TheNew Jersey Pine Barrens,also known as thePinelandsor simply thePines,is the largest remaining example of theAtlantic coastal pine barrensecosystem, stretching across more than seven counties ofNew Jersey.Two other large, contiguous examples of this ecosystem remain in thenortheastern United States:theLong Island Central Pine Barrensand theMassachusetts Coastal Pine Barrens.The namepine barrensrefers to the area's sandy, acidic, nutrient-poor soil. Although European settlers could not cultivate their familiar crops there, the unique ecology of the Pine Barrens supports a diverse spectrum of plant life, includingorchidsandcarnivorous plants.The area is also notable for its populations of rare pygmypitch pinesand other plant species that depend on the frequent fires of the Pine Barrens to reproduce. The sand that composes much of the area's soil is referred to by the locals assugar sand.
The Pine Barrens remains mostly rural and undisturbed despite its proximity to thesprawlingmetropolitan cities ofPhiladelphiaandNew York City,in the center of the very densely populatedBoston-Washington Corridoron theEastern Seaboard.The heavily traveledGarden State ParkwayandAtlantic City Expresswaytraverse sections of the eastern and southern Pine Barrens, respectively. The Pine Barrens territory helps recharge the 17-trillion-US-gallon (64-billion-cubic-metre)Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer,containing some of the purest water in the United States.[1][2]
As a result of all these factors, in 1978, Congress passed legislation to designate 1.1 million acres (4,500 km2;1,700 sq mi) of the Pine Barrens as thePinelands National Reserve(the nation's first National Reserve) to preserve its ecology. A decade later, it was designated by theUnited Nationsas anInternational Biosphere Reserve.Development in the Pinelands National Reserve is strictly controlled by an independent state/federal agency, theNew Jersey Pinelands Commission.
The Pinelands Reserve contains theWharton,Brendan T. Byrne(formerly Lebanon),Penn,andBass Riverstate forests. The reserve also includes twoNational Wild and Scenic Rivers:theMaurice[3]and theGreat Egg Harbor.[4]
John McPhee's 1967 bookThe Pine Barrensfocuses on the history and ecology of the region.
History
editPrehistoric
edit
Between 170–200 million years ago, theAtlantic coastal plainbegan to form.
The Barrens formed in the southernmost and newest land area in New Jersey 1.8 to 65 million years ago, during theTertiaryera.
Over millions of years, the rising and falling of the coastline deposited minerals underground, culminating with the end of the lastice ageabout 12,000 years ago, when plants and trees began growing in what is nowNew Jersey.
Forest fireshave been a common occurrence since before habitation by humans. Fire has played a major ecological role in the Pinelands, and the ecotypes "suggest that short fire intervals may have been typical in the Pine Plains for many centuries, or millennia."[5]
Pre-Columbian
editAround 10,000 years ago, the ancestors of theLenapepeople first inhabited the Pine Barrens.[citation needed]
Thefire regimebefore European settlement is poorly understood.[5]Scholars know that the Lenape tribes burned the woods in the spring and fall to reduce underbrush, and improve plant yields and hunting conditions.[6]The Pine Barrens, with its sandy soil, did not attract a permanent agriculture population (whose main interest would have been to establish permanent boundaries and clear the forests for fields).[7]The area's sparse population encouraged a long-lasting attitude that forest fires should be set for local benefit—even on the lands of others. For instance, it was profitable for charcoal burners to set fires deliberately, in order to make the trees useless for any purpose other than charcoal making, then purchase the trees for a discount.[7]
European settlement
editDuring the 17th century, the area that is now New Jersey was explored and settled by theSwedishandDutch,who developed whaling and fishing settlements mainly along the Delaware River. The English claimed the area as of 1606 under theirLondon Company,and the Dutch abandoned their claim to the English in 1664. The firstshipbuildingoperations began in the Pine Barrens in 1688, utilizing thecedar,oak,andpitchtrees, as well as local tar and turpentine. The firstsawmillsandgristmillsopened around 1700, leading to the first European settlements in the Pinelands.[8][9]
