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Nabadwip(/ˌnæbəˈdwiːp/), also speltNavadwip,ancientlyNadiaorNudiya,is a heritage city inNadia districtin the Indian state ofWest Bengal.It is regarded as a holy place by Hindus, and is the birthplace ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu.Famous for Rass festival where city is illuminated with lights, deities of God and goddesses are made on each corner of Nabadwip town. Hundreds of people gather to this small town on the occasion of raas utsab. Located on the western bank of theHooghly River,it is considered to have been founded in 1063 CE, and served as the old capital of theSena dynasty.A center of learning and philosophy in medieval India, the city is still noted for its traditional Sanskrit schools.[2]TheNavya Nyayaschool oflogicreached its peak with the efforts of some well known contemporary philosophers of Nabadwip. The greatVaishnavasaint, social reformer and an important figure of theBhakti movement,Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1486–1534) was born here. It was after Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's birth that Nabadwip became an important center of pilgrimage for the Vaishnavas worldwide as well as for Hindus in general. Many who followGaudiya Vaishnavismvisit Nabadwip to celebrate the auspicious birthday day of Shri Mahaprabhu, which, as per lunar calculations, occurs on Phalguni Purnima (i.e. on the Full moon day of February–March). This day is commonly known asGaura-purnima.[3]Aside from this, Nabadwip is visited for various other festivals like Dol Jatra and Rash purnima.
Nabadwip | |
|---|---|
City | |
      Clockwise from top:Chaitanya Mahaprabhuin Dhameswar Mahaprabhu Temple,Dumureshbori Mata,Old Mahaprabhu Temple, Boat over River Ganges in Nabadwip, Maa Porama, Buro Shiv | |
| Nickname(s): Oxfordof the East | |
  Nabadwip Location in West Bengal, India  Nabadwip Nabadwip (India) | |
| Coordinates:23°25′N88°22′E/ 23.42°N 88.37°E | |
| Country | India |
| State |  West Bengal |
| District | Nadia |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Nabadwip Municipality |
| Area | |
| • City | 9.81 km2(3.79 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 14 m (46 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • City | 125,543 |
| • Density | 13,000/km2(33,000/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 175,474 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30(IST) |
| PIN | 741302 |
| Telephone code | 03472 |
| Vehicle registration | WB 52 |
| Lok Sabhaconstituency | Ranaghat |
| Vidhan Sabhaconstituency | Nabadwip |
| MLA | Pundarikakhya Saha |
| MP | Jagannath Sarkar |
| Website | nabadwipmunicipality.in |
| Birth Place ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu[1] | |
TheBhagirathi riveroriginally flowed down the west of Nabadwip in the past, forming a natural boundary between the districts ofPurba BardhamanandNadia.With time it has shifted its course to where it is at present, cutting the city off from the rest of the Nadia district.
Etymology
editThe name of the city is derived from the conjunction of the Bengali words/naba/ (new) and /dwipa/ (island)meaning New-island. In the down stream of the riverGanges,the alluvial deposits carried over during its course that starts at the Himalayas, were gradually deposited, forming a new island which is present day's Nabadwip. The name Nabadwip and Nadia has the same connotation of the same geographical location flanked at west and north by theGangesat earlier times.[4]Kabi Karnapur usedNabadwipasNabīna dbīpaṁ(Bengali:নবীন দ্বীপং), meanNew Islandin his bookChaitanya Charitamritam[5][6]
The claim that the name Nabadwip refers to an area comprising nine islets has no ground. There are many historical references in this respect. The misconception around the nomenclature of the name "Nabadwip" arose due to the publication of the book "Bhakti Ratnakar" of Narahari Chakraborty. Hence "Nabadwip" i.e. nine islands, namely Antardwip, Simantadwip, Rudradwip, Madhyadwip, Godrumdwip, Ritudwip, Jahnudwip, Modadrumdwip, and Koladwip. However again, it is to mention that all these islands are loosely scattered over a vast geographical area that the Historians do not approve of the idea as being "Nabadwip".[7]
History
editAlthough significant examples of the history of Nabadwip have been found since theSen dynasty,various historians have been referring to Nabadwip in thePala periodand the Shura dynasty.[8]English historianJohn Clark Marshmanmentioned Nabadwip as the capital of Adishur.[9]
