Wikipedia

NLAW

"RB 57" and "MBT-LAW" redirect here. For the aircraft series, seeRB-57 Canberra.For other weapons designated LAW, seeLight anti-tank weapon (disambiguation).

TheSaab Bofors Dynamics NLAW(pronounced:enn-LAH,/ˈɛnlɔː/), also known as theMBT LAWorRB 57,is afire-and-forget,lightweightshoulder-fired,and disposable (single-use)line of sight(LOS)missilesystem, designed forinfantryuse. The missile uses asoft-launch systemand is guided bypredicted line of sight(PLOS). It can carry out an overflytop attack(OTA) on an armoured vehicle, or a direct attack (DA) on structures and non-armoured vehicles.

NLAW
NLAW at aSaab Bofors Dynamicsexhibition stall
TypeAnti-tank guided missile
Place of origin
Service history
In service2009–present[5]
Used bySee§ Operators
Wars
Production history
DesignerSaab Bofors Dynamics[5]
Designed1999–2008[4][7]
Manufacturer
Unit costUS$30,000–40,000 (domestic cost, FY 2008)[10][11][12]
Produced2008–present[4][7]
No.built24,200+[13][14]
Specifications
Mass12.5 kg (28 lb)[15]
Length102 cm (3 ft 4 in)[4]
Diameter150 mm (5.9 in)[4]
Crew1[16]
Calibre
  • 115 mm (4.5 in) missile body
  • 150 mm (5.9 in) warhead[5]
Muzzle velocity
Effective firing range
Maximum firing range1,000 m (3,300 ft)[4][7]
Sights2.5xtelescopic sightwithnight vision[2][17]
WarheadHEAT[4]
Warhead weight1.8 kg (4.0 lb)[18]
Detonation
mechanism
Proximity fuze(Overfly Top Attack)[15]
Contact fuze(Direct Attack)[15]
Blast yield>500 mm (20 in) armour penetration[15]
Guidance
system
PLOS (Predicted Line Of Sight)[15]
Launch
platform
Man-portable launcher[4]

The system was developed in Sweden by prime contractorSaab Bofors Dynamics,on behalf of theBritishandSwedish defence authoritieswho procured the system in ajoint venture.It was mainly produced in the United Kingdom by Team MBT LAW UK, which included 14subcontractors,most notablyThales Air Defence.Users of the weapon includeFinland,Indonesia,Luxembourg,Malaysia,Sweden,Switzerland,Ukraine,and theUnited Kingdom.

Etymology

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The name "NLAW" initially referred to the original British development programme which Saab won the contract for with the "MBT LAW".[15][17][19]NLAW stands forNext-generation Light Anti-tank WeaponorNext-Generation Light Anti-armour Weapon.The N is short for "Next generation"[15]or "Next-generation",[2]while LAW is an abbreviation of "Light Anti-tank Weapon"[2][15]or "Light Anti-Armour Weapon".[8][20]MBT LAW stands forMain Battle Tank Light Anti-armour Weapon.[15]NLAW has since development become the international designation of the weapon, while MBT LAW exists as a designation for the weapon in the British Army.[15]

The name "RB 57" derives from the weapon's designation in Swedish service –robot 57( "guided missile 57" ) – which has the abbreviationrb 57.[21][5][15]At times the specified formpansarvärnsrobot 57( "anti-armour guided missile 57" ),pvrb 57for short, can also be found.[22][23]The 5 indicates its missile class and the 7 indicates its consecutive number in that class (robot 57= 7th missile of the 5th class).[citation needed]

Overview

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In 1997, the BritishDefence Procurement Agency(DPA) began issuinginvitations to tenderfor a newman-portable anti-tank weapon,to replace the obsolescent BritishLAW 80s.[8]SwedishBoforsof the Celsius Group (later bought bySaab AB),[24]AmericanLockheed Martin,and GermanDynamit Nobelreplied with offers; due to the limited spots of the NLAW-trials come January 2001, only the two former were rewarded with Project Definition Phase contracts in 1999. Bofors began development of the so-called MBT LAW the same year.[16][25]

British soldiers firing an NLAW

In May 2002,[26]Saab Bofors Dynamics' MBT LAW was selected as winner overMatra BAe Dynamics' Kestrel (the British derivative of Lockheed Martin'sFGM-172 SRAW) in the NLAW-trials. In June, amemorandum of understanding(MoU) was signed between the British DPA and theSwedish Defence Materiel Administration(FMV), who also showed interest in the system.[16][25]Accordingly, the NLAW-programme became a British–Swedishjoint venture(primarily led by the DPA) assigned to Saab Bofors Dynamics (full development and production).[8][20]

