testing, EPA rated the Mini E at 98miles per gallon gasoline equivalent(2.4 L/100 km) combinedfuel economy,with a rating of 102 mpg‑US(2.3 L/100 km; 122 mpg‑imp) equivalent in city driving and 94 mpg‑US(2.5 L/100 km; 113 mpg‑imp) equivalent on highways. This information was displayed in the window sticker in terms of energy consumption, as 33 kW·h/100 miles for city and 36 kW·h/100 miles for highway.[19]

Production

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The Mini factory in Oxford, England suppliedvehicle glidersto a team in Munich, Germany who added the electric running gear.[11]

Field trial program

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The Mini E trial was followed by the field testing of theBMW ActiveEin the U.S. that began in January 2012.

Field testing of the Mini E was part ofBMW Project i,and was followed in January 2012 by a similar trial with theBMW ActiveEall-electric vehicle.[2]After the Mini E trial program ended, some cars were displayed in museums, others shipped to Germany for further lab testing, and the rest dismantled and crushed.[8]

Mini E drivers participating in thefield trialprogram of the vehicle were required to participate inonlinesurveys and discussions, and to bring their vehicle into their localdealershipto be worked on. The car was available only as a three-yearlimited lease,and drivers were required to return their cars to BMW who destroyed or donated them totech schoolsandmuseumsfor display, disassembly, and analysis purposes.

U.S. program

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In the U.S. 9,500 people signed up to lease the 450 Mini Es available.[20][21]In June 2009, BMW started the program by leasing 250 units in theLos Angelesarea and 200 in theNew York/New Jerseyarea.[3]The leasing price was set atUS$850(approx.€600) a month for one year and included collision coverage, maintenance costs, and home installation of the charging station.[4]Residents of New Jersey did not pay sales tax on their lease due to the existing state exemption forbattery electric vehicles.[22]

In May 2010, BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower price ofUS$600a month.[23][24]This renewal was offered to all individuals who had a Mini E lease at the time but fleet customers were excluded and according to BMW half of all lessees agreed to the extension.[23][24]

European program

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France

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Field testing inPariswith 50 units began in 2010.[25][26]

Germany

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Mini E recharging in Germany

A total of 100 trial vehicles were assigned toGermany.[3]Testing inBerlinbegan in June 2009, and for the second phase, a total of 70 vehicles were delivered in March 2011 to private customers and fleet users.[27]Field testing began inMunichin September 2010, for a leasing fee of€400(approx.US$517) per month.[28][29]

United Kingdom

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Mini E recharging in the UK

Testing in theU.K.took place between December 2009 and March 2011 with 40 Mini E cars handed to private users for two consecutive six-month field trial periods.[9]The leasing price was set at£330(aroundUS$536) per month, which includedVAT,insurance, service, and maintenance.[6]One MINI E was delivered to the Government car pool inDowning Streetto be tested by ministers in an urban environment on their official business around London.[30]

The UK trial was a partnership between BMW Group UK,Scottish and Southern Energy,theSouth East England Development Agency(SEEDA),Oxford City CouncilandOxfordshire County Council.Data collection and research was conducted byOxford Brookes University's Sustainable Vehicle Engineering Centre throughout the UK project. Funding support was provided by theTechnology Strategy Boardand theDepartment for Transport(DFT) as part of the£25 million(US$41 million) UK-wide program involving trials of 340 ultra-low carbon vehicles from several car makers.[6][9][30]The selected test area is roughly a triangle contained within theM40 motorwaybetween theM25 motorwayandOxford,theA34south to theM3 motorway,and the M3 back to the M25.[31]

The 40 Mini E electric cars were kept in use after the trial was completed in March 2011, participating in activities to promote awareness and understanding of electric vehicles. These cars were part of the BMW Group UK's official vehicle fleet of 4,000 low-emission luxury vehicles deployed for theLondon 2012 Olympic Games.The fleet also included 160BMW ActiveEelectric cars.[9][32]

China

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Field testing inBeijingstarted on 22 February 2011.[33]Testing also took place inShenzhen.[9]

Japan

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A field trial took place in Tokyo in 2011.[9]

Field test results

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Rear view of the Mini E.

