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Names of God

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This article is about names for the single God of monotheistic religions. For theonyms generally, seeList of deities.

There are variousnames of God,many of which enumerate the variousqualitiesof a Supreme Being. The English wordgod(and its equivalent in other languages) is used by multiple religions as anounto refer to different deities, or specifically to the Supreme Being, as denoted in English by the capitalized and uncapitalized termsGodandgod.[1]Ancientcognateequivalents for thebiblical HebrewElohim,one of the most commonnames of God in the Bible,[2]includeproto-SemiticEl,biblical AramaicElah,andArabicilah.[2]The personal or proper name forGodin many of these languages may either be distinguished from suchattributes,orhomonymic.For example, inJudaismthetetragrammatonis sometimes related to the ancient Hebrewehyeh( "I will be").[2]It is connected to the passage inExodus 3:14in which God gives his name as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה (Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh), where the verb may be translated most basically as "I am that I am", "I shall be what I shall be", or "I shall be what I am". In the passage,YHWH,[2]the personal name of God, isrevealed directlytoMoses.

A diagram of the names of God inAthanasius Kircher'sOedipus Aegyptiacus(1652–1654). The style and form are typical of themysticaltradition, as earlytheologiansbegan to fuse emergingpre-Enlightenmentconcepts ofclassificationand organization withreligionandalchemy,to shape an artful and perhaps moreconceptualview of God.
The word 'Allah' inthuluthcalligraphy.

Correlation between various theories and interpretation of the name of "the one God", used tosignifyamonotheisticor ultimate Supreme Being from which all other divine attributes derive, has been a subject ofecumenicaldiscourse between Eastern and Western scholars for over two centuries.[3]InChristian theologythe word is considered a personal and a proper name of God.[4]On the other hand, the names of God in a different tradition are sometimes referred to by symbols.[5]The question whether divine names used by different religions are equivalent has been raised and analyzed.[6]

Exchange of names held sacred between different religious traditions is typically limited. Other elements of religious practice may be shared, especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity (for example, the use ofKhudaorPrabhuwithin the IndianChristiancommunity) but usage of the names themselves mostly remains within the domain of a particular religion, or even may help define one's religious belief according to practice, as in the case of the recitation of names of God (such as thejapa).[7]Guru Gobind Singh'sJaap Sahib,which contains 950 names of God is one example of this.[8]The Divine Names,the classic treatise byPseudo-Dionysius,defines the scope of traditional understandings in Western traditions such as Hellenic, Christian, Jewish and Islamictheologyon the nature and significance of the names of God.[9]Further historical lists such asThe 72 Names of the Lordshow parallels in the history and interpretation of the name of God amongstKabbalah,Christianity, and Hebrew scholarship in various parts of theMediterranean world.[10]

The attitude as to the transmission of the name in many cultures was surrounded by secrecy. InJudaism,the pronunciation of the name of God has always been guarded with great care. It is believed that, in ancient times, the sages communicated the pronunciation only once every seven years;[11]this system was challenged by more recent movements. The nature of a holy name can be described as either personal or attributive. In many cultures it is often difficult to distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God, the two divisions necessarily shading into each other.[12]

Abrahamic and Abrahamic-inspired religions

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Further information:El (deity)

Judaism

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Main article:Names of God in Judaism
Further information:I Am that I Am,Yahweh,Tetragrammaton,Elohim,El Shaddai,andElyon

Elcomes from a root word meaning "god" or "deity", reconstructed in theProto-Semitic languageasʾil.Sometimes referring to God and sometimes the mighty when used to refer to the God of Israel, El is almost always qualified by additional words that further define the meaning that distinguishes him fromfalse gods.A common title of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim (Hebrew:אלהים). The rootEloah(אלה) is used in poetry and late prose (e.g., theBook of Job) and ending with the masculine plural suffix "-im"יםcreating a word likeba`alim( "owner(s)" ) andadonim( "lord(s), master(s)" ) that may also indicate a singular identity.

In theBook of Exodus,God commands Moses to tell the people that 'I AM' sent him, and this is revered as one of the most important names of God according toMosaictradition.

Moses said to God, "Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' Then what shall I tell them?" God said to Moses, "I Am who I Am.This is what you are to say to the Israelites: 'I Amhas sent me to you.'"God also said to Moses," Say to the Israelites, 'The Lord, the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.' This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation ".

