Wikipedia

Montenegrins

Montenegrins(Montenegrin:Црногорци,romanized:Crnogorci,lit. 'People of theBlack Mountain',pronounced[tsr̩nǒɡoːrtsi]or[tsr̩noɡǒːrtsi]) are aSouth Slavicethnic group that share a common ancestry,culture,history,andlanguage,identified with the country ofMontenegro.

Montenegrins
Montenegrin:Црногорци
Total population
300,000[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Montenegro:256,436(2023 census)[a][3]
Diaspora
United Statesc.40,000 (2014)[4]
Argentinac.30,000 (2001)[4]
Germanyc.30,000[4]
Francec.30,000[5]
Serbia20,238 (2022)[6]
Luxembourgc.12,000 (2001)[4]
Chilec.7,000 (2015)[7]
Italy4,588 (2010)[8]
Canada4,160 (2016)[9]
Croatia3,127 (2021)[10]
Netherlands2,721 (2022)[11]
Slovenia2,667 (2002)[12]
Switzerland2,593 (2014)[13]
Boliviac.2,000 (2017)[14]
Bosnia and Herzegovina1,883 (2013)[15]
Australia1,554 (2013)[16]
Sweden1,551 (2022)[17]
United Kingdom1,027 (2011)[18]
North Macedonia1,023 (2021)[19]
Norway764 (2023)[20]
Denmark684 (2023)[21]
Albania511 (2023)[22]
Russia181 (2010)[23]
Belgium129 (2010)[24]
Brazil112 (2024)[25]
Languages
Montenegrin,Serbian
Religion
Majority:
55.22%Eastern Orthodoxy:(45.11%Serbian Orthodoxy,10.11%Montenegrin Orthodoxy)
Minority:
4.6%Islam
2.0%Roman Catholicism
2.3%Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Serbsand otherSouth Slavs

Montenegrins are mostlyOrthodox Christians,but the population also includesCatholics,Muslimsandirreligious people.TheMontenegrin languageis the official language of Montenegro.

Historically, the Montenegrin nation comprised manytribes.Most tribes formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, about the time when theOttoman Empireestablished its control of the medieval state ofZeta.Today the tribes are mainly studied within the frameworks ofsocial anthropologyandfamily history,as they have not been used in official structures since the time (1852-1910) of thePrincipality of Montenegro,although some tribal regions overlap with contemporary municipal areas. The kinship groups give a sense of shared identity and descent.

Outside ofMontenegroandEurope,Montenegrins formdiasporagroups in (for example) theUnited States,Canada,AustraliaandArgentina.It is estimated that around 600,000 Montenegrin-descended people reside outside of Montenegro.[26][27]In 2023 a total of 152,649 Montenegrins both held Montenegrin citizenship and resided outside of Montenegro.

Genetics

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According to one triple analysis –autosomal,mitochondrialandpaternal— of available data from large-scale studies on South Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genomeSNPdata situates Montenegrins withSerbsin between two Balkan clusters.[28]According to a 2020 autosomal marker analysis, Montenegrins are situated in betweenSerbsandKosovo Albanians.[29]

Y-DNA genetic study done in 2010 on 404 male individuals from Montenegro gave the following results: haplogroupI2a(29.7%),E-V13(26.9%),R1b(9.4%),R1a(7.6%),I1(6.1%),J2a1(4.7%),J2b(4.4%),G2a(2.4%),Q(1.9%),I2b(1.7%),N(1.4%),H(1.4%),L(1.2%), andJ1(0.49%).[30]A 2022 study on 267 samples from northeastern Montenegro found that the "most common haplogroups are I2 and R1b, both identified in 23.97% of samples, followed by E (22.47%), J2 (11.61%), I1 (6.74%), G2 (3.75%), R1a (3.37%), I1 (1.12%), G (1.12%), N (0.75%), C (0.37%), T1 (0.37%) and Q1 (0.37%)".[31]

History

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Main article:History of Montenegro

Middle Ages

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Slavssettled in the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. According toDe Administrando Imperio,there existed threeSerbpolities on the territory of modern Montenegro:Duklja,roughly corresponding to the southern half;Travunia,the west; and thePrincipality of Serbia,the north. Duklja emerged as an independent state during the 11th century, initially held by theVojislavljević dynasty,later to be conquered and incorporated into the state of theNemanjić dynasty.De Administrando Imperiodoes not mention which Slavic people lived in Duklja,[32]but the state was considered to be one of the firstSerbstates, alongside Raška formed chiefly under theVlastimirovićandVojislavljevićdynasties respectively.[33][34]Who exactly were the Slavic inhabitants of Duklja differs among authors, as other historians maintain that it is not possible to equate the people of Duklja with either Serbs or Croats, considering most historical Byzantian documents from that time.[35]