During the colonial era, the Pine Barrens was the location of various industries.[10]In 1740,charcoaloperations began in the Pine Barrens, and the firstiron furnaceopened in 1765.[9]Bog ironwas mined from bogs, streams, and waterways, and was worked in about 35 furnaces[11]includingBatsto,Lake Atsion,Hampton Furnace inShamong,[10]Hanover Furnace inPemberton,[12]Ferrago inLacey,and several other locations.[13]Iron from these early furnaces was instrumental in supplying the American military with weapons and camp tools during theAmerican Revolution,theWar of 1812,and theSecond Barbary War.For example, CommodoreStephen Decatur Jr.sailed to Algiers armed with24-pound cannonsthat had been cast at Hanover in 1814.[14]
The firstIndian reservationin the Americas was founded Brotherton in 1758, in what is nowIndian MillsinShamong Township.On October 6, 1778 during theAmerican Revolutionary War,400 British troops underPatrick Fergusonfought an American force underCasimir Pulaskiat theBattle of Chestnut Neckbefore burning several local buildings. In 1799, the firstglassworksopened in Port Elizabeth, and by that time, whaling operations had stopped. The firstcotton millin the Pine Barrens opened in 1810 atRetreat.Cultivatedcranberrybogs begin in the 1830s, and in 1832, the first paper mill opened in the region. In 1854, the first railroad across the Pinelands opened, connectingCamdenand the newly-establishedAtlantic City.Railroads soon connected the various small towns that existed across the Pine Barrens.[9]
In 1869, the bog iron industry ended in the Pine Barrens,[9]after the discovery that iron ore could be mined more cheaply inPennsylvania.Other industries such as paper mills, sawmills, and gristmills rose and fell throughout the years, catering chiefly to local markets. Smaller industries such as charcoal-making and glassmaking also were developed, meeting with varying degrees of success. Over time, however, the forest reclaimed almost all traces of the Pine Barrens' industrial past.Ghost towns—remnants of villages built around these former industries—can still be found at various locations.Batsto Villagehas been restored to its mid-19th century state as a state historic site.
The Kallikak study
editThe Pine Barrens were home to many rural, backwoods families. For years, residents of the rural area were called "Pineys"by outsiders, as a derogatory term. Today many Pinelands residents are proud of both the name and the land on which they live.[15]In the early 20th century, a family identified in acase studyby the pseudonym, theKallikaks,were presented as an example of genetic inferiority byeugenicists.Today, scholars understand that the facts in the Kallikaks study were misrepresented, including photographs altered to make the family members appear more backward.[16]
Aviation accidents
editOn July 12, 1928, the Mexican aviator and national heroEmilio Carranzacrashed and was killed inTabernacle, New Jersey,while returning from a historic goodwill flight fromMexico Cityto the United States. Flying back from Long Island, he encountered athunderstormand crashed inBurlington County.A 12 ft (3.6 m) monument identifies the location of the crash.
Efforts to preserve the Pine Barrens
edit
Despite rapid urbanization of surrounding areas, the Pine Barrens remained largely untouched because its sandy soil was unsuitable for growing most crops. Its iron and charcoal deposits did not compete with more readily accessible deposits elsewhere. In 1969, the Pine Barrens averaged a density of 15 inhabitants per square mile (5.8/km2), compared with 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390/km2) in the lands bordering it. With rising environmental concerns at the time, people became alerted to the possible destruction of the Pine Barrens and its aquifer byurban sprawl.
State authorities in the region discussed plans to construct a jetport and associated city in the Pine Barrens to alleviate congestion at other major regional airports of the Mid-Atlantic. The low cost of land and lower incidence of fog in the area made the plan appealing.[17]
Congress created theNew Jersey Pinelands National Reserve,the country's first National Reserve, to protect the area under the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978.
