Mu(/ˈm(j)uː/;[1][2]uppercaseΜ,lowercaseμ;Ancient Greekμῦ[mŷː],Greek:μιor μυ—both[mi]) is the twelfthletterof theGreek alphabet,representing thevoiced bilabial nasalIPA:[m].In the system ofGreek numeralsit has a value of 40.[3]Mu was derived from theEgyptian hieroglyphicsymbol for water, which had been simplified by thePhoeniciansand named after their word for water, to become𐤌img(mem). Letters that derive from mu include theRoman Mand theCyrillic М,though the lowercase resembles a smallLatin U(u).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mu_uc_lc.svg/220px-Mu_uc_lc.svg.png)
Names
editAncient Greek
editIn Greek, the name of the letter was writtenμῦand pronounced[mŷː].
Modern Greek
editInModern Greek,the letter is spelledμιand pronounced[mi].In polytonic orthography, it is written with anacute accent:μί.[4][5]
Use as symbol
editThe lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in manyacademic fields.Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to LatinM.
Prefix for units of measurement
edit"μ" is used as aunit prefixdenoting a factor of 10−6(onemillionth), in this context, the symbol's name is "micro".
- Metric prefix
- International System of Unitsprefix, also known as "SI prefix"
- The micrometre with a symbol of "μm" can also be referred to as the non-SI term "micron".
Mathematics
edit"μ" is conventionally used to denote certain things; however, any Greek letter or other symbol may be used freely as a variable name.
- ameasureinmeasure theory
- minimalizationincomputability theoryandRecursion theory
- theintegrating factorinordinary differential equations
- the degree ofmembershipin afuzzy set
- theMöbius functioninnumber theory
- the populationmeanorexpected valueinprobabilityandstatistics
- theRamanujan–Soldner constant
Physics and engineering
editInclassical physicsandengineering:
- thecoefficient of friction(also used in aviation as braking coefficient (seeBraking action))
- reduced massin thetwo-body problem
- Standard gravitational parameterin celestial mechanics
- linear density,or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects
- permeabilityin electromagnetism
- themagnetic dipole momentof acurrent-carryingcoil
- dynamic viscosityin fluid mechanics
- theamplificationfactor orvoltage gainof atriodevacuum tube[6]
- theelectrical mobilityof a charged particle
- therotor advance ratio,the ratio of aircraftairspeedto rotor-tip speed inrotorcraft[7][8]
- thepore water pressurein saturated soil
- the elementary particles called themuonand antimuon
- theproton-to-electron mass ratio
- thechemical potentialof a system or component of a system
Computer science
edit- μ, population size from which in each generation λ offspring will generate (the terms μ and λ originate fromevolution strategynotation)
Intype theory:
- Used to introduce arecursive data type.For example,is the type of lists with elements of type(atype variable): asumofunit,representingnil,with a pair of aand another(represented by). In this notation,is a binding form, where the variable () introduced byis bound within the following term () to the term itself. Via substitution and arithmetic, the type expands to,an infinite sum of ever-increasingproductsof(that is, ais any-tuple of values of typefor any). Another way to express the same type is.
Chemistry
editInchemistry:
- the prefix given inIUPACnomenclature for abridging ligand
Biology
editInbiology:
- themutation ratein population genetics
- A class ofImmunoglobulin heavy chainthat definesIgMtypeAntibodies
Pharmacology
editInpharmacology:
- an importantopiate receptor
Orbital mechanics
edit- Standard gravitational parameterof acelestial body,the product of thegravitational constantGand themassM
- planetary discriminant, represents an experimental measure of the actual degree ofcleanlinessof the orbital zone, acriterionfordefiningaplanet.The value of μ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone.
Music
edit- Mu chord
- Electronic musicianMike Paradinasruns the labelPlanet Muwhich utilizes the letter as its logo, and releases music under the pseudonym μ-Ziq, pronounced "music"
- Used as the name of the school idol group μ's, pronounced "muse", consisting of nine singing idols in the animeLove Live! School Idol Project
- Officialfandom nameof Kpop groupf(x),appearing as eitherMeUor 'μ'
- Hip-hop artist Muonboy has taken inspiration from the particle for his stage name and his first EP named Mu uses the letter as its title.
Cameras
editTheOlympus Corporationmanufactures a series of digital cameras called Olympus μ[mju:][9](known asOlympus Stylusin North America).
