Wikipedia

New Year

For other uses, seeNew Year (disambiguation).

TheNew Yearis thetimeor day at which a newcalendar yearbegins and the calendar'syear countincrements by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner.[1]In theGregorian calendar,the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day,preceded byNew Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the originalJulian calendarand theRoman calendar(after 153 BC).[2]

New Year's Evecelebration inCopacabana, Rio de Janeiro,Brazil(2004)

Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use alunar calendaror alunisolar calendar.Chinese New Year,theIslamic New Year,Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and theJewish New Yearare among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar.

During theMiddle AgesinWestern Europe,while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many nationalcivil calendarsin theWestern Worldand beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1—most doing so when theyadopted the Gregorian calendar.

By type

Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized betweenlunar or lunisolar new yearsorsolar new years.

By month or season

January

Baby New Year1905 chases old 1904 into the history books in this cartoon byJohn T. McCutcheon.
  • January 1: The first day of the civil year in theGregorian calendarused by mostcountries.
    • Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not anOrthodox Christianreligious holiday. TheEastern Orthodox liturgical calendarmakes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and acommemoration of saints.While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to therevised Julian calendar(which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to theJulian calendar,including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar.
  • TheJapanese New Year( chính nguyệt, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar. Prior to 1873, Japan used a lunar calendar with twelve months each of 29 or 30 days for a total year of about 354 days.[3]
  • TheSámicelebratedOđđajagemánnu.[4]

Winter lunar new years

A Happy New Year sign in northeastern China
  • TheChinese New Year,also known as Spring Festival or Lunar New Year, occurs every year on thenew moonof the first lunar month, about the beginning of spring (Lichun). The exact date can fall any time between January 21 and February 21 (inclusive) of theGregorian Calendar.Traditionally, years were marked by one of twelveEarthly Branches,represented by an animal, and one of tenHeavenly Stems,which correspond to thefive elements.This combinationcycles every 60 years.It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year.
  • TheKorean New Yearis aSeollalor Lunar New Year's Day. Although January 1 is, in fact, the first day of the year, Seollal, the first day of the lunar calendar, is more meaningful for Koreans. A celebration of the Lunar New Year is believed to have started to let in good luck and ward off bad spirits all throughout the year. With the old year out and a new one in, people gather at home and sit around with their families and relatives, catching up on what they have been doing.
  • TheVietnamese New Yearis theTết Nguyên Đánwhich most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using a Lunar calendar similar to the Chinese calendar.
  • TheTibetanNew Year isLosarand falls between January and March.

