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Monterey, California

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"Monterey" redirects here. For the city in northern Mexico, seeMonterrey.For other uses, seeMonterey (disambiguation).

Monterey(/ˌmɒntəˈreɪ/ⓘMON-tə-RAY;Spanish:Monterrey) is a city inMonterey Countyon the southern edge ofMonterey Bayon the U.S. state ofCalifornia'sCentral Coast.Founded on June 3, 1770, Monterey was the second permanent settlement (afterSan Diego) established by Spanish explorers in what is now California. It functioned as the capital ofAlta Californiaunder bothSpain(1804–1821) andMexico(1822–1846). During this period, Monterey hosted California's first theater, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper. It was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. In 1846, during theMexican–American Warof 1846–1848, theUnited States Flagwas raised over theCustoms House.After Mexicoceded California to the U.S.at the end of the war, Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849.

Monterey
City
City of Monterey
Flag of Monterey
Flag
Official seal of Monterey
Seal
Nickname(s):
Language Capital of the World,[1]
California's "First" City
Location of Monterey, California
Location of Monterey, California
Monterey is located in the United States
Monterey
Monterey
Location in the contiguous United States
Coordinates:36°36′11″N121°53′37″W/ 36.60306°N 121.89361°W/36.60306; -121.89361
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyMonterey
IncorporatedMay 30, 1850[2]
Named forMonterey Bay
Government
• TypeCouncil–manager
•City council[6]Mayor Tyller Williamson
Kim Barber
Gino Garcia
Alan Haffa
Ed Smith
•City managerHans Uslar[3]
•State senatorJohn Laird(D)[4]
•AssemblymemberRobert Rivas(D)[4]
•U. S. rep.Jimmy Panetta(D)[5]
Area
[7]
• Total
12.27 sq mi (31.77 km2)
• Land8.65 sq mi (22.41 km2)
• Water3.62 sq mi (9.37 km2) 28.03%
Elevation
[8]
26 ft (8 m)
Population
(2020)[9]
• Total
30,218
• Density2,500/sq mi (950/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8(Pacific)
• Summer (DST)UTC−7(PDT)
ZIP Codes
93940–93944
Area code831
FIPScode06-48872[8]
GNISfeature IDs1659762,2411145
Websitewww.monterey.org

The city occupies a land area of 8.466 sq mi (21.93 km2) and City Hall is at 26 feet (8 m) above sea level.[8]The2020 censusrecorded a population of 30,218.

Monterey and the surrounding area have attracted artists since the late 19th century. Many celebrated painters and writers have lived in the area. Until the 1950s there was an abundantfishery.Monterey's present-day attractions include theMonterey Bay Aquarium,Cannery Row,Fisherman's Wharf,California Roots Music and Arts Festival,and the annualMonterey Jazz Festival.

History

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Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey,namesake ofMonterey Bayand thus the city and county

Ohlone period

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Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, theRumsenOhlonetribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey.[11]They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically richMonterey Peninsula.Researchers have found a number of shellmiddensin the area and, based on the archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted of various types ofmusselsandabalone.[12]A number of midden sites have been located along about 12 miles (19 km) of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel.[13]

Spanish period

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SaintJunípero Serracelebrating mass in Monterey in 1770.

The city is named afterMonterey Bay.The bay's name was given bySebastián Vizcaínoin 1602. He anchored in what is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named itPuerto de Monterrey,in honor of theConde de Monterrey,then the viceroy ofNew Spain.[14]Monterrey is an alternate spelling ofMonterrei,a municipality in theGalicia regionofSpainfrom which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey.[15]Monterey Bay had been described earlier byJuan Rodríguez Cabrilloas La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of the Pines).[2]Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.

Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration ofAlta California,the SpanishPortolá expedition,traveled north fromSan Diego.They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier.[16]The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far asSan Francisco Baybefore turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described.[17]FranciscanmissionaryJuan Crespínoted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood."[18]Gaspar de Portoláreturned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey byJunípero Serra,[19]who traveled by sea. Portolá erected thePresidio of Montereyto defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by CaptainPedro Fages,who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774.[20]

Royal Presidio Chapelc. 1934.The existing building dates to 1794.

Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission inCarmelthe next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood andadobechurch remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became theRoyal Presidio Chapel.

Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed theRoyal Presidio Chapel.The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the presentsandstonestructure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor.[21]In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage ofSaint Charles Borromeo.The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along withSt. Louis CathedralinNew Orleans, Louisiana.It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.[22]

The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through theCustom House,the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One.[23]Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.[24]

TheOld Custom Housein 1936. Construction began in 1814 under Spanish rule.

On November 24, 1818,ArgentinecorsairHippolyte Bouchardlanded 7 km (4.3 mi) away from thePresidio of Montereyin a hiddencreek.The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat theArgentine flagflew over it.[25]The Argentines took the city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.[26]

Mexican period

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Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when thesecularizationof the missions converted most of the mission pasture lands into private land grantranchos.In 1834, theSan Carlos Cemeterywas officially opened andinterredmany of the early local families.[27]

Monterey was the site of theBattle of Montereyon July 7, 1846, during theMexican–American War.It was on this date thatJohn D. Sloat,Commodore in theUnited States Navy,raised theU.S. flagover the Monterey Custom House and claimed California for the United States.

In addition, many historic "firsts" occurred in Monterey. These includeFirst theater in California,brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press (which printedThe Californian,California's first newspaper.) Larkin House,[28]one ofMonterey State Historic Park'sNational Historic Landmarks,built in the Mexican period byThomas Oliver Larkin,is an early example ofMonterey Colonialarchitecture. TheOld Custom House,[29]the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks.[30]The Cooper-Molera Adobe is aNational TrustHistoric Site.[31]

American period

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Monterey Bay area in 1917

Colton Hall,[32]built in 1849 byWalter Colton,originally served as both a public school and a government meeting place.

Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed the documents necessary to apply to the United States forstatehood.Today Colton Hall houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849).[15]

PioneerFrancis DoudbuiltDoud Housein the 1860s, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The house is one of the earliest and most well-preserved examples of an early wood frame residences in Monterey.[33]Monterey was incorporated in 1890.[15]

Thomas Albert Workbuilt several of the buildings in Monterey, including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than 20 years.[34][35]

Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due tooverfishing.A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood alongCannery Row.

The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters asArthur Frank Mathews,Armin Hansen,Xavier Martinez,Rowena Meeks AbdyandPercy Graylived or visited to pursue painting in the style of eitherEn plein airorTonalism.

Many noted authors have also lived in and around Monterey, includingRobert Louis Stevenson,John Steinbeck,Ed Ricketts,Robinson Jeffers,Robert A. Heinlein,andHenry Miller.

More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California GovernorPete Wilsonproclaimed Monterey "the Language Capital of the World".[1]

On June 7, 2021, themacOS Montereyoperating system was presented at Apple'sWorldwide Developers Conference(WWDC2021) and named after the Monterey region.

Geography

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Rock sea wall near Coast Guard Station borderingMonterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has an area of 11.7 sq mi (30.4 km2), of which 8.5 sq mi (21.9 km2) is land and 3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources. The city has several distinct districts, such asNew Monterey,Del Monte,andCannery Row.

Local soil isQuaternaryAlluvium.Common soil series include the Baywood fine sand on the east side, Narlon loamy sand on the west side, Sheridan coarse sandy loam on hilly terrain, and the pale Tangair sand on hills supporting closed-cone pine habitat. The city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the activeSan Andreas Faultapproximately 26 miles (42 km) to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks three miles (4.8 km) to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault seven miles (11 km) to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are the Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults.

Monterey Bay's maximum credibletsunamifor a 100-year interval has been calculated as a wave nine feet (2.7 m) high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion.

The city is adjacent to theMonterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary,a federally protected ocean area extending 276 mi (444 km) along the coast. Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay.

Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area,Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area,Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area,Lovers Point State Marine Reserve,Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation AreaandAsilomar State Marine Reservearemarine protected areasestablished by the state of California in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

The Californiasea otter,a threatened subspecies, inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station ofThe Marine Mammal Centeris located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. The rare San Joaquinkit foxis found in Monterey's oak-forest andchaparralhabitats. The chaparral, found mainly on the city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants asmanzanita,chamiseandceanothus.Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinaskangaroo ratand the silver-sided legless lizard.

There is a variety of natural habitat in Monterey: littoral zone and sand dunes;closed-cone pine forest;andMonterey Cypress.There are no dairy farms in the city of Monterey; the semi-hard cheese known asMonterey Jackoriginated in nearbyCarmel Valley, California,and is named after businessman and land speculatorDavid Jacks.