The surviving Medford office ofDr. James Still,the 19th century "Black Doctor of the Pines", was purchased for preservation by the State of New Jersey in 2006. Today it is the Dr. James Still Historic Office Site and Education Center.[18]
The reserve containsWharton State Forest,Brendan T. Byrne State Forest,Bass River State Forest,andPenn State Forest.[19]The Pinelands was designated a U.S.Biosphere ReservebyUNESCOin 1983 and an International Biosphere Reserve in 1988.[20]
Howard P. Boydwas instrumental in working to preserve the Pine Barrens and educate visitors. He died in December 2011, within the Protection Area of thePinelands National Reserve.[21]
Jersey Devil and other folklore
editThe Pine Barrens gave rise to the legend of the Jersey Devil, said to have been born in 1735 to a local woman named Mrs. Leeds in an area known asLeeds Point.It was said that he was her 13th child and, because of the unlucky number, he was cursed. Another story says that the mother gave birth to a hideous monster that attacked her and her nurses, before flying up and out of the chimney and disappearing into the Barrens.[22]The Devil is said to roam the Pine Barrens, with many sharing stories of encounters with the Devil during dark nights in the Pinelands.[23]
Pine Barrens folklore also includes the ghost of the "Black Doctor", the ghost ofCaptain Kidd,the "Black Dog",and various other ghosts, as well as folklore associated with theBlue Holeand other so-called "blue holes" in the Pine Barrens.
Geography
editThe New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve contains approximately 1.1 million acres (4,500 km2) of land, and occupies 22% of New Jersey's land area, including territory of much of seven counties. Counties affected by the act areAtlantic,Burlington,Camden,Cape May,Cumberland,GloucesterandOcean. The Pine Barrens comprise a major part of theAtlantic coastal pine barrensecoregion.
Although natural fires have occurred, evidence shows that most fires in the region are of human origin.[7]
Climate
editThe Pine Barrens of New Jersey are in the transition zone betweenhumid subtropicalandhumid continental climates.The Pine Barrens, however, have a microclimate that allows for a shorter frost-free season, and colder nighttime temperatures compared to most of New Jersey. Because of sandy soil and very little development, clear and calm nights can get much colder in the Pine Barrens than in the surrounding areas. On an average night, a 6 to 8 °F (3.3 to 4.4 °C) difference is commonly seen, but the change can be as much as 10 °F (5.6 °C).[24]
The Pine Barrens receives annual snowfall, varying from 15 to 21 inches (380 to 530 mm) throughout the Pinelands (the northern pinelands receive the most snowfall, on average).[25]Summers are typically hot and humid, and winters are typically cold, and fall/spring are milder transition seasons. Frost can be seen in fall, spring, and winter. In the Pine Barrens, frost occurs earlier in the fall and later in the spring than the surrounding areas due to the sandy soil.[24]
The average annual precipitation in the Pinelands is from 42 to 46 inches (1,100 to 1,200 mm), but year-to-year precipitation varies greatly. Thunderstorms are frequent in the warmer months, along with strong winds and heavy rains from these storms.[26]
| Climate data for 7 mi NNE Batsto Village, Wharton State Forest, Burlington County, NJ (1981 – 2010 averages). | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 42.1 (5.6) |
45.3 (7.4) |
52.9 (11.6) |
64.1 (17.8) |
73.9 (23.3) |
82.5 (28.1) |
86.6 (30.3) |
85.2 (29.6) |
78.8 (26.0) |
67.8 (19.9) |
57.4 (14.1) |
46.3 (7.9) |
65.3 (18.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.7 (0.4) |
35.2 (1.8) |
42.2 (5.7) |
52.4 (11.3) |
62.0 (16.7) |
71.2 (21.8) |
75.8 (24.3) |
74.3 (23.5) |
67.4 (19.7) |
56.0 (13.3) |
46.8 (8.2) |
36.9 (2.7) |
54.5 (12.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.4 (−4.8) |
25.1 (−3.8) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
40.8 (4.9) |
50.1 (10.1) |
59.8 (15.4) |
65.0 (18.3) |
63.4 (17.4) |
56.0 (13.3) |
44.3 (6.8) |
36.1 (2.3) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
43.7 (6.5) |
| Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 3.50 (89) |
2.82 (72) |
4.40 (112) |
3.94 (100) |
3.92 (100) |
3.82 (97) |
4.38 (111) |
4.43 (113) |
3.80 (97) |
3.51 (89) |
3.45 (88) |
3.84 (98) |
45.81 (1,166) |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 64.7 | 62.1 | 59.0 | 58.8 | 62.9 | 67.3 | 68.3 | 70.5 | 71.1 | 69.6 | 67.5 | 67.4 | 65.8 |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group[27] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AverageDew Point°F | 22.1 | 23.5 | 28.9 | 38.4 | 49.2 | 59.8 | 64.6 | 64.1 | 57.7 | 46.2 | 36.6 | 27.1 | 43.3 |
| AverageDew Point°C | 0.4 | 1.8 | 5.7 | 11.3 | 16.7 | 21.8 | 24.3 | 23.5 | 19.7 | 13.3 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 12.5 |
Source = PRISM Climate Group[27]
| |||||||||||||
Flora
edit
The Pine Barrens is home to at least 850 species of plants,[28]of which 92 are considered threatened and endangered.[29]Several species oforchidss,including thepink lady's slipper,are native to the Pine Barrens.[30]The region hosts more than 20 species of wild berries, includingwild raisin,red chokeberry,highbush blueberry,huckleberry,bearberry,and cranberry.[31]
The forest communities are strongly influenced by fire, varying fromdwarf pine forestsless than 4 feet (120 cm) tall where fires are frequent, to pine forests, to oak forests where fires are rare. Dark swamps ofAtlantic white cedargrow along the waterways.
