Wikipedia

Video game modding

(Redirected fromModded)

Video game modding(short for "modification" ) is the process of alteration by players or fans of one or more aspects of avideo game,[1]such as how it looks or behaves, and is a sub-discipline of generalmodding.Mods may range from small changes and tweaks to complete overhauls, and can extend the replay value and interest of the game.

Modding a game can also be understood as the act of seeking and installing mods to the player's game,[2]but the act of tweaking pre-existing settings and preferences is not truly modding.[1]

Mods have arguably become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games, as they add depth to the original work,[3]and can be both fun for players playing the mods and as a means of self-expression for mod developers.[4]

People can become fans of specific mods, in addition to fans of the game they are for, such as requesting features and alterations for these mods.[4]In cases where mods are very popular, players might have to clarify that they are referring to the unmodified game when talking about playing a game. The termvanillais often used to make this distinction. "VanillaMinecraft",for example, refers to the original, unmodified game.

As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to an actual game. This can include recording in-game actions as a film, as well as attempting to reproduce real-life areas inside a game with no regard for game play value. This has led to the rise ofartistic video game modification,as well asmachinimaand thedemoscene.

Popular games can have tens of thousands of mods created for them.[5]

Development

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Custom character models such asKratos,Carl JohnsonandSnow WhiteinGuitar Hero World Tourare a popular form of modification, allowing fans to come up with their own humorousfictional crossovers.

Many mods are not publicly released to the gaming community by their creators.[1]Some are very limited and just include some gameplay changes or even a different loading screen, while others are total conversions and can modify content andgameplayextensively. A few mods become very popular and convert themselves into distinct games, with the rights getting bought and turning into an official modification, or in some cases a stand-alone title that does not require the original game to play.

Technical and social skills are needed to create a mod.[3]A group of mod developers may join to form a "mod team".

Doom(1993) was the first game to have a large modding community.[6]In exchange for the technical foundation to mod,id Softwareinsisted that mods should only work with the retail version of the game (not the demo), which was respected by the modders and boostedDoom's sales. Another factor in the popularity ofmoddingDoomwas theincreasing popularity of the Internet,which allowed modding communities to form.[7]Mods forQuake(1996) such as "Capture the Flag"and" Team Fortress "became standard features in later games in the shooter genre.[6]Whilefirst-person shootersare popular games to mod,[7]thevirtual petgenre with games such asPetz(1995) andCreatures(1996) fostered younger modders, particularly girls.[8]

A recurring trend with video game mods is the creation of user-made skins and/or character models replacing the default ones that came with the game, the most popular of which aremememods such as those ofCarl JohnsonfromGrand Theft Auto: San AndreasandThomas the Tank Engine,[9]though at least one modder received legal action fromThomasfranchise rights ownerMattelfor their unauthorised use of theThomas the Tank Engineintellectual property in aThe Elder Scrolls V: Skyrimmod.[10]

Tools

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Mod-making tools are a variety of construction sets for creating mods for a game. Early commercial mod-making tools were theBoulder Dash Construction Kit(1986) andThe Bard's Tale Construction Set(1991), which allowed users to create game designs in those series. Much more successful among early mod-making tools was the 1992Forgotten Realms: Unlimited AdventuresfromStrategic Simulations, Inc.,which allowed users to construct games based on the game world that was launched with thePool of Radiancegame.

By the mid-1990s, modding tools were commonly offered with PC games,[11]and by the early 2000s, a game that launched with no modding tools was considered more worthy of note in a review than one that did.[12]Maxisreleased the modding tools forThe Sims(2000) before the game itself, resulting in a suite of fan-created mods being available at launch.[7]The advertising campaign forNeverwinter Nights(2002) focused on the includedAurora toolset.[7]TheWorld EditorforWarcraft III(2002) allowed a variety of custom scenarios or maps to be created for the game, such as a number oftower defenseandmultiplayer online battle arenamaps, the most notable of which wasDefense of the Ancients.[13][14]The provision of tools is still seen as the most practical way that a company can signal to fans that its game is open for modding.[15]Fans may also use and createopen-source softwaretools for modding games.[16]Generative AIis expected to make developing for hobby projects easier,[17]particularly with assets such as textures and voice acting (which traditionally requires hiring capable voice actors, thereby presenting abarrier to entryfor amateur mod teams), though this also led toethical issuesover its use especially with voice actors who expressed concern regarding their characters' voices being cloned without their consent.[18][19]

There are also free content delivery tools available that make playing mods easier. They help manage downloads, updates, and mod installation in order to allow people who are less technically literate to play.Steam's"Workshop"service, for example, allows a user to easily download and install mods in supported games.[20]

Game support for modifications

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The potential for end-user change in game varies greatly, though it can have little correlation with the number and quality of mods made for a game.

