Wikipedia

National Endowment for Democracy

Not to be confused with the "Great Society"National Endowments forArtsandHumanitiesprograms.

TheNational Endowment for Democracy(NED) is aquasi-autonomous non-governmental organizationin the United States founded in 1983 with the stated aim of advancing democracy worldwide,[2][3][4]by promoting political and economic institutions, such aspolitical groups,trade unions,free markets,andbusiness groups.[5]

National Endowment for Democracy
FoundedNovember 18, 1983(1983-11-18)
FounderCarl Gershman
Allen Weinstein[1]
Type501(c)(3)non-profit
NGO
52-1344831
Location
OriginsU.S. Congressresolution H.R. 2915
Area served
Worldwide (outside United States)
Key people
Damon Wilson(President)
Websitewww.ned.org
The President of the National Endowment for Democracy,Carl Gershman(second from the left), presents an award to a Tunisian leader of theArab Springin November 2011.

The NED was created as abipartisan,private, non-profit corporation, and acts as a grant-making foundation.[2]It is funded primarily by an annual allocation from theU.S. Congress.[4][6][5]In addition to its grants program, the NED also supports and houses theJournal of Democracy,theWorld Movement for Democracy,theInternational Forum for Democratic Studies,theReagan–Fascell Fellowship Program,theNetwork of Democracy Research Institutes,and theCenter for International Media Assistance.[7][8]

Upon its founding, the NED assumed some former activities of theCIA.Political groups, activists, academics, and some governments have said the NED has been an instrument of United States foreign policy helping to fosterregime change.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

History

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Founding

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TheNational Security Decision Directive 77was instrumental for the creation of Project Democracy and its offspring NED.[16]

In a 1982 speech at thePalace of Westminster,PresidentRonald Reaganproposed an initiative, before the British Parliament, "to foster the infrastructure of democracy – the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities."[17][18]This intersected with previously formulated plans by the American Political Foundation, an NGO supported by some members of theRepublicanandDemocraticparties, together with scholars based atCSIS,to create a government-funded but privately run democracy promotion foundation to support democratic civil society groups and parties. The idea was strongly championed by the State Department, which argued that a non-governmental foundation would be able to support dissident groups and organizations in the Soviet Bloc, and also foster the emergence of democratic movements in US-allied dictatorships that were becoming unstable and in danger of experiencing leftist or radical revolutions, without provoking a diplomatic backlash against the US government. After some initial uncertainty over the idea from Reagan Administration hard-liners, the U.S. government, throughUSAID(United States Agency for International Development), contractedThe American Political Foundationto study democracy promotion, which became known as "The Democracy Program".[19]The Program recommended the creation of a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NED, though non-governmental, would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from the U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight.[20]

In 1983, the House Foreign Affairs Committee proposed legislation to provide initial funding of $31.3 million for NED as part of theState Department Authorization Act(H.R. 2915), because NED was in its beginning stages of development the appropriation was set at $18 million. Included in the legislation was $13.8 million for theFree Trade Union Institute,an affiliate of theAFL–CIO,$2.5 million for an affiliate of theNational Chamber Foundation,and $5 million each for two party institutes, which was later eliminated by a vote of 267–136. The conference report on H.R. 2915 was adopted by the House on November 17, 1983, and the Senate the following day. On November 18, 1983, articles of incorporation were filed in the District of Columbia to establish the National Endowment for Democracy as a nonprofit organization.[20]

1980s to present

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An analysis by political scientist Sarah Bush found that while NED activity in the 1980s focused on direct challenges to autocrats by funding dissidents, opposition parties, and unions, the majority of 21st-century NED funding goes to technical programs that are less likely to challenge the status quo, with the proportion of NED funding for "relatively tame programs" increasing from roughly 20% of NED grants in 1986 to roughly 60% in 2009.[21]Political scientist Lindsey A. O'Rourke writes that, "Today, NED programs run in more than ninety countries. Although the number of US-backed democracy promotion programs have grown, most of today's programs pursue less aggressive objectives than their Cold War counterparts."[21] In a 1991 interview with theWashington Post,NED founder Allen Weinstein said: "A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA."