March

  • BabylonianNew Year began with the first New Moon after thenorthward equinox.Ancient celebrations lasted for eleven days.[5]
  • Nava Varsha is celebrated in India in various regions from March–April.
  • TheIranianNew Year,calledNowruz,is the day containing the exact moment of the Northward equinox, which usually occurs on March 20 or 21, marking the start of the spring season. TheZoroastrianNew Year coincides with theIranianNew Year ofNowruzand is celebrated by theParsisin India and by Zoroastrians and Persians across the world. In theBaháʼí calendar,the new year occurs on the vernal equinox on March 20 or 21 and is calledNaw-Rúz.The Iranian tradition was also passed on to Central Asian countries, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Uighurs, and there is known asNauryz.It is usually celebrated on March 22.
  • TheBalineseNew Year, based on the Saka Calendar (Balinese-Javanese Calendar), is calledNyepi,and it falls on Bali's Lunar New Year (around March). It is a day of silence, fasting, and meditation: observed from 6 am until 6 am the next morning, Nyepi is a day reserved for self-reflection and as such, anything that might interfere with that purpose is restricted. Although Nyepi is a primarily Hindu holiday, non-Hindu residents of Bali observe the day of silence as well, out of respect for their fellow citizens. Even tourists are not exempt; although free to do as they wish inside their hotels, no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets, and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day. The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles carrying those with life-threatening conditions and women about to give birth.
  • Ugadi(Telugu:ఉగాది,Kannada:ಯುಗಾದಿ); the Telugu and Kannada New Year, generally falls in the months of March or April. The people ofAndhra Pradesh,TelanganaandKarnatakastates in southern India celebrate the advent of New Year's Day in these months. The first month of the new year is Chaitra Masa.
  • In the Kashmiri calendar, the holidayNavrehmarks the New Year in March–April. This holy day ofKashmiriBrahmins has been celebrated for several millennia.
  • Gudi Padwais celebrated as the first day of theHinduyear by the people ofMaharashtra,India and Sanskar Padwa is celebrated inGoa.This day falls in March–April and coincides withUgadi.(see:Deccan)
  • TheSindhifestival ofCheti Chandis celebrated on the same day asUgadi/Gudi Padwato mark the celebration of the Sindhi New Year.
  • TheThelemicNew Year on March 20 (or on April 8 by some accounts) is usually celebrated with an invocation toRa-Hoor-Khuit,commemorating the beginning of theNew Aeonin 1904. It also marks the start of the twenty-two-day Thelemic holy season, which ends on the third day of the writing ofThe Book of the Law.This date is also known as The Feast of the Supreme Ritual. There are some[who?]that believe the Thelemic New Year falls on either March 19, 20, or 21, depending on the vernal equinox, which is The Feast for the Equinox of the Gods on the vernal equinox of each year to commemorate the founding of Thelema in 1904. In 1904 the vernal equinox was on March 21, and it was the day afterAleister Crowleyended his Horus Invocation that brought on the new Æon and Thelemic New Year.

April

  • The Chaldean-Babylonian New Year, calledKha b'Nissanor Resha d'Sheeta, occurs on April 1.
  • ThelemicNew Year Celebrations usually end on April 10, after an approximately one-month-long period that begins on March 20 (the formal New Year). This one-month period is referred to by many as the High Holy Days, and end with periods of observance on April 8, 9, and 10, coinciding with the three days of the Writing of the Book of the Law byAleister Crowleyin 1904.[6]

Mid-April (Spring in the Northern Hemisphere)

Main article:South and Southeast Asian New Year

The new year of manySouthandSoutheast Asiancalendars falls between April 13–15, marking the beginning of spring.