Forest fires play an important role in regulating the growth of plants in the Pine Barrens. Frequent light fires tend to reduce the amount of undergrowth and promote the growth of mature trees. Forest fires have contributed to the dominance ofpitch pinein the Pine Barrens. They can resist and recover quickly from fire by resprouting directly through their bark (something very unusual for pines) and frequent killing fires keep an area covered with small sprouts.[32]Theirserotinouspine cones open only after having been heated by a fire.[7][33]
The prevalence of forest fire allows the pitch pines to dominate over oaks, which by comparison are usually killed outright by a moderate or intense fire. High air temperatures and dry plant undergrowth contribute to the intensity of the fire. While uncommon, severe fires at fairly frequent intervals can eliminate species that do not bear seed at an early age.
Efforts to battle forest fire attract debate over how to best preserve the Pine Barrens. While fires constitute a danger to property and inhabitants, preservationists argue that eliminating forest fires would cause the Pine Barrens to become dominated by oak trees. A few areas which had previously consisted of scrub and pitch pine have become dominated by oak trees because of intervention after settlement to reduce the frequency of forest fires.[34]
Fauna
editThe Pine Barrens is home to at least 39 species ofmammals,over 300 species of birds, 59reptileandamphibianspecies, and 91 fish species.[35]At least 43 species are considered threatened and endangered by the NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife,[36]including the rare easterntimber rattlesnakes(Crotalus horridus) andbald eagles.[37]
A threatened species of frog, thePine Barrens tree frog,has a disjunct population there.[38]American black bearsare finding their way back into the Pine Barrens after a history of hunting and trapping had driven them out.[39]
Believed to have beenextirpatedfrom the state by 1970 due to destruction of its territory and human encroachment, thebobcatgained legal protection in 1972. It is classified as a game species with a closed season; in 1991 it was added to the list of endangered species in New Jersey. Between 1978 and 1982, the state introduced 24 bobcats from Maine into the northern portion of the state. Since 1996, they have been monitored by biologists with the aid ofGPStransmitters in order to determine habitat ranges and preferences.[40]
A scent-post survey in 1995 proved bobcat presence in four northern counties. There have been reliable sightings of the bobcat in nine additional (mostly southern) counties, including those encompassing large swathes of the Pine Barrens and others skirting it, namely:Atlantic,Burlington,Cape May,Cumberland,Ocean,andSalemcounties.[41]
Economy
editIndustries in the Pine Barrens are primarily related to agriculture and tourism.
Agriculture
editNew Jersey produces the third-highest number ofcranberriesin the country, mostly cultivated in the areas around Chatsworth, including Whitesbog. The first cultivatedblueberrieswere developed in the Pine Barrens in 1916 through the work ofElizabeth Whiteof Whitesbog, and blueberry farms are nearly as common ascranberrybogsin the area. Most blueberry farms are found in and around the town ofHammonton.