— Exodus 3:13–15

InExodus 6:3,when Moses first spoke with God, God said, "I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make myself known to them by my name YHWH."

YHWH (יהוה‎) is the proper name of God in Judaism. Neither vowels norvowel pointswere used in ancient Hebrew writings and the originalvocalisationof YHWH has been lost.[13]

Later commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely ofvowels,such as the GreekΙαουε.[14]However, this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in the time-period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script. The resulting substitute made fromsemivowels and glottals,known as the tetragrammaton, is not ordinarily permitted to be pronounced aloud, even in prayer. The prohibition on misuse (not use) of this name is the primary subject of the command not totake the name of the Lord in vain.

Instead of pronouncing YHWH duringprayer,Jews say "Adonai"(" Lord ").Halakharequires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common religious practice to restrict the use of the word "Adonai" to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call GodHaShem(השם), which is Hebrew for "the Name" (this appears inLeviticus 24:11).

Almost allOrthodox Jewsavoid using either Yahweh or Jehovah altogether on the basis that the actual pronunciation of the tetragrammaton has been lost in antiquity. Many use the termHaShemas an indirect reference, or they use "God" or "The Lord" instead. Mark Sameth argues that Yahweh was a pseudo name for a dual-gendered deity, the four letters of that name being cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel read in reverse ashuhi,"heshe", as earlier theorized byGuillaume Postel(16th century) andMichelangelo Lanci[it](19th century).[15][16][17][18]

Christianity

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Main article:Names of God in Christianity
Further information:Jehovah
The Divine NameYHWHon a Lutheran Christian altar at Fiskebäckskil Church in Sweden
Jehovah,a vocalization of the Divine NameYHWH,on a stained glass window in of Saint-Fiacre de Dison Catholic Church in Belgium
See also:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament

In Christianity, the Old Testament revealsYHWH(יהוה‎; often vocalized with vowels as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah" ) as the personal name of God.[19][20]References, such asThe NewEncyclopædia Britannica,affirm the vocalization "Yahweh" by offering additional specifics to its (Christian) reconstruction out of Greek sources:

Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Other Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.[14]

Jahor Yah (rendered asיָהּ‎ in Hebrew) is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh/Jehovah.[21]It appears in certain translations of the Bible, such as theRevised Standard Version,and is used by Christians in the interjectionHallelujah,meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give Jahweh glory.[21]In Christianity, certain hymns dedicated to God invoke the divine name using the vocalizationJehovah(יְהֹוָה‎,Yəhōwā), such asGuide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah.[22]

The Hebrew personal name of God YHWH is rendered as "the LORD"in many translations of the Bible, with Elohim being rendered as" God "; certain translations of Scripture render the Tetragrammaton with Yahweh or Jehovah in particular places, with the latter vocalization being used in theKing James Version,Tyndale Bible,and other translations of the Bible from that time period and later.[23]Many English translations of the Bible (such as ESV, NIV, KJV, etc.) translate the tetragrammaton asLORD,thus removing any form of YHWH from the written text and going well beyond the Jewish oral practice of substituting Adonai for YHWH when reading aloud.[24][failed verification]

English Bible translationsof the GreekNew Testamentrenderho theos(Greek:Ο Θεός) asGodandho kurios(Greek:Ο Κύριος) as "the Lord", with the latter being the "Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh."[25]

Jesus(Iesus,Yeshua[26]) was a common alternative form of the nameיְהוֹשֻׁעַ(Yehoshua– Joshua) in later books of theHebrew Bibleand among Jews of theSecond Temple period.The name corresponds to the Greek spellingIesous,from which comes the English spellingJesus.[27][28]Christmeans 'theanointed' inGreek(Χριστός).Khristosis the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew wordMessiah;while in English the old Anglo-Saxon Messiah-renderinghæland(healer) was practically annihilated by the LatinChrist,some cognates such asheilandin Dutch and Afrikaans survive—also, in German, the wordHeilandis sometimes used as reference to Jesus, e.g., in church chorals).

In theBook of Revelationin the ChristianNew Testament,God, that is, Jesus is quoted as saying "I am theAlpha and the Omega,the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End ". (cf.Rev. 1:8,21:6,and22:13)

SomeQuakersrefer to God with the title ofthe Light.Another term used isKing of Kingsor Lord of Lords andLord of Hosts.In addition to the personal name of God YHWH (pronounced with the vocalizations Yahweh or Jehovah), titles of God used by Christians include theHebrewtitles Elohim, El-Shaddai, and Adonai, as well asAncient of Days,Father/Abbawhich is Hebrew, "Most High".[19]Abba('father' in Hebrew) is a common term used for the creator within Christianity because it was a title Jesus used to refer toGod the Father.