During the1984 Panamanian general electiontheAmerican Institute for Free Labor Developmentand the NED provided around $20,000 in support of activists involved withArdito Barletta's campaign.[22][23]

In 1984, NED started activities in China,[24]helping to launch the Chinese-language quarterly journal The Chinese Intellectual (TCI) and funding its publications. The journal, which was originally targeted at Chinese students and scholars in the West,[25]opened offices in Beijing in 1988. The TCI was forced to move back to New York following the1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[26]

Since 2004 NED has granted US$8,758,300 toUyghurgroups including theWorld Uyghur Congress,theUyghur Human Rights Project,theCampaign for UyghursandThe Uyghur Transitional Justice Database Project.[27]It has also provided extensive grants for programs pertaining to Tibet.[28] Between 2005 and 2012 it gave grants to theChina Free PressNGO[29]and in 2019 it gave about $643,000 to civil society programmes inHong Kong.[30]In response, in 2020 China imposed sanctions on NED presidentCarl Gershmanand Michael Abramowitz, the president ofFreedom House.[31]

The NED played a role in supporting theArab Springof 2011. For example, theApril 6 Youth MovementinEgypt,theBahrain Center for Human Rightsand individual Yemeni activist Entsar Qadhi received training and finances from the NED.[32][33]In Egypt, between 2008 and 2012, it also supported Colonel Omar Afifi Soliman, an exiled police officer who opposed bothHosni Mubarak's andMohamed Morsi's presidencies, as well as secularist activistEsraa Abdel-Fatah'sEgyptian Democratic Academyin 2011.[34]

Funding and structure

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NED is a grant-making foundation, distributing funds to private non-governmental organizations for promoting democracy abroad in around 90 countries. Half of NED's funding is allocated annually to four main U.S. organizations: theAmerican Center for International Labor Solidarity(associated with theAFL–CIO), theCenter for International Private Enterprise(affiliated with theUSCC), theNational Democratic Institute for International Affairs(associated with theDemocratic Party), and theInternational Republican Institute(formerly known as the National Republican Institute for International Affairs and affiliated with theRepublican Party).[35]The other half of NED's funding is awarded annually to hundreds of non-governmental organizations based abroad which apply for support.[36]In 2011, the Democratic and Republican Institutes channeled around $100 million through the NED.[33]

Source of funding

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The NED receives an annual appropriation from the U.S. budget (it is included in the chapter of the Department of State budget destined for the U.S. Agency for International Development-USAID) and is subject to congressional oversight even as a non-governmental organization.[37]

From 1984 to 1990 the NED received $15–18 million of congressional funding annually, and $25–30 million from 1991 to 1993. At the time the funding came via theUnited States Information Agency.In 1993 the NED nearly lost its congressional funding, after the House of Representatives initially voted to abolish its funding. The funding (of $35 million, a rise from $30 million the year before) was only retained after a vigorous campaign by NED supporters.[38]

In the financial year to the end of September 2009 NED had an income of $135.5 million, nearly all of which came from U.S. Government agencies.[37]In addition to government funding, the NED has received funding from foundations, such as theSmith Richardson Foundation,theJohn M. Olin Foundation,and others. TheBradley Foundationsupported theJournal of Democracywith $1.5 million during 1990–2008.[39]

In 2018, PresidentDonald Trumpproposed to slash the NED's funding and cut its links to the Democratic and Republican Institutes.[40][41]

Board

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NED's current president isDamon Wilson.His predecessor wasCarl Gershman,serving between April 30, 1984[42]and July 2021. Carl Gershman was a former Senior Counselor to the United States Representative to the United Nations and former executive director ofSocial Democrats, USA.[43][35]

In January 2024, NED announced the addition ofAlyssa Ayres,Elizabeth Economy,andJuan Zarateto its board of directors.[44]

Democracy Award

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NED's Board of Directors annually gives a Democracy Award to recognize "the courageous and creative work of individuals and organizations that have advanced the cause of human rights and democracy around the world." The trophy is a small-scale replica of theGoddess of Democracythat was constructed during the1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[45]

Notable recipients include:Nobel Peace PrizelaureateLiu Xiaobo,former President of MexicoVicente Fox,journalistVeton Surroi,and most recently, four civil society organizations focused on defending Ukraine amid Russia's war.[46][47][48]Past speakers at the award's ceremony have included U.S. SenatorJohn McCain,Former Speaker of the HousePaul Ryanand Speaker of the HouseNancy Pelosi.[49][50][51]