In general the most modification-friendly games will define gameplay variables in text or other non proprietary format files[21](for instance in theCivilizationseries one could alter the movement rate along roads and many other factors), and have graphics of a standard format such asbitmaps.[21]Publishers can also determine mod-friendliness in the way important source files are available, such asDoomhaving its art assets separate from the main program, which allows them to be shared and modified.[7]

Games have varying support from their publishers for modifications, but often require expensive professional software to make. One such example isHomeworld 2(2003), which requires the programMayato build new in-game objects. However, there are free versions of Maya and other advanced modeling software available. There are also free and evenopen-sourcemodeling programs (such asBlender) that can be used as well.

For advanced mods such asDesert Combatthat are total conversions, complicated modeling and texturing software are required to make original content. Advanced mods can rival the complexity and work of making the original game content (short of the engine itself), rendering the differences in ease of modding small in comparison to the total amount of work required. Having an engine that is for example easy to import models to, is of little help when doing research, modeling, and making a photorealistic texture for a game item. As a result, other game characteristics such as its popularity and capabilities have a dominating effect on the number of mods created for the game by users.

A game that allows modding is said to be "moddable".The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim(2011) as well as its predecessors,Morrowind(2002) andOblivion(2006), are examples of highly moddable games, with an official editor available for download from the developer.Daggerfall(1996) was much less moddable, but some people released their own modifications nevertheless. Some modifications such asGunslingers Academyhave deliberately made the game more moddable by adding in scripting support or externalizing underlying code.Supreme Commander(2007) set out to be the 'most customisable game ever' and as such included a mod manager which allowed for modular modding, having several mods on at once.

The game industry is currently[when?]facing the question of how much it should embrace the players' contribution in creating new material for the game or mod-communities as part of their structure within the game. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities. Others though have chosen to enclose their games in heavily policed copyright or Intellectual Property regimes (IPR) and close down sites that they see as infringing their ownership of a game.[22]

Portability issues

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For cross-platform games, mods written for the Windows version have not always been compatible with the Mac OS X and/orLinuxports of the game. In large part, this is due to the publisher's concern with prioritizing the porting of the primary game itself, when allocating resources for fixing the porting of mod-specific functions may not be cost-effective for the smaller market share of alternate platforms. For example,Battlefield 1942,ported byAspyrfor Mac OS X, had file access issues specific to mods until the 1.61D patch.Unreal Tournament 2004does not have a working community mods menu for the Mac OS X version and, until the 3369 patch, had graphics incompatibilities with several mods such asRed OrchestraandMetaball.

Also, mods compiled into platform-specific libraries, such as those ofDoom 3,are often only built for the Windows platform, leading to a lack of cross-platform compatibility even when the underlying game is highly portable. In the same line of reasoning, mod development tools are often available only on the Windows platform.id Software's Doom 3 Radiant tool andEpic Games'UnrealEdare examples of this.

Mod teams that lack either the resources or know-how to develop their mods for alternate platforms sometimes outsource their code and art assets to individuals or groups who are able to port the mod.

The mod specialist site for Macs,Macologist,has created GUI launchers and installers for many UT2004 mods, as well as solving cross-platform conversion issues for mods for other games.