The main concerns reported by those participating in the U.S. during the first year trial wererange anxietyand lack of publiccharging infrastructure,as the country had only 734 public charging stations, most located inCalifornia.[7][16][34]Another concern was the 100-mile (160 km) range on a fully charged battery reducing to between 80 and 90 miles (140 km) during very cold weather.[7][34]In theUK,an abnormally harsh winter also showed how very low temperatures diminished power output until the battery 'warmed-up'.[25]There was one report of the range dropping below 40 miles (64 km) in sub-zero weather.[35]There were issues reported with exterior charging points as winter temperatures dropped dramatically.[25]

Other complaints in the U.S. related to the lack of space in the car as the battery pack eliminated the Mini's back seat and most of its cargo area,[34][36]and the difficulties found in practice to install the charging equipment in homes; installation permits, site visits, inspections and installation could take up to a month.[36][37]

BMW

According to the BMW team of engineers responsible for the demonstration program, the following facts and key lessons were learned during the Mini E first year trial:[38]

  • Most of the Mini E applicants were well-educated and well-off males over 35, with an affinity for new technology, willing to experience a new and clean technology, and for them the lower vehicle running costs were not very important.
  • Most drivers used the Mini E as a second vehicle and for the daily commute.
  • Longest trip in a Mini E to date was 158 kilometres (98 mi)
  • In the Berlin trial, the average Mini E remained stationary for over five hours in 80 per cent of the cases while being charged and most of the customers only charged their vehicles only two or three times a week. U.S. participants were more likely to charge up every night.
  • Before the test, drivers said they expected range and charging time limitations to be a problem, however, during the actual trials these issues were only felt to be limitations in very few specific cases.
  • In the Berlin test, BMW decided to compare how people drive an electric car to how they drive a more traditional model. For this purpose they identified willing applicants who had either aBMW 116ior aMini Cooperand put data loggers in those vehicles. The results showed that vehicle usage of the Mini E only differs marginally from that of comparable Mini Cooper and BMW 116i trips.
UC Davis study

In May 2011 the Plug‐in Hybrid & Electric Vehicle (PH&EV) Research Center at theUniversity of California, Davispublished the results of a consumer study of the U.S. Mini E field trial. The study is based on surveys and interviews conducted with more than 120 families who leased the electric car for the period of June 2009 to June 2010.[1][39]Some of the key findings of the consumer study are the following:[1][39][40]

  • 95% of the respondents drove fewer than 80 miles (130 km) a day; and 71% drove fewer than 40 miles (64 km).
  • The study shows that households adapted their driving around the capabilities of the electric car, and respondents said the MINI E met 90% of their daily driving needs.
  • Many drivers found that having limited cargo space and only two seats was more restrictive than the limited range.
  • Cold weather had a significant impact on drivers in the New York and New Jersey areas, which suffered a particularly harsh winter during the study period. These drivers discovered an unacceptable drop in the vehicles' range when using the heater.
  • In California, though infrequent, hot weather during August 2009 resulted in range loss and battery thermal management problems that required attention from BMW.
  • Most drivers reported initial difficulties in mastering the MINI E aggressiveregenerative brakingsystem which is integrated into the accelerator pedal. However, all drivers said that once they learned to like the system, they discovered that they could travel more smoothly, and learned to control almost all acceleration and braking events with one pedal. They also discovered, thanks to the display panel information, that they recovered energy proportional to their expertise with the single pedal.
  • 99% of respondents found home charging easy to use.
  • 71% of respondents said they were more likely now to purchase an electric vehicle than they were a year ago, and only 9% said they are less likely.
  • 88% of respondents said they are interested in buying abattery electric vehicleorplug-in hybrid electric vehiclein the next five years.
Oxford Brookes University

In August 2011 BMW published the results of the UK trials. The findings are based on the 40 test cars driven by 62 members of the public and 76 pool users, who together drove 258,105 miles (415,380 km) over two six-month periods. The data was collected electronically and the research was carried out byOxford Brookes University.The following are some of the main findings:[9]

