Movement disordersare clinicalsyndromeswith either an excess of movement or apaucityof voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness orspasticity.[1]Movement disorders present withextrapyramidal symptomsand are caused bybasal ganglia disease.[2]Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories-hyperkineticandhypokinetic.
| Movement disorder | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Neurology Psychiatry |
Hyperkineticmovement disorders refer todyskinesia,or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow ofmotor activity.
Hypokinetic movement disorders fall into one of four subcategories:akinesia(lack of movement),hypokinesia(reduced amplitude of movements),bradykinesia(slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic orneurological disorder.[3]Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.[4]
Classification
edit| Movement Disorders[5] | ICD-9-CM | ICD-10-CM |
|---|---|---|
| HypokineticMovement disorders | ||
| Poliomyelitis,[6]acute | 045 | A80 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS[6](Lou Gehrig's disease) | 335.20 | G12.21 |
| Parkinson's disease(Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism) | 332 | G20 |
| SecondaryParkinsonism | G21 | |
| Parkinson plus syndromes | ||
| Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration | G23.0 | |
| Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia | G23.1 | |
| Striatonigral degeneration | G23.2 | |
| Multiple sclerosis[6] | 340 | G35 |
| Radiation-induced polyneuropathy (brachial andlumbar plexopathies) | G62.82 | |
| Muscular dystrophy[6] | 359.0 | G71.0 |
| Cerebral palsy[6] | 343 | G80 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis[6] | 714 | M05 |
| HyperkineticMovement disorders | ||
| GLUT1 deficiency syndrome | E74.810 | |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(with hyperactivity) | 314.01 | F90 |
| Tic disorders(involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped) | F95 | |
| Tourette's syndrome | F95.2 | |
| Stereotypic movement disorder | F98.5 | |
| Huntington's disease(Huntington's chorea) | 333.4 | G10 |
| Dystonia | G24 | |
| Drug induced dystonia | G24.0 | |
| Idiopathic familial dystonia | 333.6 | G24.1 |
| Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia | 333.7 | G24.2 |
| Spasmodic torticollis | 333.83 | G24.3 |
| Idiopathic orofacial dystonia | G24.4 | |
| Blepharospasm | 333.81 | G24.5 |
| Other dystonias | G24.8 | |
| Other extrapyramidal movement disorders | G25 | |
| Essential tremor | 333.1 | G25.0 |
| Drug induced tremor | G25.1 | |
| Other specified form of tremor | G25.2 | |
| Myoclonus | 333.2 | G25.3 |
| Chorea(rapid, involuntary movement) | ||
| Drug inducedchorea | G25.4 | |
| Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin | 333.3 | G25.6 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement | G25.80 | |
| Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome | G25.81 | |
| Sporadicrestless leg syndrome | G25.82 | |
| Familial restless leg syndrome | G25.83 | |
| Stiff-person syndrome | 333.91 | G25.84 |
| Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements) | G25.85 | |
| Hemiballismus(affecting only one side of the body) | G25.85 | |
| Myokymia,facial | G51.4 | |
| Neuromyotonia(Isaacs Syndrome) | 359.29 | G71.19 |
| Opsoclonus | 379.59 | H57 |
| Rheumatic chorea(Sydenham's chorea) | I02 | |
| Abnormal head movements | R25.0 | |
| Tremor unspecified | R25.1 | |
| Crampand spasm | R25.2 | |
| Fasciculation | R25.3 | |
| Athetosis(contorted torsion or twisting) | 333.71 | R25.8 |
| Dyskinesia(abnormal, involuntary movement) | ||
| Tardive dyskinesia | ||
Diagnosis
editStep I: Decide the dominant type of movement disorder[7]
Step II: Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder[citation needed]
Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests[citation needed]
- Metabolic screening
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- CSFexamination
- Genetics
- Imaging
- Neurophysiologicaltests
- Pharmacologicaltests
History
editVesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcorticalnucleifrom cortex andwhite matter.However Willis' conceptualized thecorpus striatumas the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, andathetosisby Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described, but for most no pathologic correlate was known.[8]
References
edit- ^Fahn, Stanley; Jankovic, Joseph; Hallett, Mark (2011-08-09).Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders.Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN978-1437737707.
- ^Bradley, Walter George (2004-01-01).Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management.Taylor & Francis.ISBN9789997625885.
- ^Flemming, Kelly; Jones, Lyell (2015-06-15).Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review: Clinical Neurology for Initial Certification and MOC.Oxford University Press.ISBN9780190244934.
- ^"MedlinePlus: Movement Disorders".
- ^Singer, Harvey S.; Mink, Jonathan; Gilbert, Donald L.; Jankovic, Joseph (2015-10-27).Movement Disorders in Childhood.Academic Press.ISBN9780124115804.
- ^abcdef"Debilitating Diseases – 12 Diseases that change millions of lives".dodgepark.com.Dodge Park. 2 December 2013.Retrieved14 March2024.
- ^Poewe, Werner; Jankovic, Joseph (2014-02-20).Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781107024618.
- ^Lanska, Douglas J. (2010-01-01). "Chapter 33 the history of movement disorders".History of Neurology.Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 95. pp. 501–546.doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7.ISBN9780444520098.ISSN0072-9752.PMID19892136.