Recipients

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Year Theme Recipient Nationality Notes
2022 Pays tribute to Ukrainian civil society Anti-Corruption Action Center,Center for Civil Liberties,Public Interest Journalism Lab,Ukrainian Volunteer Service Ukraine "Ukraine's democratic development, led by its people and civil society, is key to the country's success—not only to Ukraine's defeat of Russian forces, but also to ensure Ukraine's democracy emerges stronger from this horrific war. These four organizations exemplify the heroic struggle, courage, and determination of millions of Ukrainians who risk everything to defend democracy and freedom." —NED President Damon Wilson[48]
2021 Pays tribute to Central American civil society Human Rights Collective Nicaragua Nunca Más (Nicaragua), Contracorriente (Honduras), The Myrna Mack Foundation (Guatemala), Transparency, Social Oversight, and Open Data Association (El Salvador) Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador "The 2021 Democracy Award pays tribute to four civil society groups whose outstanding efforts to bolster the rule of law, fight corruption, protect independent media, and advocate for human rights are essential to building a democratic future in Central America." —NED President Damon Wilson[52]
2020 Working to strengthen civil society in Sudan Regional Centre for Development and Training Sudan Group, trained hundreds of youth across of the country on democracy, activism, and local engagement[53]
Nuba Women for Education and Development Association Group, trained local women activists to engage in peace processes and activism on local issues and respect for women's rights[53]
Darfur Bar Association Group, supported marginalized people to advocate for their rights and provided legal assistance to vulnerable activists before and during the protests[53]
2019 Defenders of human and religious rights in China ChinaAid China Group, represented byBob Fu,international non-profit Christian human rights organization committed to promoting religious freedom and the rule of law in China[54]
World Uyghur Congress Group, represented byDolkun Isa,advocating for democracy, human rights, and freedom for the Uyghur people and the use of peaceful, nonviolent, and democratic means to help Uyghurs achieve self-determination[54]
Tibet Action Institute Group, represented byLhadon Tethong,uses digital communication tools with strategic nonviolent action to strengthen the capacity and effectiveness of the Tibet movement in a digital era[54]
2018 Movement for human rights and democracy in North Korea Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights South Korea Seoul-based group advocating forhuman rights in North Korea.[55]
Now Action & Unity for Human Rights Group, led byJi Seong-ho,advocating forhuman rights in North KoreaandKorean reunification.[56]
Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) Seoul-based non-profit that documents evidence ofcrimes against humanityin North Korea.[57]
Unification Media Group (UMG) Seoul-based multimedia consortium that includesDaily NK,Radio Free Chosun, and Open North Korea Radio.[58]
2017 Anti-corruption activists Cynthia Gabriel Malaysia Human rights advocate and anti-corruption leader in Malaysia.[59]
Khalil Parsa Afghanistan Founder and executive director of Supporting Organization for Afghanistan Civil Society (SOACS); survivor of assassination attempt in 2016.[60]
Claudia Escobar Guatemala Legal scholar, former magistrate of the Court of Appeals of Guatemala, andrule of lawadvocate; fled the country in 2015 after becoming awhistleblowerin a corruption cases involving illegal political interference in the Guatemalan judiciary.[61]
Rafael Marques de Morais Angola Angolan journalist and human rights activist focused on investigating government corruption,impunity,and abuses in the diamond industry.[62]
Denys Bihus Ukraine Investigative journalist focused oncorruptionandanti-corruption.[63]
2015 Political prisoners ofVenezuela Venezuela Mitzy Capriles de Ledezma,Lilian TintoriandTamara Sujúaccepted the award on behalf of "imprisoned political leaders, human rights defenders, labor unionists, and student activists."[64]
2014 Chinese dissidents Liu Xiaobo China 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, human rights and political reform activist known for role in launching ofCharter 08.[65]
Xu Zhiyong Legal scholar, co-founder ofOpen Constitution Initiativein China.[65]
2013 Youth pro-democracy activists Gulalai Ismail Pakistan Human rights activist that establishedAware Girlsat the age of 16.[66]
Harold Cepero Cuba One of the authors ofVarela Projectin Cuba. Award given posthumously.[66]
Vera Kichanova Russia Reporter for the independent newspaperNovaya Gazeta,civic activist, municipal deputy inYuzhnoye Tushino District,Moscow.[66]
Glanis Changachirere Zimbabwe Founder of Institute for Young Women's Development.[66]
2012 Burmese democracy movement Min Ko Naing Myanmar Founding member of the88 Generation Students Group.[67]
Hkun Htun Oo Politician and chairman of theShan Nationalities League for Democracy.[67]
Kyaw Thu Actor and founder of theFree Funeral Service Society.[67]
Aung Din Former political prisoner and leader in the1988 pro-democracy movement.[67]
Cynthia Maung EthnicKarenphysician and medical clinic worker.[67]
2002 Women activists in theMuslim world Mehrangiz Kar Iran Human rights lawyer and activist.[68]
Muborak Tashpulatova Uzbekistan Civics education activist,TashkentPublic Education Center director.[68]
Nadjet Bouda Algeria Human rights activist focusing on the "disappeared"of theAlgerian Civil War.[68]
Mariam Hussein Mohamed Somalia Mogadishu-based human rights activist, founder and director of the Dr. Ismail Jumale Human Rights Organization.[68]

Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA)

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In 2006, CIMA was founded as an initiative of the National Endowment for Democracy with encouragement from Congress and a grant from the State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.[69]CIMA promotes the work of independent media and journalists abroad, with a focus on the developing world,social media,digital media,andcitizen journalism.[70]It issued its first report,Empowering Independent Media: U.S. Efforts to Foster Free and Independent Media Around the World,in 2008, and subsequently issued other reports, including a report on digital media in conflict-prone societies and a report on mobile phone use in Africa.[70]

Reception

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Writing inSlatein 2004,Brendan I. Koernerwrote that, "Depending on whom you ask, the NED is either a nonprofit champion of liberty or an ideologically driven meddler in world affairs."[71]

NED has been criticized by both the right and the left.[72][73]Some on the right accuse the NED of having a pro-social democracy agenda, promoted through its labor affiliate; conversely, some on the left accuse the NED of being "a rightwing initiative" oriented toward Reagan's Cold War politics.[72]Within Latin America, critics accuse the NED of manifesting U.S. paternalism or imperialism,[72]conversely, "supporters say that it helps many groups with a social-democratic and liberal orientation across the world," providing training and support for pro-democracy groups that criticize the U.S.[72]In a 2004 article for theWashington Post,Michael McFaulargues that the NED is not an instrument of U.S. foreign policy. He said he experienced the difference between the actions of US policymakers and the actions of theNational Democratic Institute(NDI) while representing the NDI in Moscow during the last days of the Soviet Union: U.S. policymakers supported Mikhail Gorbachev while the NDI worked withDemocratic Russia,Gorbachev's opponents.[74]NED has said in public statements that democracy evolves "according to the needs and traditions of diverse political cultures" and does not necessitate an American-style model.[72]

In 1986, NED's President Carl Gershman said that the NED was created because "It would be terrible for democratic groups around the world to be seen as subsidized by the CIA. We saw that in the 1960s and that's why it has been discontinued".[75]Throughout the course of a 2010 investigation byProPublica,Paul Steiger, the then editor in chief of the publication said that "those who spearheaded creation of NED have long acknowledged it was part of an effort to move from covert to overt efforts to foster democracy" and cited as evidence a 1991 interview in which then-NED presidentAllen Weinsteinsaid, "A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA."[15]

Critics have compared the NED's funding of Nicaraguan groups (pro-U.S. and conservative unions, political parties, student groups, business groups, and women's associations) in the 1980s and 1990s in Nicaragua to the previous CIA effort "to challenge and undermine" a left-wing government in Chile.[76](Latin Americanist scholarWilliam M. LeoGrandewrites that the NED's roughly $2 million funding into Nicaragua between 1984 and 1988 was the "main source of overt assistance to the civic opposition," of which about half went to the anti-SandinistanewspaperLa Prensa.[77]) According to sociologist William Robinson, NED funds during the Reagan years were "ultimately used for five overlapping pseudo-covert activities: leadership training forpro-Americanelites, promotion of pro-American educational systems and mass media, strengthening the 'institutions of democracy' by funding pro-American organizations in the target state, propaganda, and the development of transnational elite networks. "[78]Criticizing these activities, Robinson wrote that "U.S. policymakers claim that they are interested in process (free and fair elections) and not outcome (the results of these elections); in reality, the principal concern is outcome. "[78]

Political scientist Lindsey A. O'Rourke writes that the Reagan-era NED played a key role in U.S. efforts "to promote democratic transitions in Chile, Haiti, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, the Philippines, Poland, and Suriname," but did so to promote the success of pro-U.S. parties, not just to promote democracy, and did not support communist or socialist opposition parties.[78]TheNorth American Congress on Latin Americasays that the NED engages in a "a very particular form of low-intensity democracy chained to pro-market economics--in countries from Nicaragua to the Philippines, Ukraine to Haiti, overturning unfriendly 'authoritarian' governments (many of which the United States had previously supported) and replacing them with handpicked pro-market allies."[79]

Thailand and Malaysia

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In the2020 Thai protests,pro-government groups cited NED support for protester-sympathizing groups to assert that the US government was masterminding the protests. TheUnited States Embassy in Bangkokformally denied allegations of funding or supporting protesters.[80]