It was developed in Sweden and produced in the United Kingdom, with final assembly done by subcontractorThales Air Defence.The contract signed in June 2002, between Saab and the two defence authorities, was worth approximately 4.8 billionSEK,including development and serial production; Sweden's share in the serial production was estimated at one billion SEK.[27]

With the finalising of agreements between Sweden and the United Kingdom in 2003,[23]the development of the system continued until 2008, when it entered production in the UK.[4]Deliveries of the weapon began in December 2008; it entered the service of the Swedish, Finnish and British armed forces the following year.[5][19]It has been estimated that the UK requirement for theBritish Armed Forceswas for 14,000 units, or more; it replaced the obsolescent LAW 80 system and the ILAW (AT4CS) which was used as a substitute until its deployment.[8][19]In 2005, the Swedish government placed a first order for 2,000 units from Saab.[13]Finland has placed three orders between 2007 and 2017, for a total of 3,000 units.[13][18]This was followed by Luxembourg,[28]Indonesia,[14]Malaysia,[29]and Switzerland.[30]As of 16 March 2022, the United Kingdom confirmed that it had delivered more than 4,000 of their NLAWs to the Ukrainian military, to be used against Russia during the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[31]

Development

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Research for a new Swedish lightanti-tank guided missilebegan in the 1990s by theSwedish Armed Forces,for itsmechanized infantrywhich were lacking both tanks andanti-tank warfareweapons. Initially, the project focused on creating as simple and cost-effective a system as possible; after some analysis, the need for a man-portable anti-tank weapon with great effectiveness at short to mid-range emerged.[23]

In October 1999, the British DPA awarded Bofors (later Saab Bofors Dynamics) with a product definition order to procure a weapon prototype within 22 months, corresponding to the requirements of the British NLAW-programme:[8]To be able to hit a moving target at 400 m (1,300 ft) and a stationary target at 600 m (2,000 ft), with a maximum weight of 12.5 kg (28 lb);[25]some of the requirements later made by the Swedish FMV were a loweredbackblast area,a minimum effective range of 20 metres, and an environmental adaptation for international operations.[20]Saab Bofors Dynamics, the DPA, and the FMV each paid a third of the assessment-phase cost for the MBT LAW,[25]of £18 million.[16]The FMV invested additional money during the NLAW-trials, while the DPA ceased further funding until a contract was signed.[25]

The project gained momentum in 2002–2003 after being selected by the British and Swedish defence authorities,[16][23]meeting the demanding requirements from both nations.[32][27]Both launcher and missile development was done by Saab Bofors Dynamics inEskilstunaandKarlskoga,Sweden, using technology derived from earlier Bofors systems; such as theRBS 56B BILL 2(warhead and guidance) and AT4 CS (confined space capability),[26]as well as some further developments.[25]The United Kingdom and Sweden shared the development costs.[33]Full production and delivery was expected to begin by the end of 2006, with the development phase "nearing its end" in 2005 according to Nick Moore (DPA).[17]However, as a result of qualification failures in the tests of November 2006,[8]it was delayed until 2008.[7][19]Due to the similar requirements made by the Swedish and British defence authorities, the weapon comes with only minor differences in appearance.[17]It uses a singleshaped-chargewarhead, as opposed to other comparable missiles that have atandem warhead.[15]

Saab, who also develops the system software, announced in 2015 that they had been able to optimise the guidance system by fine-tuning itspredicted line of sight.An effective range of 800 m (2,600 ft) and up against stationary targets was demonstrated in April 2014.[7][16]An effective range of 600 m (2,000 ft) against moving targets has also been reported.[18]

Production

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A member of the UK 2nd Battalion,Parachute Regiment,firing an NLAW

As jobs are often the focus of large material orders, a requirement by the British DPA for signing a contract with the winner was that the production of the system would occur in the United Kingdom. For this reason, Saab Bofors Dynamics contracted UK-based Thales Air Defence ahead of the NLAW-programme—while Lockheed Martin contracted Matra BAe Dynamics. To produce the system, Saab and Thales went on to create Team MBT LAW UK which included 14 subcontractors.[25]As per the agreements signed between the United Kingdom and Sweden in 2002–2003,[32]manufacturing occurred mostly in the UK, with final assembly and test done at the Thales Air Defence facilities inBelfast,Northern Ireland.[16][26]The weapon went into full production in 2008. The final cost for the MBT LAW contract since the beginning of the NLAW-programme, including the assessment phase, development, and manufacture-license, ended up at approximately £400–437 million.[16][19]