The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated byMonterey pine,Knobcone pineandBishop pine,and contains the rareMonterey manzanita.In the early 20th century the botanistWillis Linn Jepsoncharacterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as the "most important silva ever", and encouragedSamuel F.B. Morse(a century younger than the inventorSamuel F. B. Morse) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities.[36]The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plantsSeaside birds beak,Hickman's potentillaand Eastwood'sEricameria.Rare plants also inhabit the chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia (Piperia yadonii) and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson'sdelphinium,Tidestromlupine,Gardner's yampahandKnotweed,the latter perhaps already extinct.

Monterey's noise pollution has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of the population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are theMonterey Regional Airport,State Route 1and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Street, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60 dB on theCommunity Noise Equivalent Level(CNEL) scale. The most intense source is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1,600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets.

Climate

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Monterey's climate is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, resulting in awarm-summer Mediterranean climate(Köppen climate classification:Csb) although with temperatures resembling anoceanic climate.The city's average high temperatures range from 58.2 °F (14.6 °C) in December to 68.2 °F (20.1 °C) in September. Average annual precipitation is 17.11 inches (435 mm), with most occurring between October and April; little to no precipitation falls during the summer. There is an average of 72.1 days with measurable precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Monterey are similar to average temperatures found in other parts of the world with oceanic climates, includingPuerto Williams,Chile,Ushuaia,Argentina,much ofNew Zealand,theAtlanticcoast ofSpain,southeastern Alaskaand the western coast ofNorway.

Summers in Monterey are often cool and foggy. The cold surface waters cause even summer nights to be unusually cool for the latitude; this is in distinct contrast to the much warmer summer days and nights of the U.S. east coast. The extreme moderation of summer temperatures is further underlined by the fact that Monterey is geographically situated at a similar latitude within California asDeath Valley⁠ — one of the hottest areas in the world. During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of theSanta Lucia MountainsandGabilan Mountainsthat overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought a light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of 3.2 inches (8.1 cm) fell in Monterey, including 2.2 inches (0.056 m) on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of 1.5 inches (0.038 m), is remembered for delaying theBing Crosbygolf tournament in nearbyPebble Beach.

The record lowest temperature was 26 °F (−3.3 °C) on December 24, 1998, and January 13, 2007. Annually, there are an average of 1.3 days with highs that reach or exceed 90 °F or 32.2 °C and an average of 1.5 days with lows at or below the freezing mark.

Combining the records for Monterey and Monterey WFO, the wettest "rain year" on record has been from July 1997 to June 1998 with 47.15 inches or 1,197.6 millimetres of precipitation, and the driest from July 2013 to June 2014 with 7.67 inches or 194.8 millimetres. The most precipitation in one month was 13.73 inches or 348.7 millimetres in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation was 3.55 inches or 90.2 millimetres on December 11, 2014.