  • TheBalochHindupeople inPakistanandIndiacelebrate their new year called Bege Roch in the month of Daardans according to their Saaldar calendar.
  • TamilNew Year (Tamil:தமிழ்புத்தாண்டுPuthandu) is celebrated in theSouth Indianstate ofTamil Nadu,on the first ofChithrai(சித்திரை) (April 13, 14, or 15). In the temple city ofMadurai,the Chithrai Thiruvizha is celebrated in theMeenakshi Temple.A huge exhibition is also held, called Chithrai Porutkaatchi. In some parts of SouthernTamil Nadu,it is also called ChithraiVishu.The day is marked with a feast inHinduhomes and the entrance to the houses are decorated elaborately withkolams.
  • Punjabi/SikhVaisakhi(ਵਿਸਾਖੀ) is celebrated on April 14 inPunjabaccording to theirnanakshahicalendar.
  • NepalNew Year in Nepal is celebrated on the 1st ofBaisakhBaisākhwhich falls on 12–15 April in the Gregorian calendar. Nepal follows theBikram Sambat (BS)as an official calendar.
  • TheDograofHimachal Pradeshcelebrate their new year Chaitti in the month of Chaitra.
  • Maithili New YearorJude-Sheetaltoo fall on these days. It is celebrated byMaithili Peopleall around the world.
  • AssameseNew Year (Rongali BihuorBohag Bihu) is celebrated on April 14 or 15 in theIndianstate ofAssam.
  • BengaliNew Year (Bengali:পহেলা বৈশাখPôhela BoishakhorBengali:বাংলা নববর্ষBangla Nôbobôrsho) is celebrated on the 1st ofBoishakh(April 14 or 15) inBangladeshand the Indian state ofWest BengalandTripura.
  • OdiaNew Year (Vishuva Sankranti) is celebrated on April 14 in the Indian state ofOdisha.It is also calledVishuva SankrantiorPana Sankranti(ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).
  • ManipuriNew Year or Cheirouba is celebrated on April 14 in the Indian State of Manipur with much festivities and feasting.
  • Sinhalese New Yearis celebrated with the harvest festival (in the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year "Aluth Avurudda (අලුත් අවුරුද්ද)" in Sinhala and "Puththandu (புத்தாண்டு)" in Tamil. However, unlike the usual practice where the new year begins at midnight, the National New Year begins at the time determined by the astrologers by calculating the exact time that sun goes from Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Not only the beginning of the new year but the conclusion of the old year is also specified by the astrologers. And unlike the customary ending and beginning of the new year, there is a period of a few hours in between the conclusion of the Old Year and the commencement of the New Year, which is called the "nona gathe" (neutral period) Where part of the sun in House of Pisces and Part is in House of Aries.
  • MalayaliNew Year (Malayalam:വിഷു,Vishu) is celebrated in the South Indian state ofKeralain mid-April.
  • Western parts ofKarnatakawhere Tulu is spoken, the new year is celebrated along with Tamil/ Malayali New year April 14 or 15, although in other parts most commonly celebrated on the day ofGudi Padwa,theMaharashtriannew year. InKodagu,in Southwestern Karnataka, however, both new year, Yugadi (corresponding to Gudi Padwa in March) and Bisu (corresponding to Vishu in around April 14 or 15), are observed.
  • TheWater Festivalis the form of similar new year celebrations taking place in manySoutheast Asiancountries, on the day of the full moon of the 11th month on thelunisolar calendareach year. The date of the festival is based on the traditional lunisolar calendar which determines the dates of Buddhist festivals and holidays, and is observed from April 13 to 15.[7]Traditionally people gently sprinkled water on one another as a sign of respect, but since the new year falls during the hottest month in Southeast Asia, many people end up dousing strangers and passersby in vehicles in boisterous celebration. The festival has many different names specific to each country:
    • InBurmait is known asThingyan(Burmese:သင်္ကြန်;MLCTS:sangkran)
    • Songkran(Thai:สงกรานต์) in Thailand
    • Pi Mai Lao(Lao:ສົງກຣານSongkan) in Laos
    • Chaul Chnam Thmey(Khmer:បុណ្យចូលឆ្នាំថ្មី) inCambodia.
    • It is also the traditional new year of theDai peoplesofYunnan Province,China. Religious activities in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism are also carried out, a tradition in which all of these cultures share.

June

  • The New Year of theKutchi peopleoccurs onAshadi Beej,that is 2nd day ofShukla pakshaofAashaadhamonth ofHindu calendar.As for people ofKutch,this day is associated with the beginning of rains in Kutch, which is largely a desert area. Hindu calendar month of Aashaadh usually begins on June 22 and ending on July 22.
  • Odunde Festivalis a celebration on the 2nd Sunday of June, where "Odunde" means "Happy New Year" in the Yorube Nigerian language.
  • TheXooyceremony of theSerer peopleof Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania marks the Serer New Year.
  • In theDogon religion,theBulofestival marks theDogonNew Year.

July

  • The New Year of theZulu peopleoccurs on the full moon of July.

