Mobile computing

Mobile computingishuman–computer interactionin which acomputeris expected to be transported during normal usage and allow for transmission of data, which can include voice and video transmissions. Mobile computing involvesmobile communication,mobile hardware, andmobile software.Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats, and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

FoldableSamsung Galaxysmartphones,capable of web browsing, e-mail access, video playback, document editing,file transfer,image editing, and other tasks common on smartphones. A smartphone is a tool of mobile computing.

Main principles

The Telxon PTC-710 is a 16-bit mobile computer PTC-710 with MP 830-42 microprinter42-column version.

• Portability: Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility. These devices may have limited device capabilities and limited power supply but should have a sufficient processing capability and physical portability to operate in a movable environment.
• Connectivity: This defines thequality of service(QoS) of the network connectivity. In a mobile computing system, the network availability is expected to be maintained at a high level with a minimal amount of lag/downtime without being affected by the mobility of the connected nodes.
• Interactivity: The nodes belonging to a mobile computing system are connected with one another to communicate and collaborate through active transactions of data.
• Individuality: A portable device or a mobile node connected to a mobile network often denotes an individual; a mobile computing system should be able to adopt the technology to cater to the individual needs and also to obtain contextual information of each node.

Devices

Some of the most common forms of mobile computing devices are as given below:

• Portable computers, compact, lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended ashostsfor software that may be parameterized, such aslaptops/desktops,smartphones/tablets,etc.

• Smart cardsthat can run multiple applications but are typically used for payment, travel, and secure area access.

• Mobile phones,telephony devices which cancallfrom a distance through cellular networking technology.

• Wearable computers,mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended for the incorporation ofsoftware agents,such as bracelets, keyless implants, etc.

The wearable computer,Apple Watch,released in 2015

These classes are expected to endure and to complement each other, none replacing another completely.

Other types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s, including the:

• Portable computer
• Personal digital assistant,enterprise digital assistant
• Ultra-Mobile PC
• Laptop
• Tablet computer
• Wearable computer
• E-reader
• Carputer
• Handheld PC

Limitations

• Expandability,replaceabilityandmodularity:In contrast to the common traditionalmotherboard-based PC theSoCarchitecture in which they are embedded makes these features impossible.
• Lack of aBIOS:As most smart devices lack a properBIOS,theirbootloadingcapabilities are limited as they can only boot into the singleoperative systemwith which it came, in contrast with the PC BIOS model.
• Range and bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such asGPRSandEDGE,and more recentlyHSDPA,HSUPA,3Gand4Gnetworks and also the proposed5Gnetwork. These networks are usually available within a range of commercial cell phone towers. High-speed network wireless LANs are inexpensive but have a very limited range.
• Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use ofVPN.Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.
• Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.
• Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.
• Potential health hazards: People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.(While this may seem obvious, there is considerable discussion about whether banning mobile device use while driving reduces accidents.) Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerningmobile phone radiation and healthhave been raised.
• Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech orhandwriting recognitionrequire training.

In-vehicle computing and fleet computing

MOBIDICmobile computer of 1959

Many commercial and government field forces deploy a rugged portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, andergonomics.Rugged computersare rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as inemergency medical services,fire, and public safety.

TheCompaq Portable-c. 1982,pre-laptop

Other elements affecting function in the vehicle:

• Operating temperature:A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from −30–60 °C (−22–140 °F). Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based cooling has stated limits of 35–38 °C (95–100 °F) of ambient temperature and temperatures below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
• Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such asHDDs.
• Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
• Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
• High-temperature battery settings: Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to high-temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
• External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block wireless reception and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation equipment.

Security issues involved in mobile

Main article:Mobile security

Mobile securityhas become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to thesecurityof personal information now stored on thesmartphone.Mobile applications might copy user data from these devices to a remote server without the users’ permission and often without the users’ consent.The user profiles automatically created in the cloud for smartphone users raiseprivacyconcerns on all major platforms, in terms of, including, but not limited to,location trackingand personal data collection,regardless of user settings on the device.

More and more users and businesses use smartphones as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization ofinformation systemsand therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect theprivacyof the user and theintellectual propertyof the company.

All smartphones are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of wireless telecommunication likeWiFi networksandGSM.There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms ofmalicious softwarethat rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end-users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development ofoperating systems,software layers, and downloadable apps.