In August 2021, Malaysian human rights activist andSuaramadviserKua Kia Soongcriticized the opposition coalitionPakatan Harapanfor accepting funding from the National Endowment of Democracy, which he described as a "CIA soft power front". Citing the US track record of supporting regime change abroad and racial discrimination againstBlackandAsian Americans,Kua urged Malaysian civil society organizations to stop accepting funding from the NED since it undermined their legitimacy, independence, and effectiveness. Kua's statement came after Daniel Twining, the president of the NED affiliateInternational Republican Institute,had made remarks in 2018 acknowledging that the NED had financially supported Malaysian opposition parties since 2002. Following the2018 Malaysian general electionTwining had also praised the newly elected Pakatan Harapan government for freezing Chinese infrastructural investments.[81][82]

Reaction from foreign governments

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Russia

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Russian government officials andstate mediahave frequently regarded the NED as hostile to their country.[83]In 2015, the Russian state news agencyRIA Novostiblamed NED grants for theEuromaidanmass protests that forced Ukrainian PresidentViktor Yanukovychfrom power.[83]In July 2015, the Russian government declared NED to be an "undesirable" NGO, making the NED the first organization banned under theRussian undesirable organizations lawsigned two months earlier by Russian PresidentVladimir Putin.[83]

China

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During the2014 Hong Kong protests,a Chinese newspaper accused the US of using the NED to fund pro-democracy protesters.Michael Pillsbury,aHudson Instituteforeign policy analyst and formerReagan administrationofficial, stated that the accusation was "not totally false".[84][85]In 2019, thegovernment of the People's Republic of Chinasanctioned the NED in response to the passage by theU.S. Congressof theHong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act.[86]The Chinese government stated that the NED and CIA worked in tandem to covertly foment the2019–20 Hong Kong protests,[87][86]and that NED acted as a U.S. intelligence front.[86][88]NED was one of several U.S.-basedNGOssanctioned by the Chinese government; others included theHuman Rights Watch,Freedom House,theNational Democratic Institute,and theInternational Republican Institute.[89][90]China also already tightly restricted the activities of foreign NGOs in China, particularly since 2016, and the NGOs sanctioned by China typically do not have offices on the mainland; as a result, the sanctions were regarded as mostly symbolic.[89]NED grant recipients in Hong Kong included labor advocacy and human rights groups such as theSolidarity CenterandJustice Centre Hong Kong.[87]The Chinese government said that the sanctioned organizations were "anti-China" forces that "incite separatist activities for Hong Kong independence";[88]a U.S. State Department official said that "false accusations of foreign interference" against U.S.-based NGOs were "intended to distract from the legitimate concerns of Hongkongers."[90][85]NED has denied it provided aid to protestors in 2019.[30]

In August 2020, the Chinese government sanctioned NED chairman Carl Gershman, together with the heads of four other U.S.-based democracy and human rights organizations and six U.S. Republican lawmakers for supporting the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The unspecified sanctions were a tit-for-tat measure responding to the earlier sanctioning by the U.S. of 11 Hong Kong officials in response to the enactment of theHong Kong National Security Lawin June 2020.[91]

In December 2020 China sanctioned the senior director of the NED, John Knaus, saying he "blatantly interferes in Hong Kong affairs and grossly interferes in China's domestic affairs".[92]

In May 2022, the ChineseMinistry of Foreign Affairsaccused NED of funding separatists to undermine the stability of target countries, instigatingcolor revolutionsto subvert state power, and meddling in other countries' politics.[93]

Elsewhere

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Other governments that have objected to NED activity includeIran,[94]Egypt,[32]India,[95]andVenezuela.[86]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Ignatius, David (September 22, 1991)."Innocence Abroad: The New World of Spyless Coups".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedAugust 28,2021.
  2. ^abLowe, David."History - Idea to Reality: NED at 30".National Endowment for Democracy.
  3. ^Richmond, Yale (2008).Practicing Public Diplomacy: A Cold War Odyssey.Berghahn Books. p. 161.ISBN978-0-85745-013-5.NED was founded at the initiative of a small group of Washington insiders, who believed that the United States needed a 'quango' (quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization) to promote liberal democracy and counter communist influence abroad....
  4. ^abOtsuru-Kitagawa, Chieko (1998)."The Role of QUANGO in American Democratic Assistance".International Relations.1998(119): 127–141.doi:10.11375/kokusaiseiji1957.119_127.eISSN1883-9916.
  5. ^ab"About the National Endowment for Democracy".National Endowment for Democracy.RetrievedAugust 27,2021.NED is dedicated to fostering the growth of a wide range of democratic institutions abroad, including political parties, trade unions, free markets and business organizations
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