Neoptera(Ancient Greeknéos( "new" ) +pterón( "wing" )) is a classification group that includes most orders of the wingedinsects,specifically those that can flex their wings over theirabdomens.This is in contrast with the morebasalordersof winged insects (the "Palaeoptera"assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
| Neopterans Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Bees (orderHymenoptera) can fold their wings over their abdomens, like other Neopterans. | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Subclass: | Pterygota |
| Infraclass: | Neoptera Martynov,1923 |
| Subgroups | |
Classification
editThe taxon Neoptera was proposed byА.М. Martynovin 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:[1][2]
- divisionPalaeoptera
- orderOdonata
- order Agnatha (correct name:Ephemeroptera)
- †orderDictyoneuridea
- †orderMegasecoptera
- †orderMeganisoptera
- †orderProtephemeroidea
- division Neoptera
- superorderEndopterygota
- orderColeoptera
- orderStrepsiptera
- orderNeuroptera
- orderRaphidioptera
- orderMegaloptera
- orderDiptera
- orderMecoptera
- orderTrichoptera
- orderLepidoptera
- orderHymenoptera
- subdivisionPolyneoptera
- superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
- orderOrthoptera
- orderPlecoptera
- orderDermaptera
- orderEmbioptera
- orderPhasmatodea
- superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
- subdivisionParaneoptera
- orderHemiptera
- suborderAuchenorrhyncha
- suborderColeorrhyncha
- suborderHeteroptera
- suborderSternorrhyncha
- subdivision Oligoneoptera
- orderHemiptera
- superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
- superorderEndopterygota
The orderThysanopteraoriginally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:
- PterygotaGegenbaur 1878
- EphemeropteraHyatt & Arms 1890
- MetapterygotaBörner 1909
- OdonataFabricius 1793
- Neoptera Martynov 1923
Phylogeny
editThe phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in thecladogram,using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for thePolyneoptera,[3]Johnson et al 2018 for theParaneoptera(wherePsocomorphacontainsPhthiraptera),[4]and Kjer et al 2016 for theHolometabola.[5]
| Neoptera |
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References
edit- ^Martynov, A. V. (1923)."О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых"[On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects].Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922:88–89.
- ^Martynov, A. V. (1924)."О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции"[There are two types of drug addicts and evolutionists].Russian Zoological Journal.4(1, 2):155–185.
- ^Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; et al. (February 2019)."Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.116(8):3024–3029.Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W.doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116.PMC6386694.PMID30642969.
- ^Johnson, Kevin P.; Dietrich, Christopher H.; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wipfler, Benjamin; et al. (2018-12-11)."Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.115(50):12775–12780.doi:10.1073/pnas.1815820115.PMC6294958.PMID30478043.
- ^Kjer, Karl M.;Simon, Chris;Yavorskaya, Margarita; Beutel, Rolf G. (2016)."Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics".Journal of the Royal Society Interface.13(121): 121.doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363.PMC5014063.PMID27558853.