Infrastructure
editHighways
edit- Toll highways:
- U.S. highways:
- State highways:
- County roads:
In popular culture
edit- The Pine Barrens is the setting and title ofan episodeof the TV programThe Sopranos.[42]Despite the name, the episode was not filmed in either the New Jersey Pine Barrens nor one of the other, smaller pine barrens in the Northeast. Filming took place withinHarriman State Parkin New York because the production was denied a permit to film at theSouth Mountain Reservationin Essex County, though that reserve is also not within the New Jersey Pine Barrens.[43]
- John McPhee's book, titledThe Pine Barrens(1968), explores the history, ecology, and geography of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. His account is also infused with his personal memoirs.[44]His book contributed to a reappraisal of the ecological role of pine barrens; in New Jersey and on eastern Long Island, they contribute to preserving the amount and quality of vital groundwater supplies in underground aquifers.
- In theWhat We Do In The Shadowsepisode "Pine Barrens", the characters go on a hunting trip in the Pine Barrens and encounter theJersey Devil.
- The Real Adventures of Jonny Questepisode "The Spectre of the Pine Barrens" takes place in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, wherein the characters search for the Jersey Devil.
- TheFantastic Fourvisit the Barrens during a 2004 story arc. The group meets a population of aliens who have been visiting the Barrens for generations, giving rise to the legend of the Jersey Devil.
- The Pine Barrens is also the setting for the 2012 featureThe Barrens,starringStephen Moyer,and involving a story of the Jersey Devil.
- The New Jersey Pine Barrens is the setting of Aurelio Voltaire's 2013 horror novelCall of the Jersey Devil.[45]
- In 2021,Six Flags Great Adventureestablished a section of the park dedicated to the New Jersey Pine Barrens. TheJersey Devil Coasterwas opened there the same year.
Gallery
edit-
-
-
Kayaking on theMullica River -
Fire tower onApple Pie Hill
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Pearce, Jeremy (June 23, 2002)."Trouble in Paradise".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 29,2007.
The state Pinelands Protection Act of 1979 set goals of preserving farms and undeveloped lands, discouragingpiecemeal and scattered developmentand conserving animal and plant species on the sandy soils of the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer, estimated to hold 17.7 trillion gallons of water.
- ^Michael A. Hogan, "The Pine Barrens of New Jersey: A Photoessay",Environment News Service,27 October 2005. Accessed September 29, 2007. Quote: "Underlying much of the Pinelands is the Cohansey Aquifer. This formation of unconsolidated sand and gravel functions as a vast reservoir estimated to contain over 17 trillion gallons of some of the purest water in the country."
- ^"The Maurice Wild & Scenic River".Nat'l Park Service.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^"The Great Egg Harbor Wild & Scenic River".Nat'l Park Service.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^abAnderson, Roger Clark; James Steven Fralish; Jerry Mack Baskin (1999).Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-57322-1.
- ^Stansfield, Charles (1998).A geography of New Jersey: the city in the garden.Rutgers University Press.ISBN0-8135-2579-9.RetrievedAugust 31,2010.
- ^abcdForman, Richard (1998).Pine Barrens: ecosystem and landscape.Rutgers University Press.ISBN0-8135-2593-4.RetrievedJanuary 9,2016.
- ^John P. Snyder (1969).The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968(PDF).Trenton, New Jersey: Bureau of Geology and Topography.
- ^abcd"History".New Jersey Pinelands Commission.RetrievedAugust 9,2018.
- ^ab"Unique Pinelands Places: Ghost Towns and Ruins".pinelandsalliance.org.Pinelands Preservation Alliance. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^"A Listing of the Forges and Furnaces of South Jersey – NJPineBarrens.com".www.njpinebarrens.com.RetrievedAugust 24,2018.
- ^"National Register Digital Assets: Hanover Furnace".nps.gov.National Park Service.Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^Ben Ruset (November 24, 2007)."A Listing of the Forges and Furnaces of South Jersey".njpinebarrens.com.Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^McPhee, John,The Pine Barrens,Noonday Press (1967) p. 27
- ^Birdsall, Bob (2007).People of the Pines.Medford, NJ: Plexus Publishing, Inc.
- ^Dakwa, Kwame; Esping, Amber; Plucker, Jonathan (Fall 2001) [revised Fall 2002; last modified 2012-01-26].Human Intelligence: The Kallikak Family.University of Indiana. Archived fromthe originalon January 28, 2013.
