Wikipedia

Mogilev

This article is about the city in Belarus. For the city in Ukraine, seeMohyliv-Podilskyi.

Mogilev(US:/məɡɪlˈjɔːf/),[3]also transliterated asMahilyow[a](Belarusian:Магілёў,romanized:Mahilioŭ,[b]IPA:[maɣʲiˈlʲou̯];[4]Russian:Могилёв,romanized:Mogilyov,IPA:[məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf];Yiddish:מאָגילעוו,romanized:Mogilev,IPA:[mɔˈgilɛv]), is a city in easternBelarus.It is located on theDnieper River,about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from theborderwithRussia'sSmolensk Oblastand 105 km (65 miles) fromBryansk Oblast.As of 2024, it has a population of 353,110.[2]In 2011, its population was 360,918,[5]up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre ofMogilev Region,[2]and is thethird-largest cityin Belarus.

Mogilev
Магілёў•Могилёв
Mahilyow
City
Belarusiantranscription(s)
•BGN/PCGNMahilyow
•Official,ŁacinkaMahilioŭ
•ScholarlyMahilëŭ
•ALA-LCMahili͡oŭ
• British[1]Mahilëw
Flag of Mogilev
Flag
Coat of arms of Mogilev
Coat of arms
Mogilev is located in Belarus
Mogilev
Mogilev
Location of Mogilev, shown withinMogilev Region
Coordinates:53°55′N30°21′E/ 53.917°N 30.350°E/53.917; 30.350
CountryBelarus
RegionMogilev Region
Founded1267
Government
• MayorAlyaksandr Studnew[be;ru]
Area
• Total118.50 km2(45.75 sq mi)
Elevation
192 m (630 ft)
Population
(2024)[2]
• Total353,110
• Density3,000/km2(7,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3(MSK)
Postal code
212 001
Area code+375 222
License plate6
WebsiteCity's executive committee's official website
Historical population
YearPop.±%
189743,119—
192341,622−3.5%
192646,562+11.9%
193999,428+113.5%
1959121,712+22.4%
1970202,314+66.2%
1979290,361+43.5%
1989359,188+23.7%
1999356,500−0.7%
2009358,279+0.5%
2019356,821−0.4%
Source: pop-stat.mashke.org[6]

History

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Wehrmacht propagandaphotograph of Jewish women in Mogilev, July 1941; Mogilev Jews were murdered by NaziPolice Battalion 322in October.[7]
Mogilev in July 1941

The city was first mentioned in historical records in 1267. From the 14th century, it was part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania,and since theUnion of Lublin(1569), part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,where it became known asMohylew.In the 16th-17th centuries, the city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east–west and north–south trading routes.

In 1577, Polish KingStefan Batorygranted itcity rights under Magdeburg law.In 1654, during theRusso-Polish War (1654–1667),the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev's inhabitants.Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitchagreed. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town.[8]During this war, the city was besieged twice by theLithuanian army:in 1655andin 1660.In 1661,local residents started an uprising against the Russian imperial rule[ru].The city was set afire byPeter the Great's forces in 1708, during theGreat Northern War.[9]After theFirst Partition of Polandin 1772, Mogilev became part of theRussian Empireand became the centre of theMogilev Governorate.In 1938 it was decided Mogilev was to become the capital of Belarus because Minsk was too close to the then-Polish-Soviet border.

In the years 1915–1917, duringWorld War I,theStavka,the headquarters of theRussian Imperial Army,was based in the city[10]and the Tsar,Nicholas II,spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.[11][12]

Following theRussian Revolution,in 1918, the city was briefly occupied byGermanyand placed under their short-livedBelarusian People's Republic.In 1919, Mogilev was captured by the forces ofSoviet Russiaand incorporated into theByelorussian SSR.Up toWorld War IIand theHolocaust,like many other cities in Europe, Mogilev had a significantJewishpopulation: according to theRussian census of 1897,out of the total population of 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. over 50 percent).[13]In 1938 the leadership of Soviet Belarus decided to move the capital of the country from Minsk to Mogilev. Due to that, the now-Mogilev City Council buildingwas built in 1938–1940 with the aim of being the government building. It was designed to resemble theMinsk Government building.

DuringOperation Barbarossa,the city was conquered byWehrmachtforces on 26 July 1941 and remained underGermanoccupation until 28 June 1944.[14]Mogilev became the official residence ofHigh SS and police leader(HSSPF)Erich von dem Bach.During that period, the Jews of Mogilev wereghettoizedand systematically murdered byOrdnungspolizeiandSSpersonnel.[15]Heinrich Himmlerpersonally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month, a number of mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Naziextermination camps.Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour ofMaly Trostenets.

In 1944, with theMogilev offensive,the devastated city was liberated by theRed Armyand returned to Soviet control. Mogilev then was the site of a labour camp forGerman POW soldiers.

SinceBelarusgained its independence in 1991, Mogilev has remained one of its principal cities.

Religion

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Mohilev was theepiscopal seeof the LatinCatholic Archdiocese of Mohilevuntil its 1991 merger into theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.