In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of theBalšić noble family,then theCrnojević noble family,and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to asCrna Gora(Venetian:Monte Negro). The Crnojevići were driven out from Zeta by the Ottomans and forced to retreat above theBay of Kotorwhere they built a monastery and a royal court inCetinje,the future royal capital of Montenegro, before eventually fleeing to Venice.[36]

Montenegrins in 1860

Yugoslav era

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Flag of theSocialist Republic of Montenegro

Annexation of theKingdom of Montenegroon November 13, 1918 gained international recognition only at the Conference of Ambassadors inParis,held on July 13, 1922.[37]

Although Montenegrins comprised one of the smallest ethnic groups in the state (2.5% in 1971), they were the most overrepresented ethnic group in the Yugoslav bureaucracy, military, and communist party organs. In theYugoslav People's Army,19% of general officers and 30% of colonels were ethnic Montenegrins. Among party elites, Montenegrins made up 16% to 21% of senior officials throughout the existence of communist Yugoslavia, and comprised a similar portion of the state's diplomatic corps.[38][39]Montenegrins were over-represented among Yugoslavia's elite, largely due to the pre-war strength of theCommunist Party of Montenegro,the high proportion of Montenegrins among Partisan commanders and Central Committee members during the war, and a historically militaristic culture.[40][41]During this period, ethnic Montenegrins also held about 15% of government jobs in Yugoslavia.[42]

Language

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Main article:Montenegrin language
See also:Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro

As per the census held from 3 to 28 December 2023, 34.52% of Montenegrin citizens say Montenegrin is their mother tongue.[43]

Religion

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Further information:Religion in Montenegro

Most Ethnic Montenegrins areEastern Orthodox,with the majority of them adhering to theSerbian Orthodox Church,while a minority of them adhere to theMontenegrin Orthodox Church,which is canonically unrecognised by theEastern Orthodox Church.[44][45]

Male folk costume from Montenegro

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^Note: The termMontenegrinsin a wider sense can also be used to denote all the peoples fromMontenegro(population of 623,633), regardless of their ethnic and religious affiliation.

Further reading

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  • Mirabal, Sheyla; et al. (July 2010). "Human Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats: A Tale of Acculturation and Migrations as Mechanisms for the Diffusion of Agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.142(3):380–390.doi:10.1002/ajpa.21235.PMID20091845.
  • Roberts, Elizabeth (2007).Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro.Cornell University Press.ISBN9780801446016.