- ^"Biography of a Place: Wilderness Thrives Surrounded by City"[permanent dead link],Columbia Missourian,26 January 1969. Accessed March 3, 2009.
- ^Dr. James Still Historic Office Site and Education Center website
- ^Penn State Forest,NJ Department of Environmental Protection
- ^"New Jersey Pinelands Commission | The Pinelands National Reserve".nj.gov.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
- ^"Howard Boyd – The Piney",Blog NJ, Quote: "This Tabernacle resident is the pre-eminent scholar on the Pine Barrens."
- ^McCrann, Grace-Ellen,"Legend of the New Jersey Devil",jerseyhistory.org,New Jersey Historical Society(2021-10-26), retrieved 2021-06-24,archived2021-02-28 atarchive.today.
- ^"New Jersey Pinelands Commission | Jersey Devil".www.state.nj.us.RetrievedOctober 17,2021.
- ^abHeavener, Greg (2011)."Microclimate of the New Jersey Pine Barrens"(PDF).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedMay 8,2016.
- ^"climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim_v1/monthlydata/".climate.rutgers.edu.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
- ^Forman, Richard (1979).Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape.New York, New York: Academic Press. p. 130.ISBN0-12-263450-0.
- ^ab"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State U".www.prism.oregonstate.edu.RetrievedJune 21,2019.
- ^"Plants".The Pinelands National Reserve.State of New Jersey Pinelands Commission.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^"Protection of Threatened & Endangered Plants in the New Jersey Pinelands"(PDF).New Jersey Pinelands Commission. January 2011.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^"Blooming Schedule for Pinelands Orchids"(PDF).New Jersey Pinelands Commission.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^"Secrets of Pine Barrens Plants"(PDF).Pinelands Commission, State of New Jersey.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 30, 2021.
- ^Forman, Richard."Review:Fire Effects in New Jersey's Pine Barrensby Silas Little ",Library of New Jersey
- ^Dudley, Elizabeth.Forests: A Fact-Filled Coloring Book,1990, p. 58.
- ^Peterson, Iver (May 29, 1992)."Fire in the Pine Barrens: Keeping the Oak at Bay".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 21,2009.
- ^"NJ Pine Barrens Animals".pinebarrensanimals.com.Archived fromthe originalon April 5, 2010.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
- ^"Threatened & Endangered Animals of the New Jersey Pinelands"(PDF).New Jersey Pinelands Commission. January 2011.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
- ^Birdsall, Bob (2008). "Seasons of the Pines". Barnegat, NJ: Island Publishing.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Hammerson, G.A. (2017)."Dryophytes andersonii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2017:e.T10350A112711185.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T10350A112711185.en.Archivedfrom the original on June 2, 2018.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
- ^"Pine Barrens Mammals - Pinelands Preservation Alliance".pinelandsalliance.org.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
- ^"Bobcat – March 2003: Species of the Month".New Jersey Dept. of Fish, Game and Wildlife.RetrievedMarch 3,2011.
- ^Sciascia, James C. (Winter 1999)."Back on the Bobcat Trail"(PDF).New Jersey Outdoors.New Jersey Division of Fish, Game, and Wildlife.RetrievedFebruary 10,2023.
- ^VanDerWerff, Emily (January 19, 2011)."The Sopranos:"Pine Barrens"".Onion Inc.RetrievedOctober 6,2019.
- ^"'Sopranos' Banned From County Property ".The New York Times.Associated Press. December 17, 2000.RetrievedAugust 24,2018.
- ^McPhee, John (1968).The Pine Barrens.Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p.118.ISBN978-0-374-51442-6.
- ^Voltaire, Aurelio (May 28, 2013).Call of the Jersey Devil(1st ed.). Spence City. p. 352.ASINB00CXWC7I6.
External links
edit
Governance
editHistory and ecology
edit- Birds of the Pine Barrens
- Plants of the Pine Barrens
- NJPineBarrens.com – Exploring the Ghost Towns of Southern New Jersey
- American Revolutionary War actions in the Pinelands area
- Geology
Non-profit organizations
editMedia
edit- "My Pine Barrens Land"- 1988New Jersey Networkdocumentary, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia,American Archive of Public Broadcasting