Sena era
editIt is known from the Deopara stone slab ofRajshahi districtthat Raja Samanta Sena, a resident ofKarnataka,lived in the Ganges-Pulin in his last years when he was defeated by histenantsandzamindars.According to the eminent historianHarprasad Shastri,Samanta Sen lived on the shores ofBhagirathi,probably in Nabadwip in his last years.[10]Prior toGour,Nabadwip was the capital ofSena dynastyduring the reigns ofBallal SenandLakshman Sen.They ruled Bengal from here in the period from 1159 to 1206. The Ballal Dhipi in the Bamanpukur area adjacent to Nabadwip, which is associated with the history ofSen dynasty,has been protected by theArchaeological Survey of India.[11]During the reign ofLakshman Sen,in 1202 AD,Bakhtiyar Khaljiinvaded and plundered Nabadwip and defeatedLakshman Sen,a victory that led to Muslim rule in Bengal. At that time the prosperity of Nabadwip was particularly damaged. During the Muslim rule, various temples, golden monasteries and idols of Bengal and Nabadwip were destroyed.[12]
Chaitanya era
editThe birth ofChaitanya Mahaprabhuis an important chapter of the fifteenth century. With the advent ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu,Vaishnava culturewas well established in Nabadwip. However, even before the birth of Mahaprabhu, during the reign ofJalaluddin Fateh Shah(1481–87), royal fear appeared in Nabadwip. The ruling society and theBrahminsociety obstructed the spread ofVaishnavaculture in Nabadwip at that time.[13]ManyBrahminscholars and common people had to leave Nabadwip at that time due to the oppression of the king. However, when Chand Kazi, the then ruler of Nabadwip, issued an order to theVaishnava communityto stop chanting,Mahaprabhuwent to Kazi's house with his companions and convinced the Kazi to allow the chanting, which is the first instance of civil disobedience movement in the history of India.[14]During Chaitanya and later, variousPandits-Sadhaks-Vidyalankars and Sanskrit Pandits were born in Nabadwip. During the period of Chaitanya,Basudev Sarvabhauma,Raghunath Shiromani,Raghunandanetc. and laterKrishnananda Agamavagisha,Buno Ramnathetc., Nabadwip became the main center of Sanskrit practice and learning.[15]At the time of Raja Rudra Roy, there were four thousand students and six hundred professors teaching in Nabadwip, leading to its nickname as the "Oxford of Bengal".[16]
Next centuries
editBuno Ramnath, Shankara Tarkabagish and other scholars and logicians made the name of Nabadwip famous in the eighteenth century.Shaktiworship spread in Nabadwip during the time ofRaja Krishnachandraof Nadia royal family. During the reign of Raja Krishnachandra Roy and later Raja Girish Chandra, the popularity, glory and pomp ofShakta Rashincreased. Various temples and idols were established in that time.[17]
Geography
edit
1mile
R: temple, F: facility, H: historical site
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
Demographics
editIn the 2011 census, NabadwipUrban Agglomerationhad a population of 175,474, out of which 90,810 were males and 84,664 were females. The 0–6 years population was 8,388. In education section, total literates in Nabadwip city are 102,793 of which 55,569 are males while 47,224 are females. Average literacy rate of Nabadwip city is 87.75 percent of which male and female literacy was 91.14 and 84.07 percent. Total children (0-6) in Nabadwip city are 8,388 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 4,329 boys while 4,059 are girls. The child forms 6.68% of total population of Nabadwip City.[1][18]
The following municipality and census towns were part of Nabadwip Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: Nabadwip (M),Char Maijdia(CT),Char Brahmanagar(CT),Bablari Dewanganj(CT),Tiorkhali(CT),Gadigachha(CT) andMajdia.[19]
As of 2001[update]Indiacensus,[20]Nabadwip had a population of 115,036. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nabadwip has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Nabadwip, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Religion
editHinduismis the majority religion in Nabadwip city with 98.97% followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Nabadwip with approximately 0.79% following it. In Nabadwip, Christianity is followed by 0.04%, Jainism by 0.00%, Sikhism by 0.01% and Buddhism by 0.00%. Around 0.01% statedOther Religion,approximately 0.18% statedNo Particular Religion.
