Wikipedia

Monarchism

(Redirected fromMonarchists)
Not to be confused withMonarchianism,Monorchism,orMinarchism.

Monarchismis the advocacy of the system ofmonarchyor monarchical rule.[1]Amonarchistis an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is aroyalist.Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to asrepublicanism.[2][3][4]

Absolute monarchies
Semi-constitutional monarchies
Parliamentary monarchies
Commonwealth realms(parliamentary monarchies inpersonal union)
Subnational monarchies

Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, aregent,apretender,or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.

History

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Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.[5]The similar form of societal hierarchy known aschiefdomortribal kingshipis prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such asMesopotamia,Ancient Egyptand theIndus Valley civilization.[6]In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies.[7]

Monarchs have generally ceded power in the modern era, having substantially diminished sinceWorld War IandWorld War II.This process can be traced back to the 18th century, whenVoltaireand others encouraged "enlightened absolutism",which was embraced by theHoly Roman Emperor Joseph IIand byCatherine II of Russia.[citation needed]

In the 17th and 18th centuries theEnlightenmentbegan.[8]This resulted in new anti-monarchist ideas[9]which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th centuryAmerican Revolutionand theFrench Revolutionwhich were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept ofpopular sovereigntyupheld byJean-Jacques Rousseau.1848 ushered ina wave of revolutionsagainst the continental European monarchies.World War Iand its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the RussianRomanovdynasty, the GermanHohenzollerndynasty, including all other German monarchies, and the Austro-HungarianHabsburgdynasty.[citation needed]

With the arrival ofcommunisminEastern Europeby the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely theKingdom of Romania,theKingdom of Hungary,theKingdom of Albania,theKingdom of Bulgaria,and theKingdom of Yugoslavia,were allabolishedand replaced bysocialist republics.

Africa

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Central Africa

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In 1966, theCentral African Republicwas overthrown at the hands ofJean-Bédel Bokassaduring theSaint-Sylvestre coup d'état.He established theCentral African Empirein 1976 and ruled as Emperor Bokassa I until 1979, when he was subsequently deposed duringOperation Cabanand Central Africa returned to republican rule.[citation needed]

Ethiopia

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In 1974, one of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished inEthiopiawith the fall of EmperorHaile Selassie.[citation needed]

Asia

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China

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Main article:Dynasties of China

For most of its history, China was organized into variousdynastic statesunder the rule ofhereditary monarchs.Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule byYu the Greatc. 2070 BC,and ending with theabdicationof theXuantong Emperorin AD 1912,Chinese historiographycame to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties.[a][b]Besides those established by the dominantHanethnic group or its spiritualHuaxiapredecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples.[15]

India

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In India, monarchies recorded history of thousands of years before the country was declared a republic in 1950. KingGeorge VIhad previously been the lastEmperor of Indiauntil August 1947, when theBritish Rajdissolved.Karan Singhserved as the last prince regent ofJammu and Kashmiruntil November 1952.[citation needed]

Japan

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Enthronement ceremony of EmperorNaruhitoin 2019
Main article:Emperor of Japan

The emperor of Japan orTennō(Thiên hoàng,pronounced[tennoꜜː]),literally "ruler from heaven"or"heavenly sovereign",[16][c]is thehereditary monarchandhead of stateofJapan.TheImperial Household Lawgoverns the line ofimperial succession.The emperor is personallyimmunefrom prosecution[18]and is also recognized as the head of theShintoreligion, which holds the emperor to be the direct descendant of the sun goddessAmaterasu.According to tradition, the office of emperor was created in the 7th century BC, but modern scholars believe that the first emperors did not appear until the 5th or 6th centuriesAD.[19][20]During theKamakura periodfrom 1185 to 1333, theshōgunswere thede factorulers of Japan, with the emperor and the imperial court acting asfigureheads.[21]In 1867, shogunTokugawa Yoshinobustepped down,restoringEmperor Meijito power.[22]TheMeiji Constitutionwas adopted In 1889, after which the emperor became an active ruler with considerable political power that was shared with theImperial Diet.[23]AfterWorld War II,the1947 Constitution of Japanwas enacted, defining the emperor as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people.[24]The emperor has exercised a purely ceremonial role ever since.[25]