  • The Mini Es logged a daily journey distance of 29.7 miles (47.8 km), slightly more than the 26.5 miles (42.6 km) recorded by the control cars, a mix of Mini Coopers and BMW 116i models. The UK average daily distance driven for private cars overall is less than 25 miles (40 km).
  • The average cost to charge over 6 months was£60,representing less than 2 pence per mile.
  • Drivers did not charge their Mini E every night. The average was 2.9 times a week. Most charged at home, with 82% using their wall-mounted charging box 90% of the time.
  • Four out of five people reported that 80% of their trips could be done exclusively in the Mini E, and this increased to 90% saying that with the addition of rear seats and a bigger boot, all their trips could have been done in the Mini E.
  • 84% of the drivers said that the severe low temperatures during both phases of the field trial affected the distance that could be driven between charges, but despite that, four out of five participants told the researchers they thought the Mini E was suitable for winter use.
  • When asked for suggestions to deal with the potential danger from the low noise at low speeds, more than half (56%) said that instead of an artificial noise, the driver should pay more attention. However just over a quarter (28%) said they’d like to have a warning noise below 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h).
  • The trial found that one week was all that was needed for customers to adapt to the characteristics and peculiarities of driving an EV, such as charging, range, regenerative braking and low noise.
  • For fleet users who swapped out of their regular car reported that the Mini E was fine for 70% of journeys made during the working day, while the pool car success rate was even better with between 80 and 90% of regular trips achievable

Range record

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As part of the 21stCentury Automotive Challengeheld atPenn State Universityon 23 May 2010, Mini E No. 466 achieved the longest trip in an electric car to date, achieving 147.3 miles (237.1 km).[citation needed]The Mini E went on to win the efficiency competition, traversing three mountain ranges in the rain.[citation needed]

Alternative electric Mini

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Nevada'sHybrid Technologieshas started production of its electric-powered BMW Mini Cooper all-lithium model. The new electric Mini uses Hybrid Tech's own proprietary advanced lithium management and battery-balancing system. Top speed is only around 80 mph (130 km/h) but driving at a slower speed preserves battery-life and means owners will be able to travel up to 120 miles (190 km) on a single charge.[41]

EVTVhas published a free "how-to" series of videos documenting their conversion of a2009 Mini Cooper Clubmanto electric drive.[42]The project uses a more powerful AC induction motor from MES-DEA and TIMS600 controller to provide 177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) of torque. It uses 112 readily available Sky Energy 100 Ah LiFePO4 cells to provide an energy storage of 40.3 kWh and a range of 125 miles (201 km). Top speed of 120 mph (190 km/h). This is an open source project using parts readily available to anyone from existing suppliers and intended for those inclined to do their own conversion of an existing 2009 Mini Cooper Clubman.

CravenSpeed, of Portland, Oregon, US, has built and will offer instructions and parts for converting a 2002–2006 Hatchback Mini into an all-electric vehicle. Utilizing the existing transmission mated to a DC motor, their relatively inexpensive conversion kit will produce modest power and about a 80 km (50 mi) range per charge while keeping the rear seats and cargo room completely untouched.[citation needed]