Climate data for Monterey, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1995–2019
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 80
(27) 		83
(28) 		86
(30) 		92
(33) 		97
(36) 		96
(36) 		86
(30) 		91
(33) 		101
(38) 		104
(40) 		91
(33) 		79
(26) 		104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 73.4
(23.0) 		73.8
(23.2) 		76.0
(24.4) 		78.4
(25.8) 		78.7
(25.9) 		79.2
(26.2) 		77.3
(25.2) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.7
(29.3) 		86.6
(30.3) 		79.0
(26.1) 		71.0
(21.7) 		78.15
(25.64)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 59.3
(15.2) 		59.5
(15.3) 		60.6
(15.9) 		61.5
(16.4) 		62.9
(17.2) 		64.8
(18.2) 		65.8
(18.8) 		66.9
(19.4) 		68.2
(20.1) 		66.9
(19.4) 		62.5
(16.9) 		58.2
(14.6) 		63.1
(17.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 51.2
(10.7) 		51.9
(11.1) 		53.2
(11.8) 		54.4
(12.4) 		56.5
(13.6) 		58.6
(14.8) 		60.1
(15.6) 		60.9
(16.1) 		61.1
(16.2) 		58.8
(14.9) 		54.2
(12.3) 		50.4
(10.2) 		55.9
(13.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43.1
(6.2) 		44.4
(6.9) 		45.8
(7.7) 		47.3
(8.5) 		50.2
(10.1) 		52.4
(11.3) 		54.4
(12.4) 		54.9
(12.7) 		54.1
(12.3) 		50.8
(10.4) 		46.0
(7.8) 		42.7
(5.9) 		48.8
(9.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 34.1
(1.2) 		37.0
(2.8) 		38.4
(3.6) 		41.0
(5.0) 		44.2
(6.8) 		47.1
(8.4) 		50.1
(10.1) 		50.2
(10.1) 		48.2
(9.0) 		43.9
(6.6) 		38.2
(3.4) 		33.6
(0.9) 		31.7
(−0.2)
Record low °F (°C) 26
(−3) 		33
(1) 		35
(2) 		38
(3) 		41
(5) 		44
(7) 		47
(8) 		47
(8) 		44
(7) 		40
(4) 		33
(1) 		26
(−3) 		26
(−3)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) 3.45
(88) 		3.46
(88) 		2.89
(73) 		1.15
(29) 		0.50
(13) 		0.14
(3.6) 		0.02
(0.51) 		0.09
(2.3) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.83
(21) 		1.64
(42) 		2.86
(73) 		17.11
(435)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) 10.7 11.6 10.1 7.0 3.9 2.1 1.1 2.0 1.5 4.2 7.7 10.2 72.1
Source 1: NOAA[37]
Source 2: National Weather Service[38]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,092—
18601,65351.4%
18701,112−32.7%
18801,39625.5%
18901,66219.1%
19001,7485.2%
19104,923181.6%
19205,47911.3%
19309,14166.8%
194010,08410.3%
195016,20560.7%
196022,61839.6%
197026,30216.3%
198027,5584.8%
199031,95416.0%
200029,674−7.1%
201027,810−6.3%
202030,2188.7%
2023 (est.)26,845[39]−11.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[40]

[41]

2020

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The 2020 United States Census[42]reported that Monterey had a population of 30,218 people, with 12,912 households. The racial makeup of Monterey was 71.9% White, 3.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 7.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 19.0% of the population.

2010

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The2010 United States Census[43]reported that Monterey had a population of 27,810. The population density was 2,364.0 inhabitants per square mile (912.7/km2). The racial makeup of Monterey was 21,788 (78.3%)White,777 (2.8%)African American,149 (0.5%)Native American,2,204 (7.9%)Asian,91 (0.3%)Pacific Islander,1,382 (5.0%) fromother races,and 1,419 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 3,817 people (13.7%) ofHispanicorLatinoorigin, of any race.

The Census reported that 25,307 people (91.0% of the population) lived in households, 2,210 (7.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 293 (1.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 12,184 households, out of which 2,475 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,690 (38.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 902 (7.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. 4,778 households (39.2%) were made up of individuals, and 1,432 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 5,963 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.81.

The population was spread out, with 4,266 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 3,841 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,474 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 6,932 people (24.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,297 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.

There were 13,584 housing units at an average density of 1,154.7 per square mile (445.8/km2), of which 4,360 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 7,824 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 9,458 people (34.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15,849 people (57.0%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

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As of the census of 2000,[44]there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,516.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,357.9/km2). There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of 1,586.0 per square mile (612.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.8% White, 10.9% Hispanic, 7.4% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.

There were 12,600 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 11.0% had a lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82.

The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $49,109, and the median income for a family was $58,757. Males had a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

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According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[45]the top private-sector employers in the city are (in alphabetical order):

Employer # of Employees
Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula 1,000 to 4,999
Ctb Mc Graw-Hill LLC 500 to 999
Dole Fresh Vegetables 250 to 499
Hyatt RegencyMonterey Hotel & Spa 250 to 499
Language Line 250 to 499
Macy's 250 to 499
Monterey Bay Aquarium 250 to 499
Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey 250 to 499
Monterey Plaza Hotel & Spa 250 to 499
Portola Hotel & Spa 250 to 499

The top public-sector employers are (in alphabetical order):

Employer # of Employees
City of Monterey 250 to 499
Defense Language Institute 1,000 to 4,999
Monterey Peninsula College 500 to 999
Monterey-Salinas Transit 250–499
Naval Postgraduate School 1,000 to 4,999

Other private-sector employers based in Monterey includeMonterey Peninsula Unified School District,andMapleton Communications.Additional military facilities in Monterey include theFleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center,and theUnited States Naval Research Laboratory– Monterey.