Linguistics
editInphonology:
Insyntax:
- μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection.[10]
InCelticlinguistics:
- /μ/ can represent anOld Irishnasalized labialfricativeof uncertain articulation, the ancestor of the sound represented byModern Irishmh.
Character encodings
edit
Preview | Μ | μ | µ | Ⲙ | ⲙ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU | GREEK SMALL LETTER MU | MICRO SIGN | COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI | COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 924 | U+039C | 956 | U+03BC | 181 | U+00B5 | 11416 | U+2C98 | 11417 | U+2C99 |
UTF-8 | 206 156 | CE 9C | 206 188 | CE BC | 194 181 | C2 B5 | 226 178 152 | E2 B2 98 | 226 178 153 | E2 B2 99 |
Numeric character reference | Μ |
Μ |
μ |
μ |
µ |
µ |
Ⲙ |
Ⲙ |
ⲙ |
ⲙ |
Named character reference | Μ | μ | µ | |||||||
ISO/IEC 8859-1 | 181 | B5 | ||||||||
ISO/IEC 8859-7 | 204 | CC | 236 | EC | ||||||
Code page 437,850 | 230 | E6 | 230 | E6 | ||||||
Code page 737 | 139 | 8B | 163 | A3 | ||||||
Code page 851,869 | 183 | B7 | 230 | E6 | ||||||
Code page 1253 | 204 | CC | 236 | EC | ||||||
Roman-8,Roman-9 | 243 | F3 | 243 | F3 | ||||||
TeX | \mu | \micro |
Preview | 𝚳 | 𝛍 | 𝛭 | 𝜇 | 𝜧 | 𝝁 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL MU |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL MU |
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL MU |
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL MU |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 120499 | U+1D6B3 | 120525 | U+1D6CD | 120557 | U+1D6ED | 120583 | U+1D707 | 120615 | U+1D727 | 120641 | U+1D741 |
UTF-8 | 240 157 154 179 | F0 9D 9A B3 | 240 157 155 141 | F0 9D 9B 8D | 240 157 155 173 | F0 9D 9B AD | 240 157 156 135 | F0 9D 9C 87 | 240 157 156 167 | F0 9D 9C A7 | 240 157 157 129 | F0 9D 9D 81 |
UTF-16 | 55349 57011 | D835 DEB3 | 55349 57037 | D835 DECD | 55349 57069 | D835 DEED | 55349 57095 | D835 DF07 | 55349 57127 | D835 DF27 | 55349 57153 | D835 DF41 |
Numeric character reference | 𝚳 |
𝚳 |
𝛍 |
𝛍 |
𝛭 |
𝛭 |
𝜇 |
𝜇 |
𝜧 |
𝜧 |
𝝁 |
𝝁 |
Preview | 𝝡 | 𝝻 | 𝞛 | 𝞵 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL MU |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL MU |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 120673 | U+1D761 | 120699 | U+1D77B | 120731 | U+1D79B | 120757 | U+1D7B5 |
UTF-8 | 240 157 157 161 | F0 9D 9D A1 | 240 157 157 187 | F0 9D 9D BB | 240 157 158 155 | F0 9D 9E 9B | 240 157 158 181 | F0 9D 9E B5 |
UTF-16 | 55349 57185 | D835 DF61 | 55349 57211 | D835 DF7B | 55349 57243 | D835 DF9B | 55349 57269 | D835 DFB5 |
Numeric character reference | 𝝡 |
𝝡 |
𝝻 |
𝝻 |
𝞛 |
𝞛 |
𝞵 |
𝞵 |
Image list for readers with font problems
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^"mu".The Chambers Dictionary(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.ISBN0-550-10105-5.
- ^"mu".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
- ^Hadley, James (1884).A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges.New York: American Book. p. 79.
- ^Neoelliniki Grammatiki (Tis Dimotikis).
- ^Grammatiki tis Dimotikis Glossas.
- ^Ballou, Glen(1987).Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia(1 ed.). Howard W. Sams Co. p. 250.ISBN0-672-21983-2.
Amplification factor or voltage gainis the amount the signal at the control grid is increased in amplitude after passing through the tube, which is also referred to as the Greek letter μ (mu) or voltage gain (Vg) of the tube.
- ^"Nomenclature"NASA
- ^"Definition".
- ^"Olympus History: μ[mju:] (Stylus) Series".
- ^Johnson, Kyle (1991). "Object Positions".Natural Language and Linguistic Theory.9(4): 577–636.doi:10.1007/BF00134751.S2CID189901613.
- ^Unicode Code Charts:Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)