Portable computing devices

Main articles:Mobile deviceandPortable computer

Several categories of portable computing devices can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers,PDAs,ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), tablets, and smartphones.

• Aportable computeris a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example isOsborne 1.Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.
• Apersonal digital assistant(PDA) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail, and other features.

  

  APalm TXPDA

• Anultra mobile PCis a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.
• Phones,tablets:a slate tablet is shaped like a paper notebook. Smartphones are the same devices as tablets, however, the only difference with smartphones is that they are much smaller and pocketable. Instead of a physical keyboard, these devices have atouchscreenincluding a combination of avirtual keyboardbut can also link to a physical keyboard via wirelessBluetoothor USB. These devices include features other computer systems would not be able to incorporate, such as built-in cameras, because of their portability - although some laptops possess camera integration, and desktops and laptops can connect to awebcamby way of USB.
• Acarputeris installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is Bluetooth compatible.
• A Pentop (discontinued) is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.
• An application-specific computer is one that is tailored to a particular application. For example,Ferrantiintroduced a handheld application-specific mobile computer (theMRT-100) in the form of aclipboardfor conductingopinion polls.

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, theOQOUMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; theApple eMatehad the clamshell form factor of a laptop but ran PDA software. TheHP Omnibookline of laptops included some devices small enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of theNokia 770internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as theZaurus6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not havePIMsoftware. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

Mobile data communication

Wirelessdata connections used in mobile computing take three general forms.Cellulardata service uses technologiesGSM,CDMAorGPRS,3Gnetworks such asW-CDMA,EDGEorCDMA2000.and more recently4Gand5Gnetworks. These networks are usually available within range of commercialcell towers.Wi-Ficonnections offer higher performance,may be either on a private business network or accessed through publichotspots,and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.Satellite Internet accesscovers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not availableand may be set up anywhere the user has aline of sightto the satellite's location,which for satellites ingeostationaryorbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.When using a mix of networks, amobile virtual private network(mobile VPN) not only handles thesecurityconcerns, but also performs the multiple networkloginsautomatically and keeps theapplicationconnections alive to preventcrashesor data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.

See also

• Lists of mobile computers
• Mobile cloud computing
• Mobile Computing and Communications Review
• Mobile development
• Mobile device management
• Mobile identity management
• Mobile interaction
• Mobile software
• Ubiquitous computing

References

Bibliography

• GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org
• David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996
• MH Repacholi,"health risks from the use of mobile phones",Toxicology Letters,2001 - Elsevier
• Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.
• Imieliński, T.;Badrinath, B.R. (Oct 1994)."Mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management".Communications of the ACM.37(10):18–28.doi:10.1145/194313.194317.S2CID20233082.
• Imieliński, T.;Badrinath, B.R. (1992)."Querying in highly mobile distributed environments"(PDF).Proceedings VLDB '92:41–52.
• T. Imielinski;H.F. Korth (Eds.) (1996).Mobile Computing.Springer.
• Imieliński, T.;Viswanathan, S.; Badrinath, B.R. (May–June 1997)."Data on Air: Organization and Access"(PDF).IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.9(3):353–372.CiteSeerX10.1.1.569.2573.doi:10.1109/69.599926.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2006-02-05.Retrieved2017-02-04.
• Roth, J. "Mobile Computing - Grundlagen, Technik, Konzepte", 2005, dpunkt.verlag, Germany
• Pullela, Srikanth. "Security Issues in Mobile Computing"http://crystal.uta.edu/~kumar/cse6392/termpapers/Srikanth_paper.pdf
• Zimmerman, James B. "Mobile Computing: Characteristics, Business Benefits, and Mobile Framework" April 2, 1999.https://web.archive.org/web/20111126105426/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/zimmerman/INSS%20690%20CC%20-%20Mobile%20Computing.htm
• Koudounas, Vasilis. Iqbal, Omar. "Mobile Computing: Past, Present, and Future"https://web.archive.org/web/20181110210750/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html

Further reading

• B'Far, Reza (2004).Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-81733-2.
• Poslad, Stefan (2009).Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions.Wiley.ISBN978-0-470-03560-3.
• Rhoton, John (2001).The Wireless Internet Explained.Digital Press.ISBN978-1-55558-257-9.
• Talukder, Asoke; Yavagal, Roopa (2006).Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation.McGraw-Hill Professional.ISBN978-0-07-147733-8.