Unforeseen consequences or benefits of modding

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In January 2005, it was reported that inThe Sims 2(2004) modifications that changed item and game behavior were unexpectedly being transferred to other players through the official website'sexchangefeature, leading to changed game behavior without advance warning.[23]

After the"Hot Coffee" mod incident,there were calls from the industry to better control modders.[6]There is concern about mods that shownudity,andBethesdadoes not allow mods with such content to be uploaded on its website. Nexus allows for mods which allow nudity as long as nudity is not present in the preview image. One of the most popular mods of this type is Caliente's Beautiful Bodies Edition, which allows for body modification in Bethesda'sSkyrimandFallout 4,and has been downloaded at least 8.2 million times.[24]

In 2015, members from theGrand Theft Autofan site GTAForums reported instances of malware being circulated through modifications written forGrand Theft Auto V.[25][26]Two of the modifications in question, namely "Angry Planes" and "No Clip", came with code for loading aremote access tool,and a keylogger for stealingFacebookandSteamaccount credentials.[27]The modifications in question have since been taken out of circulation, with affected players being advised to change their social media account passwords and disinfect their computers.

The National Crime Agency of the UK has indicated that modding can act as a pathway to cybercrime for some people.[28]

Motivations of modders

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TheInternetprovides an inexpensive medium to promote and distributeuser created contentlike mods, an aspect commonly known asWeb 2.0.Video game modding was described as remixing of games and can be therefore seen as part of theremix cultureas described byLawrence Lessig,[29]or as a successor to the playfulhacker culturethat produced the first video games.[12]

Mods can be both useful to players and a means of self-expression.[4]Three motivations have been identified by Olli Sotamaa for fans to create mods: to patch the game, to express themselves, and to get a foot in the door of thevideo game industry.[4]It has been noted that these motivations encompassintrinsic and extrinsic motivations.[30]Poor suggests becoming a professional is not a major motivation of modders, noting that they tend to have a strong sense of community, and that older modders, who may already have established careers, are less motivated by the possibility of becoming professional than younger modders.[1]

History

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One of the first games that supported user modifications as packaged wasLode Runner(1983), which included alevel editorwhich users could make and save levels to share with other players on the same computer.[31]

id Software'sWolfenstein 3D(1992), one of the earliestfirst-person shooters,was released in a form that did not intend for users to be able to mod the game, but users were able to find ways to manipulate the game's files after scouring them for data locations to create their own levels and graphics. Because of this, when id developed their next game,Doom,they purposely separated the game engine and other aspects related to the game's operation from the game levels and graphics, placing these into a WAD file, "WAD" short for "Where's All the Data?" In this manner, modders only needed to change the WAD file to mod the game, launching numerousDoommodding efforts.[31]id's approach of separating data file from execution files became essential for modding of video games in the future.[31]

Official status of mods

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Mods can extend the shelf life of games, such asHalf-Life(1998), which increased its sales figures over the first three years of its release. According to the director of marketing at Valve, a typical shelf-life for a game would be 12 to 18 months, even if it was a "mega-hit".[32]In early 2012, theDayZmodification forARMA 2was released and caused a massive increase in sales for the three-year-old game, putting it in the top spot for online game sales for a number of months and selling over 300,000 units for the game.[33]In some cases, modders who are againstpiracyhave created mods that enforce the use of a legal game copy.[34]

Half-Lifehad a Valve-run annual mod expo which began in 1999, showcasing the new games built using theHalf-Lifeengine.[35]

Due to the increasing popularity and quality of modding, some developers, such asFiraxis,have includedfan-mademods in official releases of expansion packs. A similar case is that ofValve,when they hiredDefense of the Ancientslead designerIceFrogin developingDota 2.

For example, a number of fan-made maps, scenarios and mods, such as the "Best of the Net" collection and "Double Your Pleasure", were included in theCivilization IIexpansionFantastic Worldsand theCivilization IIIexpansionPlay the World,[36]and in theCivilization IVexpansionBeyond the Sword,two existing mods,Rhye's and Fall of Civilization[37]andFall from Heavenwere included with the expansion (the latter through a spin-off calledAge of Ice[38]).Sid Meier,who had opposed supporting mods inCivilization II,said that "the strength of the modding community is... the very reason the series survived".[39]

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See also:Copyright and video games