Mormonism

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Main article:God in Mormonism

InMormonismthe name of God the Father is Elohim[29]and the name of Jesus in hispre-incarnatestate was Jehovah.[30][31]Together, with the Holy Ghost they form theGodhead;God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.[32]Mormons typically refer to God as "Heavenly Father" or "Father in Heaven".[33]

Although Mormonism views the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as three distinct beings, they are one in purpose and God the Father (Elohim) is worshipped and given all glory through his Son, Jesus Christ (Jehovah). Despite the Godhead doctrine, which teaches that God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three separate, divine beings, many Mormons (mainstreamLatter-day Saintsand otherwise, such as theFundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) view their beliefs as monotheist since Christ is the conduit through which humanity comes to the God the Father.The Book of Mormonends with "to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah, the eternal Judge of both the quick and dead. Amen."[34]

Jehovah's Witnesses

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Jehovah's Witnessesbelieve that God has a distinctive name, represented in the Old Testament by the Tetragrammaton. In English, they prefer to use the formJehovah.[35]According to theirNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures,the nameJehovahmeans "He causes to become".[36]

Though scholars prefer the formYahweh,Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that the nameJehovahis the most well known form in English.[37][38]Their literature compares the use of the formJehovahin English to the widespread use ofJesusin English as a translation ofYeshuaorYehoshua.[39]

Islam

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99 names ofAllah,inChineseSini (script).
Main article:Names of God in Islam
Further information:AllahandGod in Islam

Allah—meaning 'the God' in Arabic—is the word for God inIslam.[40]The wordAllahhas been used by Arabic people of different religions since pre-Islamic times. More specifically, it has been used as a term for God byMuslims(both Arab and non-Arab) andArab Christians.God has many names in Islam. The Qur'an says (in translation) "to Him Belong the Best Names (Lahu Al-Asma' Al-Husna) "; examples includeAr-Rahman('the Entirely Merciful') andAr-Rahim('the Especially Merciful'). Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such asKhudainPersian,BengaliandUrdu.TangriorTengriwas used in theOttoman Turkish languageas the equivalent of Allah.[41]

He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed. He is the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, the Sovereign, the Pure, the Perfection, the Bestower of Faith, the Overseer, the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, the Superior. Exalted is Allah above whatever they associate with Him. He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names. Whatever is in the heavens and earth is exalting Him. And He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. (Translation of Qur'an: Chapter 59, Verses 22-24)

Sufism

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InTasawwuf,often characterised as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam,Hu,Huwa(depends on placement in the sentence), orParvardigarin Persian are used as names of God. The soundHuderives from the last letter of the wordAllah,which is read asAllahuwhen in the middle of a sentence.Humeans 'Just He' or 'Revealed'. The word explicitly appears in manyversesof theQuran:

"La ilaha illa Hu"

— Al Imran:18

Baháʼí Faith

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See also:God in the Baháʼí Faith

Thescripturesof theBaháʼí Faithoften refer to God by various titles and attributes, such as Almighty, All-Possessing, All-Powerful, All-Wise, Incomparable, Gracious, Helper, All-Glorious, and Omniscient.[42]Baháʼís believe theGreatest Name of Godis "All-Glorious" orBaháin Arabic.Baháis the root word of the following names and phrases: the greetingAlláh-u-Abhá('God is the All-Glorious'), the invocationYá Bahá'u'l-Abhá('O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious'),Bahá'u'lláh('the Glory of God'), andBaháʼí('Follower of the All-Glorious'). These are expressed in Arabic regardless of the language in use (seeBaháʼí symbols).[43]Apart from these names, God is addressed in the local language, for exampleIshwarin Hindi,Dieuin French andDiosin Spanish.[citation needed]Baháʼís believeBahá'u'lláh,the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, is the "complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God".[44]

Mandaeism

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Main article:Hayyi Rabbi
Further information:Mandaeism

Mandaeansbelieve in one God calledHayyi Rabbi('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God').[45]Other names for God used includeMare d'Rabuta('Lord of Greatness'),Mana Rabba('The Great Mind'),Melka d'Nhura('King of Light') andHayyi Qadmaiyi('The First Life').[46]

Gnosticism

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Main article:Monad (Gnosticism)

Egypt

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"Divine name" redirects here. For the name of a deity, seeTheonym.

