Nāga

For the modern ethnic group, seeNaga people.For other uses, seeNaga (disambiguation).

In various Asian religious traditions, theNagas(Sanskrit:नाग,romanized:Nāga)are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpentbeings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. A female naga is called aNagi,or aNagini.Their descendents are known asNagavanshi.According to legend, they are the children of the sageKashyapaandKadru.Rituals devoted to these supernatural beings have been taking place throughout South Asia for at least 2,000 years.They are principally depicted in three forms: as entirely human with snakes on the heads and necks, as common serpents, or as half-human, half-snake beings inHinduism,Buddhism,SikhismandJainism.

Naga
A Naga couple, featured as aHoysalarelief
Devanagari	नाग
Venerated in	Hinduism,Buddhism,Jainism,Sikhism,
Abode	Patala
Texts	Mahabharata,Puranas

Nagarajais the title given to the king of the nagas.Narratives of these beings hold cultural significance in the mythological traditions of manySouth AsianandSoutheast Asiancultures, and within Hinduism and Buddhism. Communities such as theNagavanshi,KhmerandEelameseclaim descent from this race.

Etymology

In Sanskrit, anāgá(नाग) is a snake, most often depicted by theIndian cobra(Naga Raja). A synonym fornāgáisphaṇin(फणिन्). There are several words for "snake" in general, and one of the very commonly used ones issarpá(सर्प). Sometimes the wordnāgáis also used generically to mean "snake".The word iscognatewith English 'snake', Germanic:*snēk-a-,Proto-IE:*(s)nēg-o-(withs-mobile).

Alternatively, an Indo-European etymology as a "hairless, naked animal" - cognate to English "naked" - would explain that the Sanskrit wordnāgacan also mean "cloud", "mountain" or "elephant".

Hinduism

PatanjaliasŚeṣa.

Nagas, as a serpent-shaped group of deities that often take form as cobras, are prominent inHindu iconography,throughout the hindu texts (especially in the first book of theMahābhārata) and in local folk traditions of worship.In some regions of the Himalaya, nagas are regarded as the divine rulers of the region - as inKullu Valley,inBerinagand in the valley of thePindar River,which is believed to be ruled by the ninefoldNaiṇī Devī.Both in theNilamata PuranaofKashmirand in theSwayambhu PuranaofKathmandu,the respective region begins its history as a lake, populated by nagas, which is later drained.

Ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, theRamayana,and thePuranasdescribe the nagas as a powerful, splendid and proud semi-divine species that can assume their physical form either as human (often with a halo of cobra hoods behind their head), as a partially human serpent, or as a whole serpent. Their domain is in the enchanted underworld, the underground realm filled with gems, gold and other earthly treasures calledNaga-lokaorPatala-loka.They are also often associated with bodies of waters — including rivers, lakes, seas, and wells — and are guardians of treasure.Their power and venom make them potentially dangerous to humans. However, inHindu mythology,they often take the role of benevolent protagonists; in theSamudra Manthana,Vasuki,anagarajawho abides onShiva's neck, became the churning rope for churning of theOcean of Milk.Their eternal archrival is theGaruḍa,the legendary semi-divine bird-like deity.

Vishnuis originally portrayed in the form sheltered bySheshanāgaor reclining on Shesha, but the iconography has been extended to other deities as well. The serpent is a common feature inGaneshaiconography, and appears in many forms: around the neck,use as asacred thread(Sanskrit:yajñyopavīta)wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne.Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake.Maehle (2006: p. 297) states that "Patanjali is thought to be a manifestation of the serpent of eternity".

Folk Traditions

In South India, termite hills are believed to be the dwelling place of female Nagammas,whereas Himalayan Nags and Naginis, such asNaiṇī DevīofPindar Valley,are worshipped as underworld beings protecting water resources and the wellbeing of village and valley.

Literature

See also:Shesha,Vasuki,andManasa

TheMahabharataepic is the first text that introduces nagas; it describes them in detail and narrates their stories.The cosmic snakeShesha,thenagarajas(naga kings)Vasuki,Takshaka,Airavata andKarkotaka,and the princessUlupi,are all depicted in the Mahabharata.

TheBrahma Puranadescribes the reign of Adishesha as the king of the serpents in Patala:

During the night the light of the moon is not utilised for its coolness but only for illumination.

Since that passes away is not taken notice of by the Nāgas who enjoy with gaiety the foodstuffs and the edibles they consume and the great beverages they drink. Nor are Danujas and others aware of it.