September

Autumn in the Northern Hemisphere

  • Rosh Hashanah(Hebrewfor 'head of the year') is a Jewish, two day holiday, commemorating the culmination of theseven days of Creation,and marking God's yearly renewal of His world. The day has elements of festivity and introspection, as God is traditionally believed to be assessing His creation and determining the fate of all men and creatures for the coming year. In Jewish tradition, honey is used to symbolize a sweet new year. At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten with blessings recited for a good, sweet new year. Some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.[8]
  • ThePathansKalashacelebrate their Chowmus which marks the beginning of their year inChitraldistrict ofPakistanand parts ofIndia.
  • TheMarwariNew Year (Thapna) is celebrated on the day of the festival ofDiwali,which is the last dayKrishna Pakshaof theAshvinmonth & also the last day of the Ashvin month of theHindu calendar.
  • TheGujaratiNew Year (Bestu/Nao Varas) is celebrated the day after the festival ofDiwali(which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on theLunar calendar). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous withsud ekam,i.e. first day ofShukla pakshaof theKartikmonth, which is taken as the first day of the first month of the Gujarati lunar calendar. Most otherHinduscelebrate the New Year in early spring. The Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year.
  • TheSikkimesecelebrate their new year calledLosar.
  • The Nepal Era New year (seeNepal Sambat) is celebrated in regions encompassing original Nepal. The new year occurs on the fourth day ofDiwali.The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid-19th century. However, the new year is still celebrated by theNewarscommunity of Nepal.
  • Someneo-paganscelebrate their interpretation ofSamhain(a festival of the ancient Celts, held around November 1) as a New Year's Day representing the new cycle of theWheel of the Year,although they do not use a different calendar that starts on this day.

December

Variable

F15
Opening of the Year[12]
Wpt Rnpt[13]
inhieroglyphs

Christian liturgical year

Main article:Liturgical year

The early development of the Christian liturgical year coincided with theRoman Empire(east and west), and later theByzantine Empire,both of which employed a taxation system labeled theIndiction,the years for which began on September 1. This timing may account for the ancient church's establishment of September 1 as the beginning of the liturgical year, despite the official Roman New Year's Day of January 1 in the Julian calendar, because the Indiction was the principal means for counting years in the empires, apart from the reigns of the Emperors. The September 1 date prevailed throughout all ofChristendomfor many centuries, until subsequent divisions eventually produced revisions in some places.

After thesack of Romein 410, communications and travel between east and west deteriorated. Liturgical developments in Rome and Constantinople did not always match, although a rigid adherence to form was never mandated in the church. Nevertheless, the principal points of development were maintained between east and west. TheRomanandConstantinopolitanliturgical calendars remained compatible even after theEast-West Schismin 1054. Separations between the CatholicGeneral Roman CalendarandEastern Orthodox liturgical calendargrew only over several centuries' time. During those intervening centuries, theLatin ChurchCatholic ecclesiastic year was moved to the first day ofAdvent,the Sunday nearest toSt. Andrew's Day(November 30). By the time of the Reformation (early 16th century), the Roman Catholic general calendar provided the initial basis for the calendars for the liturgically oriented Protestants, including theAnglicanandLutheranChurches, who inherited this observation of the liturgical new year.[citation needed]

The present-day Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar is the virtual culmination of the ancient eastern development cycle, though it includes later additions based on subsequent history and lives of saints. It still begins on September 1, proceeding annually into theNativity of the Theotokos(September 8) andExaltation of the Cross(September 14) to the celebration ofNativity of Christ(Christmas), through his death and resurrection (Pascha/Easter), to his Ascension and theDormition of the Theotokos( "falling asleep" of theVirgin Mary,August 15). This last feast is known in the Roman Catholic church as the Assumption. The dating of "September 1" is according to the "new" (revised) Julian calendar or the "old" (standard) Julian calendar, depending on which is used by a particular Orthodox Church. Hence, it may fall on September 1 on the civil calendar, or on September 14 (between 1900 and 2099 inclusive).

The liturgical calendars of theCopticandEthiopianOrthodox churches are unrelated to these systems but instead follow theAlexandrian calendarwhich fixed the wanderingancient Egyptian calendarto theJulian year.Their New Year celebrations onNeyrouzandEnkutatashwere fixed; however, at a point in theSothic cycleclose to theIndiction;between the years 1900 and 2100, they fall on September 11 during most years and September 12 in the years preceding aleap year.