Adivine nameis an official title for any divine being. In Egypt, divine names were indicated with a god's inscription (nṯr,which can be Anglicised asnetjer.)[47]In Sumerian cuneiform, theDingirsign (𒀭) was used.[48]

Asherah's title in KTU 1.4mgn rbtis like Jupiter's titleoptimus maxiumus.

A divine being's name is distinct from an epithet. A divine epithet expresses specific traits, aspects, or domains of a god, or applies a common noun to them.[49]Rahmouni says a locative name isʔil yṯb bʕṯtrtin KTU 1.108, 2 meaning "The god who sits (enthroned) in ʕAṯtartu.[50]

A name is sometimes double-barreled, like inShagar-we-IshtarorKothar-wa-Hasis.

ʔṯrt w rḥmyAsherah-wa-Rachmai takes this ( "binomial" ) form but is of slightly unclear categorization.[51]In this case and that of theLady of Byblos,it is not clear if the appellation is a personal name.

Binomial names can be found in "bound forms" likeBethel'sAnat-Bethel, Ashim-Bethel, "and Herem-Bethel from the archives of Elephantine."[52]

In one Egyptian story, the sun god Ra'strue namewas cunningly uncovered by Isis. Using a secret scheme, Isis gained complete dominion over Ra. This enabled her to elevate her son Horus to the throne, showing the power that a name had over the gods. [53]

Appendages

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The maiden goddesses of Canaan and Phoenicia were sometimes called the "name of the lord" (Ba'al) or the "face of the lord." In their less-virginal incarnations as the consort Anat-Bethel or as a mother goddess ʕtr [ʕ-t-r-m = ʕtr-(ʕ)m(y) "ʕtr my mother" ] these and "hand of" the deity are added. This might mean hypostasis or intercession.[54]

Indian religions

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Hinduism

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Main article:God in Hinduism

There are multiple names for God's various manifestations worshiped inHinduism.Some of the common names for these deities in Hinduism are:

  • Bhagavan(भगवान्) the most frequently used name for Lord inHinduism.The equivalent term used for female deities isBhagavati(भगवती).
  • Brahman(ब्रह्मन्) is a theological concept espoused inVedantaphilosophy of Hinduism, which is of neuter gender. The wordParamatman(परमात्मन्) popularly pronounced asParamatma(परमात्मा) is also used synonymously with it. The word is used to denote the Supreme Divinity/Supreme Soul.
  • Isvara(ईश्वर) shortened asIsha(ईश) is applied to mean 'God' in both religious and secular context (for example in theGita,Arjunais referred to asManujeshvarawhich is a compound of the two wordsmanuja,'human' andIshvara,thus the word means 'God of humans', i.e. 'king'). The termParameshvara('Supreme God') is used to refer to one'sIshta(chosen deity for personal veneration) in general terms. The feminine equivalents areIsvari(ईश्वरी) andParameshvari(परमेश्वरी) used in case of female deities.
  • Deva/Devata(देव/देवता) is the most commonly used suffix used for male deities in Hinduism. The feminine equivalent isDevi(देवी).

Additionally, most Hindu deities have a collection of 8/12/16/32/100/108/1000/1008 names exclusively dedicated to them known asNamavali.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Tamil Tradition

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  • அருமன் (Arumaṉ) - The most giving.
  • உய்யன் (Uyyaṉ) - The most high.
  • இறைவன் (Iṟaivaṉ) - The one above all.
  • இயவுள் (Iyavul) -who sets things in motion.

Arya Samaj

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Main article:Satyarth Prakash

Maharishi Dayanandin his bookVaghasiya Ayushhas listed 100 names of God each representing some property or attribute thereof mentioning "Om" or "Aum"as God's personal and natural name.

Jainism

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Main article:God in Jainism

Jainismrejects the idea of acreator deityresponsible for the manifestation, creation, or maintenance of this universe. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) havealways existed.All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws and an immaterial entity like God cannot create a material entity like the universe. Jainism offers an elaboratecosmology,including heavenly beings (devas), but these beings are not viewed as creators; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings, and must eventually die.