O brahmins, the forests, rivers, lakes, and lotus ponds, the cooing of the cuckoo and other sweet birds, the pleasing skies, the unguents and the continuous notes and sounds of musical instruments such as the lute, flute and Mṛdaṅga drums, O brahmins—all these and other beautiful things are enjoyed by virtue of their good luck by Dānavas, Daityas and Nāgas residing in Pātāla. The Tāmasī form of Viṣṇu, named Śeṣa is beneath the lower regions.

Daityas and Dānavas are not capable of recounting his good qualities. He is honoured by Devas and celestial sages. He is spoken of as Ananta. He has a thousand hoods and he is clearly bedecked in Svastika ornaments devoid of impurities. He illuminates all quarters by thousand jewels on his hoods.

— Brahma Purana,Chapter 19

TheKamba Ramayanadescribes the role of Vasuki in theSamudra Manthana:

The devas and the asuras decided to get Amṛta (Ambrosia—the celestial honey of immortalily) by churning the sea of milk. The Devas went to bring Mandara-mountain, to be used as the churning rod. Their attempt was futile. The asuras made a trial with the same result. The Bhūtagaṇas (Guards) of Śiva also made a vain attempt. On the instruction of Viṣṇu, Garuḍa went and brought the mountain as easily as an eagle takes away a frog. Now Vāsuki should be brought. The Devas and Gandharvas failed in that attempt also. Garuḍa who was haughty of his strength and speed, went to the city of the nāgas (serpents) and requested Vāsuki to come to the sea of Milk. Vāsuki replied that if the matter was so urgent he had no objection for being carried to that place. He took the middle part of Vāsuki in his beak and flew up higher and higher and reached beyond the horizon. Still the lower half of Vāsuki was lying on the ground. So he took Vāsuki in his beak as folded in two. Still the result was the same. Garuḍa became aware of the impossibility of carrying Vāsuki and returned, ashamed and disappointed. Viṣṇu rebuked him for his arrogance. After this, Śiva stretched his hand to Pātāla. Vāsuki became a small bangle on that hand. Thus Vāsuki was brought to the shore of the sea of Milk.

— Kambar,Ramayana,Yuddha Kanda

TheDevi Bhagavata Puranadescribes the legend of Manasa:

Manasā is the mind-born daughter of Maharṣi Kaśyapa; hence she is named Manasā; or it may be She who plays with the mind is Manasā. Or it may be She who meditates on God with her mind and gets rapture in Her meditation of God is named Manasā. She finds pleasure in Her Own Self, the great devotee of Viṣṇu, a Siddha Yoginī. For three Yugas She worshipped Śrī Kṛṣṇa and then She became a Siddha Yoginī. Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Lord of the Gopīs, seeing the body of Manasā lean and thin due to austerities, or seeing her worn out like the Muni Jarat Kāru called her by the name of Jarat Kāru. Hence Her name has come also to be Jarat Kāru. Kṛṣṇa, the Ocean of Mercy, gave her out of kindness, Her desired boon; She worshipped Him and Śrī Kṛṣṇa also worshipped Her. Devī Manasā is known in the Heavens, in the abode of the Nāgas (serpents), in earth, in Brahmāloka, in all the worlds as of very fair colour, beautiful and charming. She is named Jagad Gaurī as she is of a very fair colour in the world. Her other name is Śaivī and she is the disciple of Śiva. She is named Vaiṣṇavī as she is greatly devoted to Viṣṇu. She saved the Nāgas in the Snake Sacrifice performed by Pariksit, she is named Nageśvarī and Nāga Bhaginī and She is capable to destroy the effects of poison. She is called Viṣahari. She got the Siddha yoga from Mahādeva; hence She is named Siddha Yoginī

— Devi Bhagavata Purana,Chapter 47

Buddhism

MucalindashelteringGautama Buddha(Buddha inNaga Prok attitude) atWat Phra That Doi SuthepinChiang Mai,Thailand.

As in Hinduism, the Buddhist nāga generally has sometimes been portrayed as a human being with a snake or dragon extending over his head.One nāga, in human form, attempted to become a monk, and when telling it that such ordination was impossible, the Buddha told it how to ensure that it would be reborn a human, and so able to become a monk.