Copyright law, as it relates to video games and mod packs, is an evolving and largely unsettled legal issue. The legal uncertainty revolves around which party is legally the 'copyright owner' of the mods within the pack—the company that produced the game, the end-user that created the compilation, or the creators of the individual mods.[40]Video games are protected by copyright law as a "literary work".[41]In the United States context, the mechanisms of how the modder gets into the code of the game to mod it may violate theDigital Millennium Copyright Actor theComputer Fraud and Abuse Actor even simply theend-user license agreement(EULA).[24]Most EULAs forbid modders from selling their mods.[42]A particular concern of companies is the use of copyrighted material by another company in mods, such as aQuake"Aliens vs. Predator"mod, which was legally contested by 20th Century Fox.[12]Some companies, such asNintendo,discourage modding through aggressive litigation, strict EULAs and Terms and Conditions for their property.[43]Mods themselves may introduce other copyrighted elements into video games which further complicate matters.[citation needed]

Some regard the fan use of copyrighted material in mods to be part of a "moral economy",and develop norms about the reuse of this material,[44]often settling on a system of shared ownership, where mods and code are freely shared with the common good in mind.[41]It has been argued that total conversion mods may be covered in theUnited Statesunder the concept offair use.[45]

Modding can be compared with theopen-source-software movementandopen-source video gamedevelopment.[16][46]

In 2006, part of the reason thatSecond Lifegenerated interest was how user-generated content (mods) was central to the experience, and how theintellectual propertyrights remained with the creator-player. This was developed by the publisher into a market.[47]

Controversy surrounding paid mods

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In April 2015,Valveimplemented a "paid mod" feature ontoSteam;the first game to implement this feature wasThe Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[48]The move resulted in a swift backlash from the modding community, and after an enormous influx of complaints of overpriced mods, content that had been published without its creator's consent, and concerns over mods that contained third-party copyrighted content (i.e., material that neither Valve nor the mod creator owned),[citation needed]Valve discontinued the 'paid mod' feature entirely and agreed to refund those that spent money to purchase a mod.[49][50]Other concerns identified included that being able to mod the game was a reason why players bought the game on PC in the first place, a worry thatnewbiemodders would not be able tostand on the shoulders of giantsby modding pre-existing mods, and that mod teams would become unworkable.[42]The removal of the system itself was also criticized.[51]

Types

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Total conversion

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Main article:List of video games derived from mods

Atotal conversionis a mod of an existing game that replaces virtually all of the artistic assets in the original game, and sometimes core aspects of gameplay.[52]Total conversions can result in a completely differentgenrefrom the original.

TheHalf-Lifemodding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather thanHalf-Lifein general.[7]Examples of famous total conversions includeCounter-Strike(1999), whose developers were hired byValveto turn it into a commercial product,[53]Defense of the Ancients(2003), which was the firstMOBAto have sponsored tournaments,[52]andGarry's Mod(2006), for which fans created thousands of game modes over its decade-long development.[53]

Many popular total conversions are later turned into standalone games, replacing any remaining original assets to allow for commercial sale withoutcopyright infringement.Some of these mods are even approved for sale despite using theIPof the original game, such asBlack Mesa.[54]

Overhaul

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Anoverhaulmod significantly changes an entire game's graphics and gameplay, usually with the intent to improve on the original, but not going as far as being a completely different experience. This can also include adding revised dialog and music.

Examples of overhaul mods includeDeus Ex:Revision,which was given permission from publisherSquare Enixto release onSteamalongside the original game,[55]andGTA 5Redux,which not only improves the original game's textures, but also adds a new weather system, visual effects, and adjusts the wanted system, weapons, and vehicle handling.[56]

Randomizer

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Randomizers are a type of user mod, typically atop games of the 8-bit and 16-bit generations, that keep the fundamental gameplay but randomize elements of the game to make it more of a challenge. Randomizers came out of thespeedrunningcommunity which had exhausted the challenge of racing through the game with one of the earliest being forThe Legend of Zeldaaround 2015. In theZeldarandomizer, the mod moved the location of the dungeons, the layout of these dungeons, and the location of enemies in a random but procedurally generated manner (similar toroguelikes) based on a numerical seed, so that speedrunners would have to overcome these new changes.[57]Their popularity grew as randomizer playthroughs were popular with streaming media.[58]Some games have offered official randomizer modes in the game itself, such asCassette Beastsin 2023,[59]or indownloadable content,includingBloodstained: Ritual of the Nightin 2020,[60]andAxiom Vergein 2021.[61]