Arts and culture

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California Churrigueresque-styleGolden State Theatre

Visual arts

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Monterey is the home of theMonterey Museum of Art,its annex museum La Mirada and the Salvador Dalí Museum. There are several commercial galleries in the historic district ofCannery Row,New Monterey and Customs House Plaza.[46]

Literary arts

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Steinbeck's friends included some of the city's more colorful characters, among themEd Ricketts,a marine biologist, andBruce Ariss,artist and theater enthusiast who designed and built theWharf Theater.

After Ricketts's death, the new owner of his lab and a group of friends assembled each Wednesday at the lab for drinks andjazzmusic. While visiting with the group, San Franciscodisc jockeyJimmy Lyonssuggested holding a jazz celebration in Monterey, which eventually became theMonterey Jazz Festival.[47]

In 1879,Robert Louis Stevensonspent a short time in Monterey at the French Hotel while writingThe Amateur Emigrant,"The Old Pacific Capital", and "Vendetta of the West". The former hotel, now known as theStevenson House,stands at 530 Houston Street and features items that belonged to the writer.

Music

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The Monterey Jazz Festival began in 1958, presenting such artists asLouis Armstrong,Dizzy Gillespie,andBillie Holiday,and now claims to be "the longest running jazz festival in the world" (theNewport Jazz Festivalwas established in 1954, but has changed venues since its founding).[48]

In June 1967 the city was the venue of theMonterey Pop Festival.Formally known as the Monterey International Pop Music Festival, the three-day concert event was held June 16 to 18, 1967, at theMonterey County Fairgrounds.It was the first widely promoted and heavily attendedrock festival,attracting an estimated 200,000 total attendees with 55,000 to 90,000 people present at the event's peak at midnight on Sunday. It was notable as hosting the first major American appearances byJimi HendrixandThe Who,as well as the first major public performances ofJanis JoplinandOtis Redding.[49]

The Monterey Pop Festival embodied the themes of San Francisco as a focal point for thecountercultureand is generally regarded as one of the beginnings of the "Summer of Love"in 1967.[50]It also became the template for future music festivals, notably theWoodstock Festivaltwo years later.

In 1986, the Monterey Blues Festival was created and ran continuously for over two decades.[51]It filed for bankruptcy in 2012[52]and was resurrected in 2017 as theMonterey International Blues Festival.

Theatre arts

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California's First Theater

The building in which the first paid public dramatic entertainment in California occurred is in Monterey and is called, appropriately, "California's First Theater".In 1847, a sailor,Jack Swan,began construction on an adobe building at the corner of Pacific Street and Scott Avenue, near the Pacific House and Fisherman's Wharf. Between 1847 and 1848 several detachments of soldiers were stationed in Monterey and some of the sailors approached Swan with a proposition to lease a section of his building for use as a theater and money-making venture—a proposal Swan accepted. The enterprise collected $500 on its first performance, a considerable sum at that time. The primary mediums presented were melodramas and Olios (a form of musical revue and audience sing-along). In the spring of 1848, the playPutnam, the Iron Son of '76,was presented. After theCalifornia Gold Rushof 1849, much of the population, including Swan, traveled to northern California in search of riches. As a result, by the end that year, the company disbanded. In 1896, Swan died and the building was abandoned until 1906 when it was purchased by the California Historic Landmarks League, who deeded it to theState of California.In 1937, the building was leased to Denny-Watrous Management, which revived the tradition of melodrama at the now historic building. A resident company was created, the Troupers of the Gold Coast, which maintained the tradition for over 50 years, closing for renovation in 1999.[53]It is now permanently closed.

The Wharf Theater opened on Fisherman's Wharf on May 18, 1950, with aproductionofHappy Birthday,featuring a set designed by Bruce Ariss. The theater also produced one of Ariss's plays and was successful enough to draw the attention ofMGM,which brought Ariss to Hollywood to work for several years. The theater was destroyed by fire on December 31, 1959. The company reopened in 1960 in a new location on Alvarado Street (formerly "The Monterey Theater" ) which in 1963 was renamed "The Old Monterey Opera House". It continued until the mid-1960s when it fell tourban renewal.In the early 1970s, discussions began about rebuilding back on the wharf itself, and theater plans began to take shape. Ariss and Angelo Di Girolamo, whose brother had the original idea for a theater on the wharf, began construction on The New Wharf Theater in 1975.[54]Designed by Ariss, the New Wharf Theater opened its doors on December 3, 1976, with a community theater production ofGuys and Dolls,directed byMonterey Peninsula CollegeDrama Department chairman, Morgan Stock. At the northwest end of old Fisherman's Wharf, the theater is now known as the Bruce Ariss Wharf Theater. Girolamo died in September 2014.[55][56]