The nagas are believed to both live onNagaloka,among the other minor deities and in various parts of the human-inhabited earth. Some of them are water-dwellers, living in streams or the ocean; others are earth-dwellers, living in caverns.

The nagas are the followers ofVirūpākṣa(Pāli: Virūpakkha), one of theFour Heavenly Kingswho guards the western direction. They act as guards upon Mount Sumeru, protecting thedēvasofTrāyastriṃśafrom attacks by theasuras.

Among the notable nagas of Buddhist tradition isMucalinda,nagarajaand protector of the Buddha. In the Vinaya Sutra (I, 3), shortly after his enlightenment, the Buddha is meditating in a forest when a great storm arises, but graciously, King Mucalinda gives shelter to the Buddha from the storm by covering the Buddha's head with his seven snake heads.Then the king takes the form of a youngBrahminand renders the Buddha homage.

In theVajrayānaandMahāsiddhatraditions,nagas in their half-human form are depicted holding a nagas-jewel,kumbhasofamrita,or atermathat had been elementally encoded by adepts. InTibetan Buddhism,nagas are known askluorklu-moand they are associated with water and cleanliness, as they live in oceans, rivers, lakes, and springs, and do not want their environments to be disturbed or polluted.

The two chief disciples of the Buddha,SariputtaandMoggallānaare both referred to asMahānāgaor "Great nāga".Some of the most important figures in Buddhist history symbolize nagas in their names such asDignāga,Nāgāsēna,and, although other etymons are assigned to his name,Nāgārjuna.

Literature

Nāga at the steps of a building in theWat Phra KaewinBangkok.

TheNāga Saṃyuttaof thePali Canonconsists ofsuttasspecifically devoted to explaining nature of the nagas.

In the "Devadatta" chapter of theLotus Sutra,the daughter of the dragon king, an eight year oldlongnü( long nữ,nāgakanyā), after listening toMañjuśrīpreach the Lotus Sutra, transforms into a male Bodhisattva and immediately reaches full enlightenment.Some say this tale appears to reinforce the viewpoint prevalent in Mahayana scriptures that a male body is required for Buddhahood, even if a being is so advanced in realization that they can magically transform their body at will and demonstrate the emptiness of the physical form itself.However, many schools of Buddhism and classical, seminal Chinese exegeses interpret the story to repudiate this viewpoint, stating the story demonstrates that women can attain Buddhahood in their current form.

According to tradition, the Prajñapāramita sutras had been given by the Buddha to a great nāga who guarded them in the sea, and were conferred upon Nāgārjuna later.

InTibetan Buddhistliterature, nagas are portrayed as guardians or owners of submerged treasure, which can be mere wealth or supernatural, "spiritual" treasures.

Other traditions

InThailandandJava,the nāga is a wealthyunderworlddeity. ForMalaysailors, nagas are a type of dragon with many heads. InLaosthey are beaked water serpents.InTibet,they are said to be found in waterways and underground locations, and are susceptible to the suffering caused by human carelessness towards the natural environment.

Sri Lanka

A granitenagarajaguardstone from Sri Lanka.

TheNaga peoplewere believed to be an ancienttribeand origins ofSri Lanka.According toV. Kanakasabhai,the Oliyar,Parathavar,Maravar,and Eyinar, who were widespread acrossSouth IndiaandNorth-East Sri Lanka,are all Naga tribes.There are references to them in several ancient texts such asMahavamsa,Manimekalai,and also in otherSanskritandPali literature.They are generally represented as a class of superhumans taking the form of serpents who inhabit a subterranean world. Texts such as Manimekalai represent them as persons in human form.

Cambodia

Cambodian seven-headed nāga at theRoyal PalaceinPhnom Penh.

Stories of nāgas (Khmer:នាគ,néak) have been part ofKhmersociety for thousands of years, dating back to theFunan era(នគរភ្នំ). According to reports from two Chinese envoys,Kang Taiand Zhu Ying, the state ofFunanwas established in the 1st century CE when an Indian prince namedKaundinya I(កៅណ្ឌិន្យទី១) married a nāga princess namedSoma(សោមាកូនព្រះចន្ទsaômakon preah chan; "Soma, daughter of the moon god"; Chinese:Liuye;"Willow Leaf" ). The couple is symbolized in the story ofPreah Thong and Neang Neak. As the legend goes, Kaundinya received instruction in a dream to take a magic bow from a temple and defeat Soma, the nāga princess and daughter of the nāga king. During the ensuing battle, they fell in love and later married, establishing the royal lineage of the Funan dynasty. Kaundinya subsequently constructed the capital city ofVyadhapura,and the kingdom became known asKambujadeśaorCambodia(កម្ពុជា,Kampuchea). The love story between Kaundinya and Soma is the foundation for many standard practices in modern-day Khmer culture, including wedding ceremonies and other rituals. The Khmer people regard themselves as descendants of the nagas and many still believe the nāga exist today, destined to one day return and restore prosperity to their people.