Team MBT LAW UK, which provided components for the system, included:Thales Air Defence(final assembly);BAE Systems Avionics(inertial measurement unit); NP Aerospace (plastic and composite mouldings); FR-HiTemp (control finsandactuators);Raytheon Systems(electronics assemblies); Skeldings (special purpose springs); Thales Missile Electronics (proximity fuze); MetalWeb;BAE Systems RO Defence;EPS Logistics Technology; Express Engineering; Portsmouth Aviation; ICINobel Enterprises;Leafield Engineering.[16]The missile's warhead is made in Switzerland by Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland Ltd.[34]

More than 24,200 units have been produced.[13]Depending on which source, it costs: £20,000 (2008);[8]US$30,000 (2022);[10]US$33,000 (2022);[11]US$40,000 (2022).[12]Each unit has a shelf life of around 20 years.[15]

Operation

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Finnish soldiers simulate the OTA mode on a BMP-2 in a combat demonstration

The NLAW is a man-portable,soft-launch,andconfined-spaces(saltwater countermass) system,[32]allowing the missile to be fired from almost anywhere; the operator can safely fire through any window of a room no bigger than 4 x 2.5 x 2.5 m (high).[8]The missile is first shot out of the launcher with a low-powered ignition system, after which its main rocket ignites and propels it to the target. Guidance uses apredicted line of sight (PLOS)system. For a moving target, the operator maintains tracking for at least 2–3 seconds. The software embedded in the missile'sINSrecords the operator's aiming movement and extrapolates the flight path needed to intercept the target. After launch, the missile flies autonomously along the pre-programmed flight path, controlled by aninertial guidance system.[4][32][35]The system weighs 12.5 kg (28 lb), with a rocket weight of 6.5 kg (14 lb); the mass of the warhead is 1.8 kg (4.0 lb).[18]It is unnecessary for the operator to consider the target distance (so long as it is within range), or to stay exposed whilst the missile is in the air (fire-and-forget).[36]

Against tanks and other armoured vehicles, the overfly top attack (OTA) mode is used; the missile flies about one metre above the line of sight, detonating the warhead above the target's weaker top armour viaproximity fuzeand magnetic sensors. The exact way in which the "combined magnetic and optical sensors" ensure the proper detonation of the warhead is classified. The direct attack (DA) mode is used against non-armoured targets, detonating the warhead on impact viacontact fuzeas the missile flies on the line of sight. The launcher can be fired only once and is disposed of after use.[32]The operator can adjust the arming distance of the missile, to avoid a premature detonation triggered by the sensors when it flies over non-targets. They can also fire down or up at a 45-degree angle. The method of exploding above the tank by one metre was met with scepticism at the time. Saab had to work hard to show that they could make the system work. Saab NLAW designer Christer Nygren said: “The protection on main battle tanks was increasing all the time...We saw that we needed a new type of attack. But, with the over-the-top attack, you create another technical challenge, which is how to hit vertically down through the roof of the tank when the velocity of the missile is in the forward direction. It’s a tricky thing. Before any contracts were signed we had to present a lot of technical evidence that we could really defeat a tank from the top and get the warhead [to detonate] at the right time.” Saab claims that in 20 years the US designers have not matched the NLAW system's technology. Adding "You give them an hour of training and they can fight the T-90 [the most advanced Russian tank] without a problem.”[37][38]The missile will auto-destruct at the maximum flight time of 5.6 seconds, which is about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is designed to operate in all climate conditions and environments, from −38 to +63 degreesCelsius.[18][39]

Combat history

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Russo-Ukrainian War

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RussianT-80destroyed by NLAWs

Preceding the escalation of theRusso-Ukrainian Warby the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,the United Kingdom supplied 2,000 NLAW systems to Ukraine, with another 1,615 delivered by 9 March 2022[40][41]to bolster Ukraine's military.[6]More NLAWs were requested by the Ukrainian military following reports that they proved highly effective against Russian vehicles, leading to at least 100 more being allocated by Luxembourg.[42][43]Alongside USFGM-148 Javelinanti-tank missile systems, delivered as a precaution against increased hostilities, the Ukrainian forces reported that NLAWs produced far greater damage against Russian armoured vehicles than their standard Soviet-era equipment.[12]On 24 March 2022, the UK pledged to deliver a further 6,000 NLAWs and a senior Ukrainian military officer also claimed they were the "weapon of choice" for his troops, responsible for 30–40% of Russian tanks destroyed.[44]