In 2005, theGolden State Theatre,a formermovie palaceon Alvarado Street, was refurbished to produce live theatrical events. TheForest Theater Guildproduced several plays at the Golden State, includingAida,Grease,Zoot Suit,andFiddler on the Roof.The theater's new owners, Eric and Lori Lochtefeld, have produced several musicals in the theater in conjunction with Broadway By the Bay.

Attractions

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Main article:List of tourist attractions in Monterey County, California

Monterey is well known for the abundance and diversity of its marine life,[57]which includessea lions,sea otters,harbor seals,bat rays,kelp forests,pelicansanddolphinsand several species of whales. Only a few miles offshore is theMonterey Canyon,the largest and deepest (at 2 mi or 3.2 km)underwater canyonoff the Pacific coast of North America, which grants scientists access to the deep sea within hours.[58]The cornucopia of marine life makes Monterey a popular destination for scuba divers of all abilities ranging from novice to expert. Scuba classes are held at San Carlos State Beach,[59]which has been a favorite with divers since the 1960s. TheMonterey Bay Aquariumon Cannery Row is one of the largest aquariums in North America, and severalmarine sciencelaboratories, includingHopkins Marine Stationare located in the area.[60]

Monterey is home to several museums and more than thirty carefully preserved historic buildings. Most of these buildings are adobes built in the mid-1800s. Some are museums and open to the public, including the Cooper Molera Adobe, Robert Louis Stevenson House, Casa Serrano, The Perry House, The Customs House, Colton Hall, Mayo Hayes O'Donnell Library and The First Brick House.[57][61]Many others are only open during Monterey's annual adobe tour. TheMonterey Museum of Artspecializes in Early California Impressionist painting, photography, and contemporary art. Other youth-oriented art attractions include MY Museum,[62]a children's museum, and YAC, an arts organization for teens.[63]

What may be the only whalebone sidewalk still in existence in the United States lies in front of the Old Whaling Station,[64]left by New England whalers while California was still part of New Spain.[65]

Cannery Row

Cannery Row is a historic industrial district west of downtown Monterey. Several companies operated largesardinecanneries and packing houses from the 1920s until the 1950s when the sardines were overfished and the industry collapsed. The neighborhood was a minor tourist attraction until the late 1980s when the Monterey Bay Aquarium bought the former Hovden Cannery and built their aquarium around it. The Aquarium revitalized the neighborhood and it is now the number one tourist destination on the Monterey Peninsula. It is home to more than 600 species of plants and animals.[66]Several of the canneries burnt down in the 1970s and some of their empty foundations are still visible along the oceanfront. A freeheritage trolleytransports visitors between downtown Monterey and the Aquarium during the summer.[67]

Once called Ocean View Boulevard, the street was renamed Cannery Row in 1953 in honor of writer John Steinbeck,[68][failed verification]who had written a well-known novel of the same name. It has now become atourist attractionwith numerous establishments located in former cannery buildings, including Cannery Row Antique Mall which is located in the most historically intact cannery building open to the public. Other historical buildings in this district include Wing Chong Market, The American Tin Cannery which is a shopping mall, Doc Rickett's lab, next door to the aquarium and only open to the public a few times a year, and some of the water tanks written about by Steinbeck. A few privately owned and operated fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists. Cannery Row is now considered the historic cannery district from Foam St. to the ocean.[citation needed]

Governor Alvarado House

The GovernorJuan Bautista AlvaradoHouse isCalifornia Historical Landmarknumber #348. The adobe house was seriously damaged in January 2023 during the2022–2023 California floods.[69]

Lake El Esterois a popular Monterey park. Recreation opportunities include paddleboats, the Dennis the Menace Park (named after the comics characterDennis the Menace), and a skate park designed by local skaters. Birders are especially fond of this park due to its easy accessibility and the diversity of birdlife it attracts.

The city government's Recreation and Community Services department runs the Monterey Sports Center.[70]

Religion

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The headquarters of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in Californiais in Monterey, and one of the relatively fewOratoriancommunities in the United States is located in the city. The city is adjacent to the historic CatholicCarmel Mission.