Although wars, nature, and the passage of time destroyed many temples from the Funan era, nāgas can still be seen in ancient temples dating to theChenlaandAngkoreras. For instance, the temple now called "The Coiled Nāgas Temple" (ប្រាសាទនាគព័ន្ធ,PrasatNeak Poan) was previously named, "Emperor's Wealth Temple" (ប្រាសាទរាជ្យស្រីPrasat Reach Srey).

In Khmer culture, nāgas symbolize rain, and represent a bridge between the mortal realm (ឋានមនុស្ស) and the realm ofdevas(Heaven;ឋានទេវតា/ឋានសួគ៌). They have the ability to transform into half or fully human and act as protectors against invisible forces, deities, or malicious intentions. Furthermore,Cambodiannāgas possess numerological symbolism based on the number of their heads. Odd-headed nāgas embody masculinity, infinity, timelessness, and immortality, since all odd numbers derives from the number one (១). Even-headed nāgas denote femininity, physicality, mortality, temporality, and theEarth.Odd headed nāgas are believed to represent immortality and are carved and used throughout Cambodia.

Odd-Headed Nāga (name, origin, and connotations):

-1 Headed Nāga:Mostly seen in modern days, carved on objects for protection in temples, monasteries, king's places and residences of deity (អទីទេព).

Symbolizes,that even if everything in this world is gone, there's still this Nāga left bringing victory and happiness to all.

-3 Kalyak:Born between the mortal and divine realms, they live at the bottom of the ocean as guardians of wealth, often depicted as evil (nothing to do with the symbolism).

Symbolizes,the HinduTrimurti;(leftVishnu,middleShiva,rightBrahma) and the three realms - heaven (devas' realm), earth (mortal realm), and hell (norok realm). In Buddhism, the central head representsBuddha,the rightDharmaand the left the monks.

-5 Anontak/Sesak:Born from the earthly elements, they are immortals.

Symbolizes,the 5 directions; East, West, North, South and Middle (Gangariver,Indusriver,Yamunariver,Brahmaputrariver (Brahma's Son River),Sarasvatiriver). In Buddhism, the 5 heads represent the 5 Buddhas - Kadabak, Kunsontho, Koneakumno, Samnak KoudomGautama Buddha,and Seare Metrey.

-7 Muchlentak:Originated from theHimalayas,they bring peace and prosperity to humans. They control the seven oceans and seven mountains called 'Seytontaraksatakboriphorn.' ShelteredGautama Buddhafor 7 days and 7 nights (Mucalinda). Often depicted as guardian statues, carved as balustrades on causeways leading to main temples, such as those found inAngkor Wat.They also represent the seven races within Naga society, which has a mythological, or symbolic, association with "the seven colors of the rainbow."

Symbolizes,the Sun, the Moon and five other planets; ចន្ទ (Moon)[also Monday] អង្គារ (Mars)[Tuesday] ពុធ (Mercury)[Wednesday] ព្រហស្បតិ៍ (Jupiter)[Thursday] សុក្រ (Venus)[Friday] សៅរ៍ (Saturn)[Saturday] អាទិត្យ (Sun)[Sunday].

-9 Vasukak:The king who rules the Earth (Vasuki). When carved on both sides, the front heads represent reincarnation and behind represent death.

Symbolizes,the power of the nine immortals of the universe - power of the lightning and thunder of the East (ទិសបូព៌ា), power of the fire of the Southeast (ទិសអាគ្នេយ៍), power of the law and order of the South (ទិសខាងត្បូង), power of the spirits and demonic creatures of the Southwest (ទិសនារតី), power of the rain of the West (ទិសខាងលិច), power of the wind of the Northwest (ទិសពាយព្យ), power of the wealth and aesthetic of the North (ទិសឧត្តរ), power of destruction of the Northeast (ទិសឥសាន្ត), power ofBrahma(creation and preservation) in the middle (កណ្តាល).