Europe

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Albania

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The last separate monarchy to take root in Europe,Albaniabegan its recognised modern existence as aprincipality(1914) and becamea kingdomafter arepublican interludein 1925–1928. Since 1945 the country has operated as an independent republic. TheAlbanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party(founded in 2004) and theLegality Movement Party(founded in 1924) advocate restoration of theHouse of Zoguas monarchs—the concept has gained little electoral support.[citation needed]

Austria-Hungary

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Main article:Monarchism in German-speaking countries

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, theRepublic of German-Austriawas proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed theHabsburg Law,which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following theAnschlussof 1938, theNazigovernment suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.[26]

In Hungary, the rise of theHungarian Soviet Republicin 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for aregent,AdmiralMiklós Horthy,to represent the monarchy until the throne could be re-occupied. Horthy ruled as regent from 1920 to 1944. During his regency, attempts were made byKarl von Habsburg(r. 1916–1918) to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death in 1922, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited byOtto von Habsburg(1912–2011), although no further attempts were made to take the Hungarian throne.[citation needed]

France

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Main article:List of French monarchs
Louis Philippe Ibeing sworn in as King

Francewas ruled bymonarchsfrom the establishment of theKingdom of West Franciain 843 until the end of theSecond French Empirein 1870, with several interruptions.

Classical Frenchhistoriographyusually regardsClovis I,king of the Franks(r. 507–511), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment ofWest Francia,during the dissolution of theCarolingian Empirein the 800s.[27][28]

Germany

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Main article:Monarchism in German-speaking countries

In 1920s Germany, a number of monarchists gathered around theGerman National People's Party(founded in 1918), which demanded the return of theHohenzollernmonarchy and an end to theWeimar Republic;the party retained a large base of support until the rise ofNazismin the 1930s, asAdolf Hitlerstaunchly opposed monarchism.[29]

Italy

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The aftermath ofWorld War IIsaw the return of monarchist/republican rivalry inItaly,where areferendumwas held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.[30]

Liechtenstein

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Main article:Monarchism in German-speaking countries

There have been 16 monarchs of thePrincipality of Liechtensteinsince 1608. The current Prince of Liechtenstein,Hans-Adam II,has reigned since 1989. In 2003, during areferendum,64.3% of the population voted to increase the power of the prince.[citation needed]

Norway

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The position ofKing of Norwayhas existed continuously since theunification of Norwayin 872. Following the dissolution ofunion with Swedenand the abdication of KingOscar IIof Sweden as King of Norway, the1905 Norwegian monarchy referendumsaw 78.94% of Norway's voters approving the government's proposition to invite Prince Carl of Denmark to become their new king. Following the vote, the prince then accepted the offer, becoming KingHaakon VII.[citation needed]

In 2022, the Norwegian parliament held a vote on abolishing the monarchy and replacing it with a republic. The proposal failed, with a 134–35 result in favor of retaining the monarchy. The idea was highly controversial in Norway, as the vote was spearheaded by the sittingMinister of Culture and Equality,who had sworn an oath of loyalty to KingHarald V of Norwaythe previous year. Additionally, when polls were conducted, it was found that 84% of the Norwegian public supported the monarchy, with only 16% unsure or against the monarchy.[citation needed]

Russia

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Monarchy in theRussian Empirecollapsed in March 1917, following theabdicationof TsarNicholas II.Parts of theWhite movement,and in particularémigrésand theirSupreme Monarchical Council[ru](founded in 1921 and now based in Canada) continued to advocate for monarchy as "the sole path to the rebirth of Russia". In the modern era, a minority of Russians, includingVladimir Zhirinovsky(1946–2022), have openly advocated for arestoration of the Russian monarchy.Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovnais widely considered the valid heir to the throne, in the event that a restoration occurs.Other pretendersand their supporters dispute her claim.