Historical European new year dates

During theRoman Republicand theRoman Empire,years began on the date on which each consul first entered the office. This was probably May 1 before 222 BC, March 15 from 222 BC to 154 BC,[15]and January 1 from 153 BC.[16]In 45 BC, whenJulius Caesar's newJulian calendartook effect, the Senate fixed January 1 as the first day of the year. At that time, this was the date on which those who were to hold civil office assumed their official position, and it was also the traditional annual date for the convening of the Roman Senate. This civil new year remained in effect throughout the Roman Empire, east and west, during its lifetime and well after, wherever the Julian calendar continued in use.

In theMiddle Agesin Europe a number of significant feast days in theecclesiastical calendarof the Roman Catholic Church came to be used as thebeginning of the Julian year:

  • InModern Style[17]orCircumcision Styledating, the new year started on January 1, theFeast of the Circumcision of Christ.
  • InAnnunciation StyleorLady Day Styledating the new year started on March 25,[17]the feast of theAnnunciation(traditionally nicknamedLady Day). This date was used in many parts of Europe during the Middle Ages and beyond.[18]
  • InEaster Styledating, the new year started onHoly Saturday(the day beforeEaster),[19]or sometimes onGood Friday.This was used all over Europe, but especially in France, from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. A disadvantage of this system was that because Easter was amovable feastthe same date could occur twice in a year; the two occurrences were distinguished as "before Easter" and "after Easter".
  • InChristmas StyleorNativity Styledating the new year started on December 25. This was used in Germany and England until the eleventh century,[20]and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.

Over the centuries, countries changed between styles until the Modern Style (January 1) prevailed. For example,

  • InEnglandandIreland,either Annunciation Style (March 25) or Nativity Style (December 25th) was used until theNorman Conquestin 1066, when Modern Style (January 1) was adopted; but Annunciation Style was used again from 1155.[20]
  • Scotlandchanged from Annunciation Style (March 25) to Modern Style with effect from January 1, 1600 (by Order of the King'sPrivy Councilon December 17, 1599).[21]
  • Despite the unification of the Scottish and English royal crowns with the accession of King James VI and I in 1603, and even theunion of the kingdoms themselvesin 1707, England continued using Annunciation Style while Scotland used Modern Style.
  • The final change came when Parliament passed theCalendar (New Style) Act 1750.This act had two major elements: it converted all parts of the British Empire[a]to use of the Gregorian calendar and simultaneously it declared the civil new year in England, Wales, Ireland and the Colonies to be January 1 (as was already the case in Scotland). It went into effect on 3 September (Old Style) or 14September (New Style) 1752.[17]

A more unusual case is France, which observed theNorthern autumn equinoxday (usually September 22) as "New Year's Day" in theFrench Republican Calendar,which was in use from 1793 to 1805. This wasprimidi Vendémiaire,the first day of the first month.

Adoptions of January 1

See also:Adoption of the Gregorian calendarandOld Style and New Style dates

It took quite a long time before January 1 again became the universal or standard start of the civil year. The years of adoption of January 1 as the new year are as follows:

Country Start year
Holy Roman Empire(~Germany)[22] 1544
Spain, Portugal,Poland[22] 1556
Prussia,[22]Denmark.[23]andSweden.[22] 1559
France (Edict of Roussillon) 1564
Southern Netherlands[24] 1576
Lorraine[citation needed] 1579
Dutch Republic[22] 1583
Scotland[21][22] 1600
Russia[25] 1700[b]
Tuscany[22] 1721
England and Wales,Irelandand
British Empire[22][c]		 1752
Japan[27] 1873
China[28] 1912
Greece[29] 1923
Turkey[30] 1926
Thailand[citation needed] 1941

March 1 was the first day of the numbered year in theRepublic of Veniceuntil its destruction in 1797,[31]and inRussiafrom 988 until 1492 (Anno Mundi7000 in theByzantine calendar).[31]September 1 was used in Russia from 1492 (A.M. 7000) until the adoption of both theAnno Domininotation and 1 January as New Year's Day, with effect from 1700, via December 1699 decrees (1735, 1736) of TsarPeter I.[32][26]