In the Vedas andShramanism,there are four different Nāga races:

1. Primitive Dragons such as the European dragon who can spit fire.
2. The Spiritual Dragons who are the guardians of wealth, protecting treasure in the ocean. They can take on a half human form.
3. The Divine Nāgas, who can travel to heaven, came fromLord Indra's realm (the divine realm). They can take on a full human form.
4. The Supreme and Divine Nāgas, likeVasukithe follower ofLord Shiva,who alone can fight the entireGaruḍarace.

All of them have great powers and can set off storms, rain, tempest and create lands from the sea.

Indonesia

Crowned golden nāga-woodcarving atKeraton Yogyakarta,Java.

InJavanese,Sundanese,andBalinese culture,Indonesia,a nāga is depicted as a crowned, giant, magical serpent, sometimes winged. It is similarly derived from theShiva-Hinduism tradition, merged with Javaneseanimism.The nāga in Indonesia mainly derived and influenced by Indic tradition, combined with the native animism tradition of sacred serpents. In Sanskrit, the termnāgaliterally means snake, but in Java it normally refer to serpent deity, associated with water and fertility. InBorobudur,the nagas are depicted in their human form, but elsewhere they are depicted in animal shape.

Early depictions of circa-9th-century Central Java closely resembled Indic nāga which was based on imagery ofcobras.During this period, nāga-serpents were depicted as giant cobras supporting the waterspout ofyoni-lingam.The examples of nāga-sculpture can be found in several Javanesecandis,includingPrambanan,Sambisari,Ijo,andJawi.In East Java, thePenatarantemple complex contain aCandi Nāga,an unusual nāga-temple with its Hindu-Javanesecaryatidsholding corpulent nagas aloft.

Crowned nāga flanked the stairs entrance ofPura Jagatkarta.

The later depiction since the 15th century, however, was slightly influenced by Chinese dragon imagery—although unlike its Chinese counterparts, Javanese and Balinese nagas do not have legs. Nāga as the lesser deity of earth and water is prevalent in theHindu periodof Indonesia, before the introduction of Islam.

InBalinesetradition, nagas are often depicted battlinggaruḍas.Intricately carved nagas are found as stairs railings in bridges or stairs, such as those found inBalinese temples,Ubudmonkey forest, andTaman Sariin Yogyakarta.

In awayangtheater story, a snake-like god (nāga) named Sanghyang Anantaboga orAntabogais a guardian deity in the bowels of the earth.nagas symbolize the nether realm of earth or underworld.

Laos

The Nāga (Lao:ພະຍານາກ) is believed to live in theLaotianstretch of theMekongor its estuaries. Lao mythology maintains that the nagas are the protectors ofVientiane,and by extension, the Lao state. The association with nagas was most clearly articulated during and immediately after the reign ofAnouvong.An important poem from this periodSan Leupphasun(Lao:ສານລຶພສູນ) discusses relations between Laos and Thailand in a veiled manner, using the Nāga and theGaruḍato represent the Lao and the Thai, respectively.The Nāga is incorporated extensively into Lao iconography, and features prominently in Lao culture throughout the length of the country, not only in Vientiane.

Thailand

Phaya NakorPhaya Nāga(Thai:พญานาค;RTGS:phaya nak;lit. 'lord of Nāga',phayaderived fromMonwhich meanhigh nobility) or Nakkharat (Thai:นาคราช;lit. 'king of Nāga') in Thai beliefs, nagas are considered the patrons of water. Nagas are believed to live in either water bodies or in caves. According to a popular legend, theMekong Riverinnorth-eastern ThailandandLaoswas said to be created by twoNāga kingsslithering through the area, thus creating the Mekong and the nearbyNan River.The Mekong is synonymous with theunexplained fireballs phenomenonwhich has long been believed to be created by the nagas that dwell in the river.Common explanations of their sightings have been attributed tooarfish,elongated fish with red crests; however, these are exclusively marine and usually live at great depths.

In November 2022, the Thai government declared the Naga as thenational symbol of Thailand,with the aim of promoting Thai culture and traditions and increasing the country's cultural capital to drive the creative economy. The Naga is a mythical creature with long-standing beliefs and connections to the Thai people, and its designation as a national symbol is a significant step towards preserving and promoting Thai culture. The National Culture Commission and theFine Arts Departmentdeveloped a prototype image of the Naga that accurately represents Thai beliefs and traditions related to the creature. The prototype image features the four families of Nagas, each with its unique color, and the largest Naga, Nak Vasuki (Thai:นาควาสุกรี), who is related to Buddhism and the Thai monarchy, The Naga is also believed to be a symbol of water and fertility and serves as a guardian of Buddhism.