Sports

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TheMonterey Amberjacksare a professional baseball team that competes in the independentPecos Leaguewhich is not affiliated withMajor League BaseballorMinor League Baseball.They play their home games at Sollecito Ballpark.[71]

Monterey Bay FCplays in theUSL Championship,the second tier of professional soccer in the US, and plays its home matches atCardinale StadiuminSeaside, California.

Government

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Municipal government

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Monterey is governed by amayorand fourcity councilmembers, all elected by the public.[6]

As of December 2021, the mayor is Tyller Williamson and the city council members are Kim Barber, Gino Garcia, Alan Haffa, and Ed Smith.[6]

The City of Monterey provides base maintenance support services for the Presidio of Monterey and the Naval Postgraduate School, including streets, parks, and building maintenance. Additional support services include traffic engineering, inspections, construction engineering and project management.[72]This innovative partnership has become known as the "Monterey Model" and is now being adopted by communities across the country. This service reduces maintenance costs by millions of dollars and supports a continued military presence in Monterey.[73]

County, state, and federal representatives

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Monterey is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors bySupervisor Mary Adams.[74]

In theCalifornia State Legislature,Monterey is inthe 17th Senate District,represented byDemocratJohn Laird,andthe 29th Assembly District,represented byDemocratRobert Rivas.[4]

In theUnited States House of Representatives,Monterey is part ofCalifornia's 19th congressional district,represented byDemocratJimmy Panetta.[75]

Media

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See also:Media in Monterey County, California

Local radio stations includeKPIG-FM 107.5,KAZU-FM – 90.3KDON-FM – 102.5,KCDU-FM – 101.7,KWAV-FM – 96.9,KDFG-FM – 103.9,KMBY – 1240 AM,KRML94.7 FM jazz, and 1610-AM the city information station. Television service for the community comes from the Monterey-Salinas-Santa Cruz designated market area (DMA). Local newspapers include theMonterey County Heraldand theMonterey County Weekly.

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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The city is serviced byCalifornia State Route 1,also known as the Cabrillo Highway, as it runs along the coastline of the rest ofMonterey Bayto the north andBig Surto the south.California State Route 68,also known as the Monterey-Salinas Highway, connects the city toU.S. Route 101atSalinasand toPacific Grove.

Local bus service is provided byMonterey-Salinas Transit.

Monterey Regional Airportconnects the city to the large metropolitan areas in California, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada.

Monterey train stationwas served until 1971, when Amtrak took over intercity train service and theDel Montewas discontinued.

Education

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Old Del Monte Hotel, site of the currentNaval Postgraduate School
  • Monterey High School in 1917

Several institutions of higher education in the area: theDefense Language Institute,located on thePresidio of Monterey, California;theNaval Postgraduate School,on the site of a former resort hotel; theMiddlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey(a graduate school ofMiddlebury College); andMonterey Peninsula College,part of theCalifornia Community Colleges system.The federal institutions (the Defense Language Institute (DLI) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)) are important employers in and strongly associated with the city.

California State University, Monterey Bayand theMonterey College of Laware located at the site of the formerFort Ordin neighboringSeaside.CSU Monterey Bay has developed several programs in marine and watershed sciences.

TheMonterey Peninsula Unified School Districtoperatesa high school,a middle school and three elementary schools.[76]Private schools includeSanta Catalina School(girls, co-ed elementary and middle school) andTrinity Christian High School(co-ed).

Notable people

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Sister cities

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See also:List of sister cities in California

Monterey istwinnedwith:[82]

See also

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References

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Works cited

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Further reading

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  • Augusta Fink,Monterey: The Presence of the Past,Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California (1972)ISBN978-87-7010-720-4
  • California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Monterey, California,U.S. Geological Survey (2015)
  • City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Master Plan,City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Department (1986)
  • *De Marco, Miguel Ángel (2002).Corsarios Argentinos(in Spanish). Buenos Aires.ISBN950-49-0944-2.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Environmental Hazards Element, city of Monterey,A part of the General Plan, February 1977
  • Flora and Fauna Resources: City of Monterey General Plan Technical Study,prepared for City of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., November 2, 1977
  • General Plan, the City of Monterey,(1980)
  • Helen Spangenberg,Yesterday's Artists of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey museum of Art(1976)
  • Prehistoric Sources Technical Study,prepared for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., May 23, 1977
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