It remains the see of theEparchy(Eastern diocese) of Mogilev andMstsislawin theBelarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Economy

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AfterWorld War II,a hugemetallurgycentre with several major steel mills was built. Also, several major factories ofcranes,cars,tractorsand a chemical plant were established. By the 1950s, tanning was Mogilev's principal industry, and it was a major trading centre for cereal, leather, salt, sugar, fish, timber and flint: the city has been home to a major inland port on theDnieperriver since and anairportsince. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Belarus as an independent country, Mogilev has become one of that country's main economic and industrial centres.[16]

Cityscape

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The town's most notable landmark is the late 17th-centurytown hall,named the Ratuša (Rathaus), that was built during the times of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.The grand tower of the town hall sustained serious damage during theGreat Northern Warand theGreat Patriotic War.It was eventually demolished in 1957 and rebuilt in its pre-war form in 2008.

Another important landmark of Mogilev is the six-pillared St. Stanisław's Cathedral, built in theBaroquestyle between 1738 and 1752 and distinguished by its frescoes.

The convent of St. Nicholas preserves its magnificent cathedral of 1668, as well as the originaliconostasis,bell tower, walls, and gates. It is currently under consideration to become aUNESCOWorld Heritagesite.[17]

Minor landmarks include the archiepiscopal palace and memorial arch, both dating from the 1780s, and the enormous theater in a blend of theNeo-RenaissanceandRussian Revivalstyles.

At Polykovichi, an urban part of Mogilev, there is a 350 metre tall guyed TV mast, one of the tallest structures in Belarus.

  • The Convent of St. Nicholas
  • The Russian Orthodox church
  • St. Stanisław's Cathedral
  • The city center
  • Mogilev City Council building which was intended to be the government building after the 1938 propposed relocation of the capital from Minsk to Mogilev.
  • Another view of the Mogilev City Council building.

Geography

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Climate

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Mogilev has a warm-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfb) with warm summers and cold winters.

Climate data for Mogilev
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.3
(93.7) 		36.8
(98.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		36.8
(98.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		10.2
(50.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		6.0
(42.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.8
(18.0) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −37.3
(−35.1) 		−34.7
(−30.5) 		−35.0
(−31.0) 		−17.7
(0.1) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−33.4
(−28.1) 		−37.3
(−35.1)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		39
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		53
(2.1) 		75
(3.0) 		81
(3.2) 		65
(2.6) 		55
(2.2) 		54
(2.1) 		45
(1.8) 		41
(1.6) 		622
(24.5)
Average rainy days 8 7 9 12 15 17 15 13 14 15 14 10 149
Average snowy days 21 20 13 4 0.2 0 0 0 0.1 3 12 20 93
Averagerelative humidity(%) 87 85 80 72 69 74 74 75 80 84 89 89 80
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[18]

Notable citizens

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David Pinski around 1900

Sports

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Spartak Stadium

City sports teams:

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus

Mogilev istwinnedwith:[21]

Notes

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  1. ^BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian
  2. ^Official transliteration

References

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  1. ^British Standard 2979: 1958, London: British Standards Institution.
  2. ^abc"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа".belsat.gov.by.Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2024.Retrieved13 April2024.
  3. ^"Definition of MOGILEV".
  4. ^Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць: нарматыўны даведнік / І. А. Гапоненка і інш.; пад рэд.В. П. Лемуюгова[be].— Мн.: Тэхналогія, 2007. — 406 с. —ISBN978-985-458-159-0.(DJVU)(in Belarusian)
  5. ^Ярковец, А.И. (2011)."Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа".Статистический бюллетень(in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь: 21. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-02-09.Retrieved2012-01-13.
  6. ^"Cities & Towns of Belarus".2024-04-15.
  7. ^Breitman, Richard(1998).Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew.New York:, 1998.New York: Hill and Wang/Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 66.ISBN9780809001842.
  8. ^Russia's First Modern Jews, NYU Press 1995, David Fishman, p.2
  9. ^Катлярчук, Андрэй (2007).Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў(PDF)(in Belarusian). Ėntsyklapedyks.ISBN978-9856599586.
  10. ^Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,ISBN978-80-87173-47-3,pages 36 - 39, 41 - 42, 111-112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
  11. ^"Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II".Official website of Belarus.
  12. ^Massie, Robert (1967).Nicholas and Alexandria.New York: Ballantine Books. p. 300.ISBN9780345438317.
  13. ^Joshua D. Zimmerman,Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality,Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004,ISBN0-299-19464-7,Google Print, p.16
  14. ^"Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation".Holocaustresearchproject.org.Retrieved2014-08-09.
  15. ^"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus".Jhrgbelarus.org. Archived fromthe originalon 2018-10-02.Retrieved2014-08-09.
  16. ^"Mogilev Region".Belarus.by.Govt of Belarus.
  17. ^UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2004-01-30)."St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre".Whc.unesco.org.Retrieved2014-08-09.
  18. ^"КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА"(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат).Retrieved28 November2015.
  19. ^""Самыя блізкія пабрацімы называлі яго" Дранік "". У Данецкай вобласьці загінуў яшчэ адзін беларус, які бараніў Украіну ( "The closest brothers called him" Dranik "." Another Belarusian defending Ukraine died in Donetsk region) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian) ".Retrieved14 May2022.
  20. ^FC Torpedo Mogilev (2015-01-30)."Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev".torpedomogilev.by. Archived fromthe originalon 2016-01-31.Retrieved2015-10-16.
  21. ^"Города-побратимы".mogilev.gov.by(in Russian). Mogilev.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  22. ^"Bạch nga la tư mạc cát liêu phu thị".changsha.gov.cn(in Chinese). Changsha. 2020-06-12.Retrieved2020-07-11.
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