Jains define godliness as the inherent quality of any soul characterizing infinite bliss, infinite power,perfect knowledgeand perfect peace. However, these qualities of a soul are subdued due tokarmasof the soul. One who achieves this state of soul throughright belief, right knowledge and right conductcan be termed as god. This perfection of soul is calledkaivalya(omniscience). A liberated soul thus becomes a god – liberated of miseries, cycles of rebirth, world,karmasand finally liberated of body as well. This is callednirvanaormoksha.

If godliness is defined as the state of having freed one's soul from karmas and the attainment ofKevala Jnanaand a god as one who exists in such a state, then those who have achieved such a state can be termed gods/Tirthankara.Thus,Rishabhanathawas god/Tirthankarabut he was not the onlyTirthankara;there were many otherTirthankara.However, the quality of godliness is one and the same in all of them.

Jainism does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. TheTirthankarais a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own. Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being, but a result of an innate moral order in thecosmos;a self-regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas.

Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation from all karmic bonding, one must practice the ethical principles not only in thought, but also in words (speech) and action. Such a practice through lifelong work towards oneself is called as observing theMahavrata('Great Vows').

Gods can be thus categorized into embodied gods also known asTīrthankarasandArihantasor ordinaryKevalis,and non-embodied formless gods who are calledSiddhas.Jainism considers thedevīsanddevasto be souls who dwell in heavens owing to meritorious deeds in their past lives. These souls are in heavens for a fixed lifespan and even they have to undergo reincarnation as humans to achievemoksha.

Sikhism

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Main article:Names of God in Sikhism
Further information:God in Sikhism

There are multiple names for God in Sikhism. Some of the popular names for God in Sikhism are:

  • Akal Purakh,meaning 'timeless being'.
  • Ik Onkar,'One Creator', found at the beginning of the SikhMul Mantar.
  • Nirankar,meaning 'formless'.
  • Satnam,meaning 'True Name'; some are of the opinion that this is a name for God in itself, others believe that this is an adjective used to describe theGurmantar,Waheguru.
  • Waheguru,meaning 'Wonderful Teacher bringing light to remove darkness'; this name is considered the greatest among Sikhs, and it is known asGurmantar,'the Guru's Word'.Waheguruis the only way to meet God.[citation needed]
  • DātāorDātār,meaning 'the Giver'.
  • KartāorKartār,meaning 'the Doer'.
  • Diāl,meaning 'compassionate'.
  • Kirpāl,meaning 'benevolent'.

In the Sikh scripture, both Hindu and Muslim names of the Supreme Being are also commonly employed, expressing different aspects of the divine Name. For instance, names likeRam('pervading'),Hari('shining'),Parmeshwar('supreme lord'), andJagdish('world lord') refer to Hindu terms, while names likeAllah(Arabic forGod),Khuda(Persian forGod),Rahim('merciful'),Karim('generous'), andSahib('lord') are of Muslim origin.[55]

God, according toGuru Nanak,is beyond full comprehension byhumans;has an endless number of virtues; takes on innumerable forms, but is formless; and can be called by an infinite number of names thus "Your Names are so many, and Your Forms are endless. No one can tell how many Glorious Virtues You have."[56]

The wordAllah(Punjabi:ਅਲਹੁ) is used 12 times in theGuru Granth Sahib(primary religious scripture) by Sheikh Farid. Guru Nanak Dev, Guru Arjan Dev and Bhagat Kabeer used the word 18 times.

Iranian religions

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Yazidism

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Main article:Yazidism

Yazidism knows only one eternal God, often namedXwedê.[57]According to some Yazidi hymns (known asQewls), God has 1001 names.[58]

Zoroastrianism

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Main article:101 Names of God

InZoroastrianism,101 names of God (PazandSad-o-yak nam-i-khoda) is a list of names of God (Ahura Mazda). The list is preserved inPersian,PazandandGujarati.Parsitradition expanded this to a list of 101 names of God.[59]

African religions

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!Kung

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The supreme being in!Kung mythologyis known as Khu, Xu, Xuba, or Huwa.

Odinani

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Chukwuis the supreme being of theOdinanireligion of theIgbo people.In theIgbo pantheon,Chukwu is the source of all otherIgbo deitiesand is responsible for assigning them their different tasks. TheIgbo peoplebelieve that all things come from Chukwu, who brings therainnecessary forplantsto grow and controls everything onEarthand thespiritual world.They believe Chukwu to be an undefinableomnipotentandomnipresentsupreme deity that encompasses everything inspaceand time itself. Igbo Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Chukwu.