References

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  1. ^Dumont, Gérard-François (2023). "The Balkans and the Geopolitics of Populations". In Gardner, Hall (ed.).Geopolitical Turmoil in the Balkans and Eastern Mediterranean.New York City: Springer. p. 42.ISBN978-3-0313-4318-6.
  2. ^Filipović, Ljubomir (21 October 2024)."Montenegrins: An Identity Under Attack".Center for Western Balkans Studies.Retrieved21 January2025.
  3. ^"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023"(PDF).Monstat.Retrieved15 October2024.
  4. ^abcdŠirom svijeta pola miliona CrnogoracaArchived29 October 2019 at theWayback MachineRadio i Televizija Crne Gore
  5. ^"Présentation du Monténégro".Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2017.Retrieved17 May2018.
  6. ^"RZS objavio rezultate popisa o nacionalnoj pripadnosti stanovnika".N1. 29 April 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2023.Retrieved29 April2023.
  7. ^"Stojović: U Čileu živi 7000 potomaka Crnogoraca".Montengrina.net.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2019.Retrieved19 August2017.
  8. ^"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT".Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2013.Retrieved11 April2012.
  9. ^"2016 Census of Population".Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2021.Retrieved7 October2021.
  10. ^"Population by Towns/Municipalities"(xlsx).Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021.Zagreb:Croatian Bureau of Statistics.2022.Retrieved24 October2022.
  11. ^"Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari"(in Dutch).Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek(CBS).Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2018.Retrieved16 April2023.
  12. ^"Statistini urad RS - Popis 2002".Stat.si.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2017.Retrieved18 March2015.
  13. ^"Who are the two million foreigners in Switzerland?".19 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2017.Retrieved19 November2017.
  14. ^"Bolivija: Po prvi put se okupili potomci iseljenika iz Crne Gore".cdm.me(in Montenegrin). 26 March 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2018.Retrieved12 April2018.
  15. ^"1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija".Popis.gov.ba.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2018.Retrieved28 December2017.
  16. ^"Montenegro Crna Gora Montenegro".2013 Census.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2018.Retrieved26 March2018.Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
  17. ^"Population by country of birth and country of Origin".Statistics of Sweden.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2023.Retrieved31 December2022.
  18. ^"2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales".Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2016.Retrieved4 January2016.
  19. ^"Dabase".Archived fromthe originalon 9 March 2011.Retrieved24 February2011.
  20. ^"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents".Archivedfrom the original on 11 April 2016.Retrieved10 April2021.
  21. ^DST statistics, DST statistics."DST statistics".DST statistics.Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2017.Retrieved16 April2023.
  22. ^"Population and Housing Census 2023"(PDF).Instituti i Statistikës(INSTAT).
  23. ^Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населенияArchived6 September 2018 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  24. ^"Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010"(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2011.Retrieved12 January2012.
  25. ^Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)
  26. ^"Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca"(in Montenegrin). RTCG. 20 September 2014.Retrieved28 November2023.
  27. ^"U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora"(in Montenegrin). Montenegrina. 26 October 2013.Retrieved28 November2023.
  28. ^Kushniarevich, Alena; et al. (2015)."Genetic Heritage of the South-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data".PLOS ONE.10(9): e0135820.Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820.PMC4558026.PMID26332464.
  29. ^Takic Miladinov, D; Vasiljevic, P; Sorgic, D; et al. (2020)."Allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 22 autosomal STR loci in a population of 983 individuals from Serbia and comparison with 24 other populations".Annals of Human Biology.47(7–8):632–641.doi:10.1080/03014460.2020.1846784.PMID33148044.
  30. ^Mirabal 2010,p. 380–390.
  31. ^Sinanovic, A. L.; Licina, F. (2022)."Genetic diversity of male population in six municipality of the north-eastern Montenegro".Journal of Bioanthropology:275.doi:10.54062/jb.S2CID244764042.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2023.Retrieved20 December2022.
  32. ^Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor of the East (1967).De administrando imperio.Gyula Moravcsik (New, rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.ISBN0-88402-021-5.OCLC11970692.
  33. ^Deliso, Christopher (2008).Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro.ABC-CLIO. p. 13.ISBN978-0-31334-437-4.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023.Retrieved31 May2023.
  34. ^Morozova, Maria (2019)."Language Contact in Social Context: Kinship Terms and Kinship Relations of the Mrkovići in Southern Montenegro".Journal of Language Contact.12(2): 307.doi:10.1163/19552629-01202003.Retrieved15 February2020.
  35. ^Budak, Neven (1994)."Prva stoljeća Hrvatske"(in Croatian). p. 46.Archivedfrom the original on 31 May 2023.
  36. ^Roberts 2007,p. 9.
  37. ^"Interesting things about the royal order of Montenegro - Untitled".Orderofdanilo.org.Archived fromthe originalon 16 May 2009.Retrieved19 August2017.
  38. ^Yugoslavia From "National Communism" to National Collapse: US Intelligence Community Estimative Products on Yugoslavia, 1948-1990.Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 605.ISBN978-0160873607.
  39. ^Lampe, John (2000).Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country.Cambridge University Press. p. 252-253.ISBN0521774012.
  40. ^Austin, Robert (2019).Making and Remaking the Balkans: Nations and States since 1878.University of Toronto Press. p. 58.ISBN978-1487530723.
  41. ^Petersen, Roger (2011).Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict.Cambridge University Press. p. 274.ISBN978-1139503303.
  42. ^Morrock, Richard (2014).The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda.McFarland. p. 54.ISBN978-0786456284.
  43. ^"Srpskim jezikom govori 43,18 odsto, crnogorskim 34,52 odsto..."RTCG - Radio Televizija Crne Gore - Nacionalni javni servis.15 October 2024.Retrieved19 October2024.
  44. ^Kerrigan, M. (2010).World and Its Peoples.Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 1691.ISBN9780761479031.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2023.Retrieved9 January2023.
  45. ^Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011).Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO. p. 265.ISBN9781598843033.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2023.Retrieved9 January2023.
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