Due to the strong relation with everything water, the Nāga in Thai belief also plays a role in rain control. The concept ofNak hai nam(Thai:นาคให้น้ำ;lit. Nāga granting water) is used for annual rainfall prediction. It is still practiced nowadays, most notably during theRoyal Ploughing Ceremony.The oracle ranges from1 nak hai nam(1 Nāga granted water); meaning that abundant rainfall should be observed that year, to maximum7 nak hai nam(7 nagas granted water); meaning there might not be adequate rainfall that year.

In northern Thailand, theSinghanavatiKingdom had a strong connection with nagas. The kingdom was believed to be built with aids of nagas, and thus, nagas were highly reverend by the royal family. The kingdom, for a period of time, was renamedYonok Nāga Rāj(lit.Yonokthenagaraja)

The nagas are also highly revered. TheBuddhist templesand palaces are often adorned with various nagas. The termNāgais also present in variousThai architectureterms including thenak sadung(นาคสะดุ้ง, the outer roof finial component featuring Nāga-like structure), and thenak than(นาคทันต์, thecorbelwith Nāga-shape).Moreover, nagas are sometimes linked to medicine. The nagaVasukiis present in the legend of theSamudra Manthana,in whichDhanvantari(god ofAyurveda) andamrita(the elixir of eternal life) were churned from theOcean of Milk.The nagas can also be founded substituting thesnakesin eitherRod of Asclepiusor mistakenlyCaduceusof several medical institutions' symbols. The former seal ofFaculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University,and the seal of Society of Medical Student Thailand are some notable examples using the Caduceus with nagas' presence instead of snakes.

Folklore

Thai folkloreholds the Phaya nagas to be semi-divine, demi-creatures, which possess supernatural powers as has been described inBuddhistandHindu cosmology.The "Kamchanod Forest"(ป่าคำชะโนด;RTGS:Pa Khamchanot)Ban Dung district,Udon Thani province,which is held in high reverence and fear across Thailand, is believed to be the border between the human world and the netherworld, and is frequently depicted in Thai folklore as the site of many hauntings, but more frequently is considered to be the home of the Nāga.

According toShanfolklore ofNánzhào Kingdom(now southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries, which was centered on present-dayYúnnánin China), the Nāga inhabited theĚrhǎi lakeand is the creator of theMekong.InChina,the Nāga (Chinese:Na già) is generally more considered to be a dragon.

Appearance

Many people, particularly inIsan(the north-eastern region of Thailand), believe that the nagas are responsible for unnatural wave phenomena occurring in the rivers or lakes in the vicinity. It is also frequently claimed that the serpent-like demigods are responsible for marks on common objects, such ascar hoodsor house walls.

A police office has also claimed to be in contact with the Nāga, although the implications of this contact is not thoroughly explained.

In attempts to explain these phenomena, scientists and researchers at the Faculty of Science of Chulalongkorn University have attributed these seemingly preternatural phenomena tostanding wavesin water, and posit that the existence of the Phaya Nāga is similar to belief inLoch Ness Monsterin Scotland orOgopogoin Canada, and further maintain that the serpent-like tracks of the Phaya Nāga are very possibly forged by humans.

• 
  Head of Nāga sculpture inSongkhla Province.
• 
  A sign featuring Nāgas by theMekong River,Nong Khai Province,Thailand: Nāgas and the Mekong are strongly associated in local beliefs.
• 
  Illustration ofRoyal Barge Anantanakkharat,1873.
• 
  Royal Barge AnantanakkharatatNational Museum of Royal Barges,Bangkok.
• 
  Nāga sculpture atSuvarnabhumi airport.
• 
  Nāga,Himmapananimal on Royal CrematoriumKing Rama IX.
• 
  Garuḍadevouring Nāga, atWat Phra Kaew.

Malaysia

Further information:Lake Chini

In Malay and Orang Asli traditions, the lake Chini, located inPahangis home to a Nāga called Sri Gumum. Depending on legend versions, her predecessor Sri Pahang or her son left the lake and later fought a Nāga called Sri Kemboja. Kemboja is the Malay name for Cambodia. Like the Nāga-legends there, there are stories about an ancient empire in lake Chini, although the stories are not linked to the Nāga-legends.