Captured Ukrainian anti-tank weapons, including an NLAW

An unknown number of launchers were captured by the armed forces of Russia and the pro-Russian self-proclaimedDonetsk People's Republicduring the conflict.[45][46][47]A number of these captured weapons were reportedly transferred toIranas part of a deal to acquire drones.[48]

NLAWs were the most numerous advanced guided anti-tank missile in Ukraine as of April 2022.[49]

Operators

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World map with operators in blue

Current operators

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Finland(3,000 + additional in 2023)

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Finland announced missile orders in 2007 worth €38 million.[9][50]In Finnish service the missile is designated102 mm raskas lähipanssarintorjuntaohjus NLAW(102 RSLPSTOHJ NLAW) forFinnishspeaking troops,[51][52]and102 mm tung närpansarvärnsrobot NLAW(meaning roughly "102 mm heavy close-in anti-armour missile" ) forFenno-Swedishspeaking troops.[53]

>3,000 ordered:[13]

  • 1,500 units ordered in 2007, delivered in 2009–2010, €38 million deal[54]
  • 1,000 units ordered and delivered in 2015, €36 million deal[54]
  • 500 units ordered in 2017, delivered in 2018[54]
  • Unknown quantity ordered in 2023, deliveries 2024–2025, €46 million deal[55][56]

Indonesia(600)

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600 units delivered in 2012–2013.[14]

Malaysia(500)

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500 units ordered in 2016 or 2017, and delivered in 2018–2020.[13][29]

Sweden(5,000)

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2,000 units ordered in 2005, and delivered in 2009–2012.[13]Another 3,000 units order was placed in December 2022 at a cost of 900M SEK for delivery in 2024-2026.[57]In Swedish service the missile is designatedrobot 57(RB 57),[58][5]orpansarvärnsrobot 57(pvrb 57) in expanded form,[22]meaning "missile 57" and "anti-armour missile 57" respectively (the 5 indicates its missile class and the 7 indicates its consecutive number in that class = 7th missile of the 5th class).[citation needed]

Switzerland(4,000)

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4,000 units in 2017 to fill capability gap left byM47 Dragondecommissioning in 2008,[30]and delivered in from 2018.[13]

Ukraine(>5,000 donated)

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2,000 NLAW units were supplied to Ukraine by the United Kingdom by 19 January 2022 in anticipation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6][36]Another 100 were sent from Luxembourg following the invasion.[43]As of 9 March 2022, the UK confirmed that it had delivered a total of 3,615 NLAW to Ukraine.[40]As of 16 March 2022, the UK confirmed that it had delivered more than 4,000 NLAWs to Ukraine.[31]As of 15 May 2023, the UK delivered more than 5,000 NLAWs to Ukraine.[59]In Ukrainian service the missile is designatedProtytankovyy raketnyy kompleks NLAW(Протитанковий ракетний комплекс NLAW), orPTRK NLAW(ПТРК NLAW) for short, meaning "Anti-Tank Missile System NLAW".[60]

United Kingdom(21,000 total order)

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Selected in May 2002 for theBritish ArmyNext-generation Light Anti-tank Weapon (NLAW) requirement. The system has replaced theILAWandLAW 80.[8]In British service the missile is formally designatedRound, Guided Missile, NLAW (Next-generation Light Anti-tank Weapon), High-Explosive Anti-Tank, K170A1orK170A2(GM NLAW HEAT K170A1/A2) depending on the variant (A1 = Mk1, A2 = Mk2),[61][62][63][64]but the project name"Main Battle Tank Light Anti-Armour Weapon"(MBT-LAW) also appears.[15][19]The UK donated thousands of NLAWs out of its own stocks to Ukraine, which it plans to replace from January 2023 onwards, followed by "a larger subsequent order".[65]

  • 14,000 units ordered in 2002, and delivered in 2009–2010.[13]
  • 7,000 units ordered in 2022, deliveries planned for 2023-2026, £229 million deal[66]

Future operators

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France

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Unknown quantity planned to be ordered as of June 2024, to be used as the intermediate solution between theAT4and theAkeron MPATGM.[67]

Former operators

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Luxembourg(100)

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100 units ordered in 2010 (50) and 2015 (50), and delivered in 2012 and 2016–2017. (All 102 donated to Ukraine war)[13][28]

See also

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References

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