Spain

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In 1868, QueenIsabella II of Spainwas deposed during theSpanish Glorious Revolution.TheDuke of Aosta,an Italian prince, was invited to rule and replace Isabella. He did so for a three-year period, reigning as Amadeo I before abdicating in 1873, resulting in the establishment of theFirst Spanish Republic.The republic lasted less than two years, and was overthrown during a coup by GeneralArsenio Martínez Campos.Campos restored theBourbon monarchyunder Isabella II's more popular son,Alfonso XII.

After the1931 Spanish local elections,KingAlfonso XIIIvoluntarily left Spain and republicans proclaimed aSecond Spanish Republic.[31] After theassassination of opposition leaderJosé Calvo Soteloin 1936, right-wing forces banded together to overthrow the Republic. During theSpanish Civil Warof 1936 to 1939, GeneralFrancisco Francoestablished the basis for theSpanish State(1939–1975). In 1938, the autocratic government of Franco claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchyin absentia(and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of KingJuan Carlos).

In 1975,Juan Carlos Ibecame King of Spain and began theSpanish transition to democracy.He abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his sonFelipe VI.

United Kingdom

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Crowd attending the 2022Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II

In England, royalty ceded power to other groups in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forcedKing Johnto signMagna Carta,which guaranteed the English barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. KingCharles Iwas executed in 1649, and theCommonwealth of Englandwas established as a republic. Highly unpopular, the republic was ended in 1660, and the monarchy was restored under KingCharles II.In 1687–88, theGlorious Revolutionand the overthrow of KingJames IIestablished the principles ofconstitutional monarchy,which would later be worked out byLockeand other thinkers. However,absolute monarchy,justified byHobbesinLeviathan(1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere.

Following the Glorious Revolution,William IIIandMary IIwere established as constitutional monarchs, with less power than their predecessor James II. Since then, royal power has become more ceremonial, with powers such asrefusal to assentlast exercised in 1708 byQueen Anne.Once part of the United Kingdom (1801–1922), southern Ireland rejected monarchy and became theRepublic of Irelandin 1949. Support for a ceremonial monarchy remains high in Britain: QueenElizabeth II(r. 1952–2022), possessed wide support from the U.K.'s population.

Vatican City State

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The Vatican City State is considered to be Europe's last absolute monarchy. The microstate is headed by thePope,who doubles as its monarch according to the Vatican constitution. The nation was formed underPope Pius XIin 1929, following the signing of theLateran Treaty.It was the successor state to thePapal States,which collapsed underPope Pius IXin 1870.Pope Francis(in office from 2013) serves as the nation's absolute monarch.

North America

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Canada

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Canada possesses one of the world's oldest continuous monarchies, having been established in the 16th century. QueenElizabeth IIhad served as its sovereign since her ascension to the throne in 1952 until her death in 2022. Her son, KingCharles III,now sits on the throne.

Costa Rica

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The struggle between monarchists and republicans led to the Costa Rican civil war of 1823. Costa Rican monarchists includeJoaquín de Oreamunoy Muñoz de la Trinidad, José Santos Lombardo y Alvarado and José Rafael Gallegos Alvarado. Costa Rica stands out for being one of the few countries with foreign monarchism, that is, where the monarchists did not intend to establish an indigenous monarchy. Costa Rican monarchists were loyal to Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of theFirst Mexican Empire.

Old colonial coat of arms of Honduras with monarchical elements

Honduras

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After the independence of thegeneral captaincy of Guatemalafrom theSpanish empire,she joined theFirst Mexican Empirefor a brief period, this unleashed the division of the Honduran elites. These were divided between the annexationists, made up mostly of illustrious Spanish-descendant families and members of the conservative party who supported the idea of being part of an empire, and the liberals who wanted Central America to be a separate nation under a republican system.