West African Vodun

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Nana Bulukuis the female supreme being inWest African Vodun.InDahomey mythology,Nana Buluku is the mother supreme creator who gave birth to the moon spiritMawu,the sun spiritLisa,and all of the universe. After giving birth to these, she retired and left the matters of the world to Mawu-Lisa. She is the primary creator, Mawu-Lisa the secondary creator, and the theology based on these is called Vodun, Voodoo or Vodoun.[60]

Yoruba religion

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The supreme creator in thetraditional religionof theYoruba peopleis known asOlorunorOlodumare.The Yoruba believe that Olodumare is omnipotent and is the source of all.[61]Olodumare is aloof; he is not directly involved in earthly matters and lets other Yoruba deities (orisha), who are his sons and daughters, answer human concerns through divination, possession, sacrifice and more.[62]However, everything is in the hands of Olodumare when they are going to bed at night.[61]Yoruba Muslims and Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Olorun.

Zulu traditional religion

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Unkulunkuluis the supreme creator inZulu traditional religion.Unkulunkulu brought human beings and cattle from an area of reeds. He created everything, from land and water, to man and the animals. He is considered the first man as well as the parent of all Zulu. He taught the Zulu how to hunt, how to make fire, and how to grow food.[63]Zulu Christians also refer to the Abrahamic God as Unkulunkulu.

Native American religions

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Anishinaabe

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Main article:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs

Gitche Manitou, also known as Gitchi Manitou, Kitchi Manitou, means "Great Spirit"in severalAlgonquian languages.Christian missionarieshave translatedGodasGitche Manitouin scriptures and prayers in the Algonquian languages.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Velde, Rudi van de (2006).Aquinas on God: the 'divine science' of the Summa theologiae.Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 45–46.ISBN0-7546-0755-0.
  2. ^abcdEisenstein, Judah D.;McLaughlin, John F.(1906)."Names of God".Jewish Encyclopedia.Kopelman Foundation.Retrieved26 August2019.
  3. ^Jordan, Mark D. (1983),The Names of God and the Being of Names,inThe Existence and Nature of God,edited by Alfred J. Freddoso, pp. 161–190. University of Notre Dame Press.ISBN0-268-00911-2
  4. ^(PDF) Sacraments of the Incarnate Word: The Christological Form of the Summa theologiaeC Wells, Etd.nd.edu
  5. ^Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy, G. S. S. Sreenivasa Rao,Inter-faith dialogue and world community.Christian Literature Society for India (1991) "All these names of God are, of course, symbols.... All names of the one God or the Absolute are symbols." p. 9
  6. ^Peter C. Phan (2004).Being religious interreligiously: Asian perspectives on interfaith dialoguep. 102.
  7. ^Jerald D. GortOn sharing religious experience: possibilities of interfaith mutualityp.146 Encounter of Religions Research Group Rodopi, 1992ISBN0-8028-0505-1
  8. ^Singh, Prithi Pal (2006).The History of Sikh Gurus.Lotus Press. p. 176.ISBN9788183820752.
  9. ^Paul Rorem,Pseudo-Dionysius: a commentary on the texts and an introduction to their influence.Oxford University Press, 1993, p.163ISBN0-19-507664-8
  10. ^Valentina Izmirlieva,All the names of the Lord: lists, mysticism, and magic,University of Chicago Press, 2008ISBN0-226-38870-0
  11. ^James OrrThe International Standard Bible encyclopaediaEdition: —Item notes: v. 1—1959 1915 p. 1267
  12. ^John S. Mbiti.Concepts of God in Africa.p. 217, 1970
  13. ^"How theNamewas originally vocalized is no longer certain. Its pronunciation was in time restricted to the Temple service, then to the High Priest intoning it on theDay of Atonement,after, and after the destruction of the Temple it received a substitute pronunciation both for the reading ofScriptureand for its use atprayer."Plaut, W. Gunther; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo (1985).[Torah] = The Torah: a modern commentary(4th ed.). New York: Union of Hebrew Congregations. pp.424–426.ISBN0807400556.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^abThe New Encyclopædia Britannica,Vol. 12, 1998, Chicago, IL, article "Yahweh", p. 804.
  15. ^Sameth, Mark (2020).The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God.Wipf and Stock. p. 25.ISBN978-1-5326-9384-7.
  16. ^Wilkinson, Robert (2015).Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God.Boston: Brill. p. 337.ISBN9789004288171.
  17. ^Postel, Guillaume (1969).Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers(in French). Springer. p. 211.ISBN9789024702039.
  18. ^Lanci, Michelangelo (1845).Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura(in Italian) (Facsmile of the first ed.). Dondey-Dupre. pp. 100–113.ISBN978-1274016911.
  19. ^abParke-Taylor, G. H. (1 January 2006).Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible.Wilfrid Laurier University Press.p. 4.ISBN978-0-88920-652-6.The Old Testament contains various titles and surrogates for God, such as El Shaddai, El Elyon, Haqqadosh (The Holy One), and Adonai. In chapter three, consideration will be given to names ascribed to God in the patriarchal period. Gerhard von Rad reminds us that these names became secondary after the name YHWH had been known to Israel, for "these rudimentary names which derive from old traditions, and from the oldest of them, never had the function of extending the name so as to stand alongside the name Jahweh to serve as fuller forms of address; rather, they were occasionally made use of in place of the name Jahweh." In this respect YHWH stands in contrast to the principal deities of the Babylonians and the Egyptians. "Jahweh had only one name; Marduk had fifty with which his praises as victor over Tiamat were sung in hymns. Similarly, the Egyptian god Re is the god with many names.
  20. ^"The Name of God in the Liturgy".United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.2008.The directive notes that 'in recent years the practice has crept in pronouncing pronouncing the God of Israel's proper name,' known as the holy or divine tetragrammaton, written with four consonants, YHWH, in the Hebrew alphabet. In order to vocalize it, it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. 'Yahweh' or 'Jehovah').
  21. ^abLoewen, Jacob A. (1 June 2020).The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective(Revised ed.). William Carey Publishing. p. 182.ISBN978-1-64508-304-7.Shorter forms of Yahweh: The name Yahweh also appears in a shortened form, transliterated Jah (pronounced Yah) in the Revised Version and the American Standard Version, either in the text or footnote: "my song is Jah" ( Ex 15:2); "by Jah, his name" (Ps 68:4); "I shall not see Jah in Jah's land (Is 38:11). It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' (Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14), and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved.'
  22. ^Barrett, Michael P. V. (20 September 2020).The Gospel of Exodus: Misery, Deliverance, Gratitude.Reformation Heritage Books.ISBN978-1-60178-804-7.