Motorsport

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In April 2010, the Mini E, driven byThomas Jäger,became the first electric car to lap theNürburgring Nordschleifein under 10 minutes.[43]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcTurrentine, Thomas S., Dahlia Garas, Andy Lentz, Justin Woodjack (2011)."The UC Davis MINI E Consumer Study".Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California, Davis.Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2011.Retrieved14 June2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Research Report UCD-ITS-RR-11-05
  2. ^abJim Motavalli (12 January 2012)."The Mini-E's True Believer Gets the Keys to the First BMW ActiveE".PluginCars.Retrieved13 January2012.
  3. ^abcTom Murphy (19 May 2010)."Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy".Wards Auto.Retrieved13 June2010.
  4. ^abJoe Lorio (May 2010)."Green: Rich Steinberg Interview".Automobile Magazine.Retrieved12 June2010.
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  9. ^abcdefg"BMW Group releases results of UK-supported EV trial".Green Car Congress.5 August 2011.Retrieved8 August2011.
  10. ^Abuelsamid, Sam (18 October 2008)."LA Preview: Officially, official: the MINI E!".Autobloggreen.com.Retrieved30 December2010.
  11. ^abAlex Kaufmann."Technical details for Mini 'E' electric vehicle".MotorAuthority. Archived fromthe originalon 21 December 2008.Retrieved17 October2009.
  12. ^Taylor III, Alex (30 March 2009). "Bavaria's Next Top Model".Fortune.159(6): 102.
  13. ^Horrell, Paul (November 2008)."Mini Cooper E".Retrieved11 April2013.
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  15. ^Press release from AC Propulsion[dead link‍]
  16. ^abJohn O'Dell (September 2009)."BMW Learning Lessons From Mini E Tes".Edmunds.Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2010.Retrieved25 September2009.
  17. ^Richard Steinberg (21 September 2009)."Mini Priority 1 Slides"(PDF).Mini USA.Retrieved22 June2010.
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  21. ^"creative projects, competitions, events, thoughts and ideas, by MINI".MINI Space.Retrieved17 October2009.
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  23. ^ab"Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year".Edmunds.com.12 May 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
  24. ^ab"Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month".AutoblogGreen.14 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
  25. ^abcChris Wright (3 June 2010)."UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback".Just Auto.Retrieved13 June2010.
  26. ^Autoactu.com (24 January 2011)."Marché du véhicule électrique en France en 2010: tous les chiffres!"(in French). Automobile Prope. Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2011.Retrieved9 October2011.
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  28. ^"BMW Group Taking Applications for MINI-E Trial Drivers in Munich".Green Car Congress.10 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
  29. ^Zaher Karp (May 2010)."Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial".PluginCars.com.Retrieved12 June2010.
  30. ^ab"Prime Minister backs MINI E trials".Oxford Brookes University.16 December 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2010.Retrieved18 June2010.
  31. ^Anthony ffrench-Constant (29 October 2009)."MINI E review: The all-electric version of the MINI is being trialled in Britain".The Daily Telegraph.Retrieved18 June2010.
  32. ^Antony Ingram (26 March 2012)."BMW's Low-Emissions Olympic Fleet Lands in London".Motor Authority.Retrieved26 March2012.
  33. ^"Mini E Goes on Field Trial in China".ChinaAutoWeb.com.
  34. ^abcLawrence Ulrich (25 March 2010)."Gas-Pump Freedom (Restrictions Apply)".The New York Times.Retrieved10 April2010.
  35. ^Jorn Madslien (3 June 2010)."What is it like to live with an electric car?".BBC News.Retrieved18 June2010.
  36. ^abStephen Williams (19 March 2010)."BMW Preaches Sustainability in Munich and New York".The New York Times.Retrieved10 April2010.
  37. ^Jim Motavalli (16 March 2010)."Home Charging for Electric Vehicle: Costs Will Vary".The New York Times.Retrieved10 April2010.
  38. ^Sebastian Blanco (2 July 2010)."In depth: BMW Megacity Vehicle and Project I".AutoblogGreen.Retrieved31 July2010.
  39. ^ab"UC Davis study highlights results of MINI E field trial in US; MINI E met 90% of daily driving needs".Green Car Congress.13 June 2011.Retrieved14 June2011.
  40. ^Christine Tierney (14 June 2011)."Quake's effects may delay U.S.-built Leaf".Detroit News.Retrieved14 June2011.
  41. ^James Martinez."All-lithium electric Mini Cooper enters production".MotorAuthority. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2008.Retrieved17 October2009.
  42. ^"EVTV.ME Electric car conversion videos".EVTV.Retrieved5 August2015.
  43. ^Chilton, Chris (14 April 2010)."Mini E Racer (2010) takes on the Nurburgring".CAR Magazine.UK.Retrieved1 October2019.
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