Civic administration
editPolice station
edit
Nabadwip police station has jurisdiction over Nabadwip municipality and theNabadwipCD block.[22][23]The total area covered by the police station is 102.94 km2and the population covered is 260,843 (2001 census).[24]
Education
edit
There are a total of 18 high and higher secondary schools in Nabadwip, Notables among them areNabadwip Bakultala High School(1875),Nabadwip Hindu School(1873), Nabadwip Siksha Mandir (H.S), R.C.B Saraswatmandir, Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tarasundari Girls High School, Nabadwip Bakultala Girls High School, Nabadwip Balika Vidyalaya, Sudarshan High School and Techno India School etc. There is a college namelyNabadwip Vidyasagar College(in the name of the Great Social Reformer and the Father of Bengali Prose) affiliated underUniversity of Kalyani.
Climate
editFrom April to June, the weather remains hot and temperature ranges from a maximum of 35 °C to a minimum of 26 °C. Monsoon season prevails during beginning-June to mid-September. Also retrieving monsoon from mid-October till mid-November.[25]
The weather is quite pleasant, the summers and winters are moderate. The level of moisture increases during summers.
| Climate data for Nabadwip | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26 (79) |
29 (84) |
34 (93) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
35 (95) |
33 (91) |
33 (91) |
33 (91) |
33 (91) |
31 (88) |
27 (81) |
32 (90) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
15 (59) |
20 (68) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
26 (79) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
23 (73) |
18 (64) |
13 (55) |
21 (70) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
107 (4.2) |
243 (9.6) |
377 (14.8) |
321 (12.6) |
280 (11.0) |
129 (5.1) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
1,469 (57.7) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 23 | 22 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 125 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 63 | 55 | 52 | 58 | 65 | 75 | 83 | 83 | 81 | 74 | 66 | 65 | 68 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 5.8 |
| Source:[2] | |||||||||||||
Festival
edit
Many festivals are celebrated in Nabadwip throughout the year. Among themShakta Rash,Dol PurnimaRatha Yatraare the most popular religious festivals in Nabadwip. Other major festivals areKali Puja,Durga Puja,Gaura-purnima(the birthday ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu), Shiber Biye,Gajan,Pohela Boishakh,Jhulan Purnimaetc. An extinct festival of Nabadwip is Dhulōṭa (Bengali: ধুলোট). It is the general conferences of Kirtaniyas, occurred in month ofMagh.[26]Typically, it is a thirteen-day-longSankirtana,performed by renowned Kirtaniyas from all overBengalwho gathered in Nabadwip in that time.[27]
Shakta Rash
editShakta Rash is the most celebrated age-old festival of Nabadwip, celebrated thirty-five days after the autumnalDurga pujacelebration, or fifteen days afterKali pujain Kartik Purnima. The main feature of the festival is to make huge idols of different types of goddesses and to worshipShakti.After the patronize of RajaKrishnachandra Royand mainlyGirish Chandra Basu,NabadwipShakta Rashbecame more popular and glorious.[28]
Rath Yatra
edit
AlthoughRatha Yatrais the main festival of Odisha, still Nabadwip have a pride of Ratha Yatra because ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu.Nearly 20-25 Ratha Chariots are bloom in this occasion. Here in Nabadwip one can found some exceptions like full hand idols of Lord Jagannatha. Here another speciality is a fruit called "Notkona" which is specially found in this eve, mainly brought from Assam. This Fruit is a vital part of Eastern part of Bengali.[29]
Transport
editRail services
editNabadwip Dham railway stationis the main railway station of Nabadwip. The railway inaugurated in 1913. It is situated 105 km from Howrah on theBandel-Katwa Branch Line.[30] Nabadwip Dham Railway Station is seventh longest railway station of India (2362 ft). Bishnupriya railway stationis another Halt station of Nabadwip, 107 km from howrah junction and 38 km from katwa junction.
Nabadwip Dham is 65 km fromBandel,105 km fromHowrahand 112 km fromSealdahon the Bandel-Katwa-Azimganj section ofEastern Railway.[31]It has very good railway communication with North Bengal,Assam,Bihar,OdishaandKolkata.[32]
Bus services
editThere is a good bus services in Nabadwip. From Nabadwip bus stand, it connect withKrishnanagar,Shantipur,Phulia,Ranaghat,Chakdaha,Nadanghat,Kusumgram,Bardhaman,Karimpur,Samudragarh,Memari,TarapithViaKatwaetc. A long-distance bus services likeDurgapur,Asansol,Tarakeswar,Siliguri,DinhataViaBerhampur,Maldah,Coochbehar,Bolpur,Puruliya,Bankura,Suri,Gangarampurprovided here.