The greatest example of this separation was in the two most important cities of the province, on the one handComayagua,which firmly supported the legitimacy of Iturbide I as emperor and remained a pro-monarchist bastion in Honduras, and on the other handTegucigalpawho supported the idea of forming a federation of Central American states under a republican system.

Emperor Iturbide of México

Mexico

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After obtaining independence from Spain, theFirst Mexican Empirewas established under EmperorAgustín I.His reign lasted less than one year, and he was forcefully deposed. In 1864, theSecond Mexican Empirewas formed under EmperorMaximilian I.Maximilian's government enjoyed French aid, but opposition from America, and collapsed after three years. Much like Agustín I, Maximilian I was deposed and later executed by his republican enemies. Since 1867, Mexico has not possessed a monarchy.

Today, some Mexican monarchist organizations advocate forMaximilian von Götzen-IturbideorCarlos Felipe de Habsburgoto be instated as the Emperor of Mexico.

Nicaragua

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Themiskitoethnic group inhabits part of the Atlantic coast ofHondurasandNicaragua,by the beginning of the 17th century the said ethnic group was reorganized under a single chief known as Ta Uplika, for the reign of his grandson KingOldman Ithis group had a very close relationship With the English, they managed to turn the Mosquitia coast into an English protectorate that would decline in the 19th century until it completely disappeared in 1894 with the abdication ofRobert II.[32]

Currently, the Miskitos who are shot between the two countries have denounced the neglect of their communities and abuses committed by the authorities. As a result of this, inNicaraguaseveral Miskito people began a movement of separatism from present-day Nicaragua and a re-institution of the monarchy.

United States

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Main article:Monarchism in the United States

English settlers first established the colony ofJamestownin 1607, taking its name after KingJames VI and I.For 169 years, theThirteen Colonieswere ruled by the authority of the British crown. The Thirteen American Colonies possessed a total of 10 monarchs, ending withGeorge III.During theAmerican Revolutionary War,the colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Despite erroneous popular belief, the Revolutionary war was in fact fought over independence, not anti-monarchism as is commonly believed. In fact, many American colonists who fought in the war against George III were monarchists themselves, who opposed George, but desired to possess a different king. Additionally, the American colonists received the financial support ofLouis XVIandCharles III of Spainduring the war.

After the U.S. declared its independence, the form of government by which it would operate still remained unsettled. At least two of America'sFounding Fathers,Alexander HamiltonandNathaniel Gorham,believed that America should be an independent monarchy. Various proposals to create an American monarchy were considered, including thePrussian schemewhich would have madePrince Henry of Prussiaking of the United States. Hamilton proposed that the leader of America should be an elected monarch, while Gorham pushed for a hereditary monarchy.[33][34]U.S. military officerLewis Nicolaalso desired for America to be a monarchy, suggestingGeorge Washingtonaccept the crown of America, which he declined. All attempts ultimately failed, and America was founded a Republic.

During theAmerican Civil War,a return to monarchy was considered as a way to solve the crisis, though it never came to fruition. Since then, the idea has possessed low support, but has been advocated by some public figures such asRalph Adams Cram,Solange Hertz,Leland B. Yeager,Michael Auslin,Charles A. Coulombe,andCurtis Yarvin.

South America

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Brazil

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Main article:Empire of Brazil

From gaining its independence in 1822 until 1889,Brazilwas governed as a constitutional monarchy with a branch of thePortuguese Royal Familyserving as monarchs. Prior to this period, Brazil had been a royal colony which had also served briefly as the seat of government for thePortuguese Empirefollowing the occupation of that country by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The history of the Empire of Brazil was marked by brief periods of political instability, several wars that Brazil won, and a marked increase in immigration which saw the arrival of both Jews and Protestants who were attracted by Brazil's reputation for religious tolerance. The final decades of the Empire under the reign ofPedro IIsaw a remarkable period of relative peace both at home and internationally, coupled with dramatic economic expansion, the extension of basic civil rights to most people and the gradual restriction ofslavery,culminating in its final abolition in 1888. It is also remembered for its thriving culture and arts. However, Pedro II had little interest in preserving the monarchy and passively accepted its overthrow by a military coup d'état in 1889 resulting in the establishment of a dictatorship known as theFirst Brazilian Republic.[35]