Philippines

Main article:Bakunawa

Bakunawahilt from a Visayan (Panay)tenegresword.

The indigenousBakunawa,a serpent-like moon-eating creature inPhilippine mythology,wassyncretizedwith the Nāga. It is believed to be the cause ofeclipses,earthquakes,rains, and wind.The movements of thebakunawaserved as ageomanticcalendarsystem for ancient Filipinos and were part of theshamanisticrituals of thebabaylan.It is usually depicted with a characteristically looped tail and was variously believed to inhabit either the sea, the sky, or theunderworld. However, the bakunawa may have also syncretized with the Hindu deities,RahuandKetu,thenavagrahaofeclipses.

Examples

• Adishesha,on whomVishnuis inyoga nidra(Ananta shayana)
• Vasuki,the king of nagas and who coils overShiva's neckand offered to serve as the rope to pullMount Mandarain theSamudra Manthana(Churning of the Ocean of Milk) to release theamrita(nectar of the immortality).
• Kaliya,a snake conquered byKrishna
• Manasa,the Hindu goddess of Nagas and curer of snake-bite and sister ofVasuki
• Takshaka,the tribal king of the nagas
• Ulupi,a companion ofArjunain theepicMahabharata
• Karkotaka,a naga king in Indian mythology who controls weather, that lived in a forest nearNishadha Kingdomand bit Nala at the request of Indra controls weather
• Mucalinda,a nāga in Buddhism who protected the Gautama Buddha from the elements after his enlightenment
• Padmavati,the Nāgī queen & companion ofDharanendra
• Apalala,Nāga in Buddhist mythology
• Shwe Nabay(Naga Medaw), a goddess or aNatspirit inBurmese animisticmythology, who is believed to have married a Naga and died from heartbreak after he left her
• Paravataksha,his sword causes earthquakes and his roar caused thunder.
• Naga Seri Gumum,who lives inTasik Chini,a freshwater lake inPahang, Malaysia
• Yulong, theDragon King of the West Seain the Chinese classical novelJourney to the West,becomes a naga after completing his journey withXuanzang
• Bakunawa,a dragon in Philippine mythology that is often represented as a gigantic sea serpent. Nagas are also present inKapampanganpolytheistic beliefs, such as Lakandanum. (SeeDeities of Philippine mythology.)
• Antaboga,the world serpent in Javanese and Balinese mythology of Indonesia, who created theworld turtleBedawang where the world resides on its back

In popular culture

Film and television

• SeveralBollywoodfilms have been made about female nagas, includingNagin(1954),Nagin(1976),Nagina(1986),Nigahen(1989),Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani(2002),andHisss(2010).Naga also appear in television series such asNaaginn(2007-2009),Naagin(2015) andAdhuri Kahaani Hamari(2015-2016).
• In the 1998 filmJungle Boy,the Naga is depicted as a largecobradeity that grants the gift of understanding all languages to those who are pure of heart and punishes those who are not pure of heart in different ways.
• In the 1999 Telugu filmDevi,a Nagini played byPremacomes to Earth to protect a woman who saves her when she was in the snake form. She eventually falls in love with a human.
• The Nagas are antagonists in the cartoonThe Secret Saturdays.They served the ancient SumeriancryptidKur and attempted to push Zak Saturday into the dark side after learning that he was Kur reincarnated, but eventually served V. V. Argost when he gained his own Kur powers.
• Manylakorn(Thai television soap operas) are based on a Phaya Naga legend, such asPoot Mae Nam Khong(ภูติแม่น้ำโขง) in 2008,Manisawat(มณีสวาท) in 2013,orNakee(นาคี) in 2016.
• A search for the Phaya Naga was recently featured in aDestination Truthepisode on theSyFy(formerly Sci-Fi Channel) series in Series 01 (episode 02).
• The dragons in the 2021 filmRaya and the Last Dragonare based on the Phaya Naga.
• A serpent god named Nāga is featured in the 2021 animated filmBatman: Soul of the Dragon.