References
edit- ^Chattopadhyay, Nripendra Krishna (1961).Sri Sri Chaitanya Charitamrita.
- ^"Navadwip".Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^Ro'sel, J.A. (1990). "The Evolution And Organization Of Pilgrimage To Jagannstha At Purt".
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Mandal, Mrityunjoy (2013).Nabadwiper Itibritta.Nabadwip: Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj. p. 59.
- ^Mandal, Mrityunjoy (2013).Nabadwiper Itibritta.Nabadwip: Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj. p. 58.
- ^Kabi Karnapur, Sri Chaitanya Charitam, 6|23
- ^Mandal, Mrityunjoy (2013).Nabadwiper Itibritta.Nabadwip: Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj. p. 62.
- ^Smith, vincent A. (1923).The Oxford History Of India,ed.2.pp. 184–185.
- ^Marshman, John Clark (1853).Marshman's History of Bengal, in Bengali.
- ^Sastri Haraprasad (1896).A School History Of India.p. 34.
- ^Rāṛhī, Kānticandra (2004).Nabadvīpa-mahimā(in Bengali). Nabadvīpa Purātattva Parishada. p. 55.
- ^Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881).Tabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 [810 A.D.], to A.H. 658 [1260 A.D.], and the Irruption of the Infidel Mug̲h̲als Into Islam.Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 559.
- ^Jaẏānanda; Majumdar, Bimanbehari; Mukhopadhyay, Sukhamay (1971).Jayānandaʼs Caitanya-maṅgala = Jaẏānanda biracita Caitanyamaṅgala.Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.OCLC499557268.
- ^"ধর্মের বেড়াজাল ভেঙে সাম্যের ধারণার প্রতিষ্ঠা".anandabazar.com(in Bengali).Retrieved18 June2020.
- ^Mookerji, Radhakumud (1989).Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist.Motilal Banarsidass Publ.ISBN978-81-208-0423-4.
- ^Cotton, Sir Evan (1980).Calcutta, Old and New: A Historical and Descriptive Handbook to the City.General Printers & Publishers. p. 1.
- ^Roy, Alok Ed (1958).Sekaler Darogar Kahini Ed. 2nd.
- ^"Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above"(PDF).Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011.Retrieved21 October2011.
- ^"Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011"(PDF).Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh.Census of India 2011.Retrieved18 October2020.
- ^"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)".Census Commission of India. Archived fromthe originalon 16 June 2004.Retrieved1 November2008.
- ^"Nabadwip Religion 2011".Retrieved22 March2017.
- ^"District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia".Table 2.1.Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal.Retrieved7 October2020.
- ^"Nadia District Police".Police Unit.West Bengal Police.Retrieved17 May2017.
- ^"Nabadwip Police Station Details".Nadia Police. Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2016.Retrieved17 May2017.
- ^"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Krishnanagar, India".www.fallingrain.com.Retrieved5 April2018.
- ^Mandal, Mrityunjoy (2013).Nabadwiper Itibritta.Nabadwip: Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj. p. 142.
- ^Bhatia, Varuni (2017).Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal.Oxford University Press. p. 80.ISBN978-0-19-068624-6.
- ^Basu, Girish Chnadra (1888).Sekaler Daroga Kahini.kolkata: Pustak Biponi. pp. 34–35.
- ^abবন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, দেবাশিস."আজ উল্টোরথ, নবদ্বীপে বিরলদৃষ্ট জগন্নাথ থাকেন নিভৃতেই".anandabazar.com.Retrieved5 April2018.
- ^Railway local time table
- ^Eastern Railway time table.
- ^"India Rail Info: A Busy Junction for Travellers and Rail Enthusiasts".indiarailinfo.com.Retrieved5 April2018.
External links
edit- Nabadwip Municipality
- Department of Tourismby West Bengal Government
- Nabadwip Puratattva Parishad
- NabadwipEncyclopædia Britannicaentry
Nabadwiptravel guide from Wikivoyage
Quotations related toNabadwipat Wikiquote