Current monarchies

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Main article:List of current monarchs of sovereign states

The majority of current monarchies areconstitutional monarchies.In a constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch is restricted by either a written or unwritten constitution, this should not be confused with aceremonial monarchy,in which the monarch holds only symbolic power and plays very little to no part in government or politics. In some constitutional monarchies the monarch does play a more active role in political affairs than in others. InThailand,for instance, KingBhumibol Adulyadej,who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, inMorocco,KingMohammed VIwields significant, but not absolute power.

Liechtensteinis a democraticprincipalitywhose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.

There remain a handful of countries in which the monarchy is anabsolute monarchy.The majority of these countries are oil-producingArabIslamic monarchieslikeSaudi Arabia,Bahrain,Qatar,Oman,and theUnited Arab Emirates.Other strong monarchies includeBruneiandEswatini.

Country Sovereign
Andorra Co-PrinceEmmanuel Macron
Co-PrinceJoan Enric Vives i Sicília
Antigua and Barbuda King Charles III
Australia
Bahamas
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom
Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa
Belgium King Philippe
Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni
Denmark King Frederik X
Eswatini King Mswati III
Japan Emperor Naruhito
Jordan King Abdullah II
Kuwait Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad
Lesotho King Letsie III
Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II
Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri
Malaysia Ibrahim
Monaco Sovereign Prince Albert II
Morocco King Mohammed VI
Kingdom of the Netherlands King Willem-Alexander
Norway King Harald V
Oman Sultan Haitham bin Tariq
Qatar Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Saudi Arabia King Salman
Spain King Felipe VI
Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf
Thailand King Vajiralongkorn
Tonga King Tupou VI
United Arab Emirates Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Vatican City Pope Francis

Political philosophy

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Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition toanarchismand, additionally since theAge of Enlightenment;liberalism,capitalism,communismandsocialism.

Otto von Habsburgadvocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, withhereditary succession,mediationby atribunalis warranted if suitability is problematic.[36][37]

Non-partisanship

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British political scientistVernon Bogdanorjustifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisanhead of state,separate from thehead of government,and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particularpolitical party,but all people.[38]Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in amultinational state,noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being eitherFlemingorWalloon"and that theBritish sovereigncan belong to all of the United Kingdom'sconstituent countries(England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.[38]

Private interest

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Thomas Hobbeswrote that the private interest of the monarchy is the same with the public. The riches, power, and humour of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subjects. An electedHead of Stateis incentivised to increase his own wealth for leaving office after a few years whereas a monarch has no reason to corrupt because he would be cheating himself.[d]

Wise counsel

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Thomas Hobbeswrote that a monarch can receive wise counsel with secrecy while an assembly cannot. Advisors to the assembly tend to be well-versed more in the acquisition of their own wealth than of knowledge; are likely to give their advices in long discourses which often excite men into action but do not govern them in it, moved by the flame of passion instead of enlightenment. Their multitude is a weakness.[e]

Long termism

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Thomas Hobbeswrote that the resolutions of a monarch are subject to no inconsistency save for human nature; in assemblies, inconsistencies arise from the number. For in an assembly, as little as the absence of a few or the diligent appearance of a few of the contrary opinion, "undoes today all that was done yesterday".[f]

Civil war reduction

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Thomas Hobbeswrote that a monarch cannot disagree with himself, out of envy or interest, but an assembly may and to such a height that may produce a civil war.[g]

Liberty

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TheInternational Monarchist League,founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.