Literature

• Naga are featured inThe Silent Bells,the fourth book inN. D. Wilson'sAshtown Burialsseries.
• The Japanese anime and manga series,Slayers(1989), has a principal character namedNaga the Serpent(introduced in 1990).
• InJ. K. Rowling'sWizarding World,Naginiis one ofVoldemort'shorcruxesin theHarry Potterseries and a Maledictus, a carrier of blood curse, in the 2018 filmFantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindlewald.Her curse allows her to change into a snake and back into a human, but her snake form eventually becomes permanent.
• In theXanth seriesbyPiers Anthony,the Naga are a race of human-headed serpents that can transform between fully human and serpent forms, including any species and size of snake.

Games

• Nagas appear in theDungeons & Dragonsroleplaying game,depicted as massive serpents with human heads.
• The Nagas appear in the multiple franchises byBlizzard Entertainment.InWarcraft,they are depicted as ancient night elves that have snake-like tails in place of legs, and have other serpentine or aquatic features such as scales and fins. The Nagas came to be when they were transformed from the ancient night elves by the Old Gods. Their queen Azshara is described as a demigoddess. The digital card gameHearthstoneincorporated Naga as a minion type in its Battlegrounds game mode on May 10, 2022.
• Nagas also appear inThe Battle for Wesnoth,and are depicted as a more snakelike counterpart to the merfolk, who are often their enemies.
• Magic: The Gathering's2014–2015 block, set on the plane of Tarkir, featured Naga as humanoid snakes versed in powerful venoms and poisons with two arms and no other appendages. They are aligned with the Sultai clan in the sets,Khans of TarkirandFate Reforged,and with the Silumgar clan in theDragons of Tarkirset.
• Nagas are units inHeroes of Might and Magic III.
• Gigabashfeatures Rawa, a bipedal Phaya Naga inspiredkaijuamong its playable cast of creatures.

Gallery

• 
  Naga and Nagini inBhubaneswar,Odisha
• 
  Naga on copper pillar inKullu,Himachal Pradesh India
• 
  Naga king in Anjali mudra in Deogarh temple, Madhya Pradesh
• 
  Maninaga and Svastika. Kushan period, 2nd century CE,Rajgir,Bihar
• 
  Naga (marked 15) in the Varaha panel atUdayagiri Caves
• 
  Tirthankara Parshvanatha of Jainism standing under Naga hood
• 
  Naga supporting waterspout of Yoni-Lingam,YogyakartaJava, c. 9th century
• 
  Naga temple,Penataran,East Java
• 
  Naga bridge atUbudmonkey forest, Bali
• 
  Naga guardingAnouvong'sWat SisaketinVientiane
• 
  Sesa Naga at Bangkok international airport, Thailand
• 
  Naga at the funeral of KingBhumibol Adulyadejof Thailand in 2017

See also

• Ichchadhari naag and naagin (shape-shifting cobra)
• Lamia
• List of Nāgas
• Mahoraga
• Naga Kingdom
• Naga Viper pepper
• Naga people (Lanka)
• Nagarjuna
• Nagvanshi
• Phra Lak Phra Lam
• Rocket Festival
• Serpent (symbolism)
• Snake worship
• Vritra

Further reading

• Béer, Robert (1999),The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs,Shambhala,ISBN978-1-57062-416-2,archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2022,retrieved7 November2020
• Müller-Ebeling, Claudia; Rätsch, Christian; Shahi, Surendra Bahadur (2002),Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas,Inner Traditions,ISBN978-0-89281-913-3
• Maehle, Gregor (2007),Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy,New World Library,ISBN978-1-57731-606-0
• Norbu, Chögyal Namkhai (1999),The Crystal and The Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen,Snow Lion Publications,ISBN1-55939-135-9
• Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2004),Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya,Indus Publishing,ISBN978-81-7387-161-0,archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2022,retrieved15 September2016
• Visser, Marinus Willem de (1913),The dragon in China and Japan,Amsterdam:J. Müller
• Vogel, J. Ph. (1926),Indian serpent-lore; or, The Nāgas in Hindu legend and art,London, A. Probsthain,ISBN978-81-206-1071-2,retrieved9 November2023

External links

• Nagiana(a site dedicated to Nāga ancestors)
• nagas in the Pali Canon
• nagas
• Image of a Seven-Headed Nāga
• nagas and Serpents
• Depictions of Nagasin the area of Angkor Wat in Cambodia
• nagas and Naginis: Serpent Figures in Hinduism and Buddhism
• Mekong River Commission paper on eels
• Dr. Kanoksilpa, a pediatrician at Nong Khai hospital, studied this phenomenon for four years and concludes the most likely explanation to be seasonal accumulations of methane gas