  23. ^"TheMasoreteswho vocalized theHebrew texttook thevowelsfrom the word Adonai (אֲדֹנָי) and put them with יהוה (together: יְהֹוָה) to remind the reader not to pronounce the name but to substitute Adonai. A Christian writer of the sixteenth century who was unaware of this substitution transcribed the word as he saw it, namely asJehovah,and this error has since entered many Christian Bibles [5]. 5. Only rarely has the pronunciation Jehovah been given scholarly endorsement; one exception is J. Neubauer,Bibelwissenschaftliche Irrungen(Berlin: Louis Lamm, 1917), who bases his opinion onJerusalem TalmudSan.. 10:1, describing the controversy between the Rabbanites and the Samaritans over the proniunciation. M. S. Enslin,The Prophet from Nazareth(New York: Schocken, 1968), p. 19, n. 7, calls the vocalization Jehovah an "orthoepic monstrosity." "Plaut, W. Gunther; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo (1985).[Torah] = The Torah: a modern commentary(4th ed.). New York: Union of Hebrew Congregations. pp.425.ISBN0807400556.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^NASB (1995)."Preface to the New American Standard Bible".New American Standard Bible(Updated Edition).Anaheim, California:Foundation Publications (for theLockman Foundation). Archived fromthe originalon 2006-12-07.There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name, that is, the four letters YHWH (Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 42:8). This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name. Therefore, it has been consistently translated as LORD. The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord, that is, Adonai. In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion.
  25. ^Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard (18 February 1992).Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship.InterVarsity Press. p. 271.ISBN978-0-8308-1777-1.Many of the uses ofkyriosfor God are in citations of the OT and in expressions derived from the OT (e.g., "angel of the Lord" ), and in these passages the term functions as the Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh. For example, twenty-five of the uses ofkyriosfor God in Luke are in the first two chapters, where the phrasing is so heavily influenced by the OT. The third frequently used term for God is "Father" (patēr), doubtless the most familiar term for God in Christian tradition and also perhaps the most theologically significant title for God in the NT. Unlike the other terms for God already mentioned--without exception in the Synoptics, and with only a few exceptions in John-- "Father" as a title for God appears only in the sayings attributed to Jesus (the Johannine exceptions are in editorial remarks by the Evangelist in 1:14, 18, a saying of Philip in 14:8 and the crowd's claim in 8:41).
  26. ^Yeshua (ישוע,with vowel pointingיֵשׁוּעַ-yēšūă‘in Hebrew)Strong'sYeshuwa
  27. ^Ilan, Tal (2002).Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE-200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91).Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129.
  28. ^Stern, David (1992).Jewish New Testament Commentary.Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5.
  29. ^First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, "God the Father", compiled by Gordon Allred, p. 150
  30. ^Moroni 10:34
  31. ^Old Testament Institute Manual:Genesis to 2 Samuel— "Who is the God of the Old Testament?"
  32. ^"Doctrine and Covenants 76:12-24".churchofjesuschrist.org.
  33. ^The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints."How can we come to know our Father in Heaven?".Mormon.org.
  34. ^"Moroni 10:34".churchofjesuschrist.org.
  35. ^Holden, A. (2002).Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah's Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith(PDF).Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. p. Endnote [i].Retrieved2009-06-21.
  36. ^"Appendix A4".New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.p. 1735.
  37. ^"Does God Have a Name?".JW.org.
  38. ^"What Knowing God's Name Involves".JW.org.
  39. ^What Does the Bible Really Teach?.Watch Tower Society. 2005. p. 195.
  40. ^"Allah."Encyclopædia Britannica.2007. Encyclopædia Britannica
  41. ^Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe (1911)."Turks".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 472.
  42. ^Adamson, Hugh C. (2007).Historical dictionary of the Bahá'í Faith.Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-0-8108-5096-5.
  43. ^Smith, Peter (2000)."greatest name".A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith.Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.167–168.ISBN1-85168-184-1.
  44. ^McLean, Jack; Lee, Anthony A. (1997).Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology.Kalimat Press. p. 66.ISBN0-933770-96-0– viaGoogle Books.
  45. ^Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013),"Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith",Mandaean Associations Union,retrieved31 October2021
  46. ^Rudolf, K. (1978). Mandaeism. Leiden: Brill.
  47. ^Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (2012-05-31).The Afroasiatic Languages.Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-86533-3.
  48. ^Smith, Mark S. (2003-11-06).The Origins of Biblical Monotheism.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-516768-6.
  49. ^Rahmouni, Aicha (2007-11-27).Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts.Brill.ISBN9789047423003.Retrieved2023-12-19.
  50. ^Locative epithet 10 in Rahmouni, p 33.Tell Ashtaraor Ashteroth karnaim. Parallel with "The god who judges / rules in Hidra`yu.
  51. ^Rahmoui Pg xxvi
  52. ^"A New Analysis of YHWH's asherah".Religion and Literature of Ancient Palestine.2015-12-13.Retrieved2024-01-03.
  53. ^Harris, Geraldine (1981).Gods & Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology.London, England: Eurobook Limited. pp. 24–25.ISBN0-87226-907-8
  54. ^Steiner, Richard C. (2001). "The Scorpion Spell from Wadi Hammamat: Another Aramaic Text in Demotic Script".Journal of Near Eastern Studies.60(4): 259–268.doi:10.1086/468948.ISSN0022-2968.
  55. ^Pashaura Singh (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0199699308,page 228
  56. ^Guru Granth Sahibp. 358
  57. ^Açikyildiz, Birgül (2014-12-23).The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion.I.B.Tauris.ISBN9780857720610.
  58. ^Kartal, Celalettin (2016-06-22).Deutsche Yeziden: Geschichte, Gegenwart, Prognosen(in German). Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag.ISBN9783828864887.
  59. ^Antonio Panaino,The lists of names of Ahura Mazdā (Yašt I) and Vayu (Yašt XV),2002, p. 20.
  60. ^Molefi Kete Asante; Ama Mazama (2009).Encyclopedia of African Religion.SAGE Publications. pp. 270–273.ISBN978-1-4129-3636-1.
  61. ^abDAYO, CHIEF (February 14, 2016)."YORUBA BELIEVE IN ONLY ONE GOD CALLED OLODUMARE".
  62. ^Bewaji, John (1998). "Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil" (PDF).African Studies Quarterly.
  63. ^Leeming & Leeming 2009- entry"Zulu Creation".Retrieved 2010-04-30.

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