British-Americanlibertarianwriter Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics" —specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship— "in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.[39]Feeny notes that

European monarchies—such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British—have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.[39]

Socialist writerGeorge Orwellargued a similar point, that constitutional monarchy is effective at preventing the development offascism.

"The function of the King in promoting stability and acting as a sort of keystone in a non-democratic society is, of course, obvious. But he also has, or can have, the function of acting as an escape-valve for dangerous emotions. A French journalist said to me once that the monarchy was one of the things that have saved Britain from Fascism...It is at any rate possible that while this division of function exists a Hitler or a Stalin cannot come to power. On the whole the European countries which have most successfully avoided Fascism have been constitutional monarchies... I have often advocated that a Labour government, i.e. one that meant business, would abolish titles while retaining the Royal Family.’[40]

Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihntook a different approach, arguing that liberty and equality are contradictions. As such, he argued that attempts to establish greater social equality through theabolishment of monarchy,ultimately results in a greater loss of liberty for citizens. He believed that equality can only be accomplished through the suppression of liberty, as humans are naturally unequal and hierarchical. Kuehnelt-Leddihn also believed that people are on average freer under monarchies than they are under democratic republics, as the latter tends to more easily become tyrannical throughochlocracy.InLiberty or Equality,he writes:

There is little doubt that the American Congress or the French Chambers have a power over their nations which would rouse the envy of aLouis XIVor aGeorge III,were they alive today. Not onlyprohibition,but also the income tax declaration,selective service,obligatory schooling, the fingerprinting of blameless citizens, premarital blood tests—none of these totalitarian measures would even the royal absolutism of the seventeenth century have dared to introduce.[41]

Hans-Hermann Hoppealso argues that monarchy helps to preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.[42]

Natural desire for hierarchy

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In a 1943 essay inThe Spectator,"Equality", British authorC.S. Lewiscriticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing,

A man's reaction to Monarchy is a kind of test. Monarchy can easily be 'debunked'; but watch the faces, mark well the accents, of the debunkers. These are the men whose tap-root in Eden has been cut: whom no rumour of the polyphony, the dance, can reach—men to whom pebbles laid in a row are more beautiful than an arch...Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.[43]

Political accountability

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Oxford political scientists Petra Schleiter and Edward Morgan-Jones wrote that in monarchies, it is more common to hold elections than non-electoral replacements.[44]

Notable works

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Notable works arguing in favor of monarchy include

Support for monarchy

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Current monarchies

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This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.
Country Polling firm/source Sample size Percentage of supporters Date conducted Ref.
Antigua and Barbuda Lord Ashcroft Polls 510 45% February and March 2023 [45]
Australia Essential 1,125 46% April 2023 [46]
Belgium IVOX 1,000 58% September 2017 [47]
Canada Nanos Research 1,001 48% June 2022 [48]
Denmark Gallup 82% 2014 [49]
Jamaica Lord Ashcroft Polls 510 40% February and March 2023 [45]
Japan Mainichi Shimbun 74% April 2019 [50]
Lesotho Afrobarometer 75% June 2018 [51]
Morocco Le Monde 1,108 91% March 2009 [52]
Netherlands EenVandaag 52% April 2024 [53]
New Zealand Lord Ashcroft Polls 2,012 44% February and March 2023 [54]
Norway Nettavisen 20,000 84% 2022
Saint Vincent Government constitutional referendum 52,262 56.3% November 2009
Spain Spain 58.6% January 2024 [55]
Sweden Novus 71% January 2023 [56]
Thailand Suan Dusit Rajabhat University 5,700 60% October 2020 [57]
Tuvalu Government constitutional referendum 1,939 64.9% April 2008 [58]
United Kingdom Ipsos 2,166 60% May 2024

Former monarchies

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See also:List of monarchy referendums

The following is a list of former monarchies and their percentage of public support for monarchism.