Add-on

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Anadd-onoraddonis a typically small mod which adds to the original content of a specific game. In most cases, an add-on will add one particular element to a game, such as a new weapon in a shooting game, a new unit or map in a strategy game, a new vehicle or track in a racing game, items in a game likeMinecraftorTerraria,or additional contents in simulation games (such as new pilotable airplanes, e.g., theAirbus A330orBoeing 787 Dreamliner). An example of a mod that adds functionality to augment or enhance a players experience is ComputerCraft; aMinecraft modthat adds programmable computers and robots to allow the player to automate tasks in-game. This can be accomplished without changing any of the original game's existing content. Many games are flexible and allow this, however that is not always the case. Some add-ons occasionally have to replace in-game content, due to the nature of a peculiar game engine. It may be the case, for example, that in a game which does not give a player the option to choose their character, modders wishing to add another player model will simply have to overwrite the old one. A famous example of this type of mod can be found for theGrand Theft Autoseries wherein modders may use downloadable tools to replace content (such as models) in the game's directory. TheLeft 4 Deadseries can also be modded with individual add-ons which are stored in a.VPK format, so that a player may choose to activate a given mod or not.

Unofficial patch

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Anunofficial patchcan be a mod of an existing game that fixesbugsnot fixed by an official patch or that unlocks content present in the released game's files but is inaccessible in official gameplay. Such patches are usually created by members of the game's fan base when the original developer is unwilling or unable to supply the functionality officially.Jazz Jackrabbit 2has an unofficial patch which adds and fixes many of its features.[62]One effect of this type of mod is that hidden or partially deleted content can be revealed. An example is theHot CoffeemodforGrand Theft Auto: San Andreas,which unlocks a sexually explicit minigame.[6]TheESRBchanged the rating ofGTA:SAfromMature(M) toAdults Only(AO).[63]In the fourth quarter of 2005, Rockstar released a "clean" version of the game with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas1.01), allowing the rating of the game to be reverted to its originalMaturerating.[64]In May 2006, a similar event occurred withElder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.[6]

Art mod

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Anart modis a mod that is created for artistic effect. Art mods are most frequently associated withvideo game art.However, modified games that retain their playability and are subject to more extensive mods (i.e. closer to total conversions) may also be classified asart games.[65]Art mods are usually designed to subvert the original game experience. One example is theVelvet-Strikemod forCounter Strikein which the players spray-paint anti-violence messages in multiplayer games as a form ofperformance art.Another example is Robert Nideffer'sTomb Raider I and IIpatches which were designed to subvert the unofficialNude Raiderpatch of the late 1990s by altering Lara Croft's sexual orientation.[66]The origins of the art mod can be traced to the classic 1983 modCastle Smurfenstein(a humorous subversion ofCastle Wolfensteinwhich replaces the Nazi guards withSmurfs).[67]The very first art mod, however, is generally considered to beIimura Takahiko's 1993AIUEOUNN Six Features(a modification of Sony's "System G" ).[65][66]

Support continuation by mod

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After EA lost its license withMajor League Baseballandended supportforMVP Baseball 2005,the game's modding community has continued to support it by releasing updated roster lists and graphics every year, along with creating alternative baseball leagues (e.g. MVP Caribe, a total conversion) in the game.[68][69][70]

IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover,released in 2011, received mixed reviews due to bugs and other issues. Modders fixed the game over time and receivedsource codeaccess, which led to an official re-release under the nameIL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover BLITZ Edition.[71]

Following the closure ofIon Stormthe source code toDaikatanawas released to a select group of modders byJohn Romero,leading the version 1.3 patch, which also ported the game toMacOS,LinuxandFreeBSD.[72]

User interface mod

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Auser interfacemod changes parts of how players interact with the game,[16]and commonly, mods to the UI reveal information that the player or modder believes is helpful in playing the game.[29]

Mod packs

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Mod packs are groups of mods put into one package for download, often with an auto-installer. A mod pack's purpose is to make it easier for the player to install and manage multiple mods.[73]Mod packs may be created with the purpose of making the original game more accessible to new players or to make the game harder for veterans to enjoy.

See also

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References

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Further reading

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