Country Polling firm/source Sample size Percentage of supporters Date conducted Ref.
Austria [note 2] [note 2] 20%[note 2] [note 2] [59]
Barbados University of the West Indies 500 12% November 2021 [60]
Brazil Círculo Monárquico Brasileiro 188 32% September 2019 [61]
Croatia Consilium Regium Croaticum 1,759 41% 2019 [62]
Czech Republic SC&C Market Research 13% 2018 [63]
France BVA Group 953 17% March 2007 [64]
Georgia Doctrina 560 78.9% July 2015 [65]
Germany YouGov 1,041 16% April 2016 [66]
Greece Kappa Research 2,040 11.6% April 2007 [67]
Hungary Azonnali 3,541 46% May 2021 [68]
Italy Piepoli institute 15% 2018 [69]
Mexico Parametría 7.6% July 2014 [70]
Nepal Interdisciplinary Analysts 3,000 49% January 2008 [71]
Portugal Catholic University of Portugal/Diário de Notícias 1,148 11% March 2010 [72]
Romania Institutul Român pentru Evaluare și Strategie 1,073 21% March 2016 [73]
Russia Russian Public Opinion Research Center ~1,800 28%[note 3] March 2017 [74]
Serbia SAS Intelligence 1,615 39.7% April 2013 [75]
Turkey MetroPOLL 1,691 3% October 2023 [76]
United States YouGov 1,500 12% May 2023 [77]

Notable monarchists

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Main article:List of monarchists

Several notable public figures who advocated for monarchy or are monarchists include:

Arts and entertainment

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Clergy

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Philosophy

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Politics

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Monarchist movements and parties

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Anti-monarchism

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Main article:Criticism of monarchy

Criticism of monarchy can be targeted against the generalform of government—monarchy—or more specifically, toparticular monarchical governmentsas controlled by hereditaryroyal families.In some cases, this criticism can be curtailed by legal restrictions and be consideredcriminal speech,as inlèse-majesté.Monarchies inEuropeand their underlying concepts, such as theDivine Right of Kings,were often criticized during theAge of Enlightenment,which notably paved the way to theFrench Revolutionand theproclamation of the abolition of the monarchyinFrance.Earlier, theAmerican Revolutionhad seen thePatriotssuppress theLoyalistsand expel all royal officials. In this century, monarchies are present in the world in many forms with different degrees of royal power and involvement in civil affairs:

The twentieth century, beginning with the 1917February RevolutioninRussiaand accelerated by twoworld wars,saw many European countries replace theirmonarchieswithrepublics,while others replaced theirabsolute monarchieswithconstitutional monarchies.Reverse movements have also occurred, with brief returns of the monarchy in France under theBourbon Restoration,theJuly Monarchy,and theSecond French Empire,the Stuarts after theEnglish Civil Warand the Bourbons inSpainafter theFranco dictatorship.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Chapters LVIII-LXIV
  2. ^abcdFigures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported byEFE.
  3. ^Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.
  4. ^Some activists within the sovereignty movement advocate for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy, while others push for an independent Hawaiian Republic.
  1. ^While theXia dynastyis typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including theBook of Documentsmention two other dynasties that preceded the Xia: the "Tang" (Đường) and the "Yu"(Ngu) dynasties.[10][11][12][13]The former is sometimes called the "Ancient Tang" (Cổ đường) to distinguish it from other dynasties named "Tang".[14]Should the historicity of these earlier dynasties be attested,Yu the Greatwould not have been the initiator of dynastic rule in China.
  2. ^All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of theXuantong Emperorin AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of theChinese monarchy.
  3. ^In English, the use of the termMikado(Đế ／ ngự môn)for the emperor was once common but is now considered obsolete.[17]
  4. ^Leviathan, 19.4, pp.124-5
  5. ^Leviathan, 19.5, p.125
  6. ^Leviathan, 19.6, p.125
  7. ^Leviathan, 19.7, p.125

References

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  2. ^Bohn, H. G. (1849).The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge.p. 640.Arepublic,according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.
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