Time zones

Because of the division of the globe intotime zones,the new year moves progressively around the globe as the start of the day ushers in the New Year. The first time zone to usher in the New Year, just west of theInternational Date Line,is located in theLine Islands,a part of the nation ofKiribati,and has a time zone 14 hours ahead ofUTC.[33][34][35]All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (December 31); onAmerican SamoaandMidway,it is still 11 pm on December 30. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying US territoriesHowland IslandandBaker Islandare designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on Earth to see the arrival of January 1. These small coral islands are found about midway between Hawaii and Australia, about 1,000 miles west of the Line Islands. This is because the International Date Line is a composite of local time zone arrangements, which winds through the Pacific Ocean, allowing each locale to remain most closely connected in time with the nearest or largest or most convenient political and economic locales with which each associate. By the time Howland Island sees the new year, it is 2 am on January 2 in the Line Islands of Kiribati.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Including Great Britain, of course.
  2. ^A 1725 date given in some sources probably originates from Bond (1875) (p. 101) but is not correct, as the 1699Ukase№ 1736 (20 December 1699[O.S.](30 December[N.S.]) promulgating it attests.[26]
  3. ^Calendar (New Style) Act 1750

References

  1. ^Anthony Aveni, "Happy New Year! But Why Now?" inThe Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003), 11–28.
  2. ^Forsythe, Gary (2012).Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History.Routledge. p. 14.ISBN978-0-415-52217-5.
  3. ^Ravina, Mark (1998).Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan.Stanford University Press. p. 19.ISBN9780804763868.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-10-18.Retrieved2023-03-19.
  4. ^"The Sami Concept of Time".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-07-19.Retrieved2020-01-18.
  5. ^Tek Web Visuals, Cochina."New Year's Day".World e scan.Archivedfrom the original on 10 November 2020.Retrieved13 November2011.
  6. ^"The Thelemic Holy SeasonArchived2017-06-19 at theWayback Machine",2004
  7. ^Crump, William D. (2016).Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide.McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 235.ISBN9781476607481.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-10-18.Retrieved2023-03-19.
  8. ^Ben, Tzvi (22 September 2006)."Rosh Hashanah: Prayers, Shofars, Apples, Honey and Pomegranates".Israelnationalnews.com.Archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2011.Retrieved13 November2011.
  9. ^Rintluanga., Pachuau (2009).Mizoram: a study in comprehensive geography.New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 9.ISBN978-8172112646.OCLC471671707.
  10. ^Laugrand, Frédéric; Oosten, Jarich (2002)."Quviasukvik. The celebration of an Inuit winter feast in the central Arctic".Journal de la Société des Américanistes.88(88): 203–225.doi:10.4000/jsa.2772.S2CID161600212.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-08-02.Retrieved2020-01-18.
  11. ^"Quviasukvik: The Inuit Winter Festival & Christmas".Archived fromthe originalon 2020-10-31.Retrieved2020-01-19.
  12. ^For alternative representations of the Opening of the Year, seeMesori.
  13. ^Vygus, Mark (2015),Middle Egyptian Dictionary(PDF),archived(PDF)from the original on 2020-08-03,retrieved2017-02-09.
  14. ^Tetley, M. Christine (2014),The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings,Vol. I,p.42,archived fromthe originalon 2017-02-11,retrieved2017-02-09
  15. ^Arthur M. Eckstein (1987).Senate and General: Individual Decision-making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264–194 B.C..University of California Press.p.16.ISBN9780520055827.
  16. ^Roman Dates: Eponymonous YearsArchivedJune 21, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  17. ^abcRitter, R. M. (2005),New Hart's Rules:The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors,Oxford University Press, p. 194,ISBN9780191650499
  18. ^"General Chronology (Beginning of the Year)".CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Chronology.Catholic Encyclopedia.New Advent.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-25.Retrieved2022-01-02.
  19. ^Matheeussen, Constant; Fantazzi, Charles; George, Edward V., eds. (1987)."General Introduction, §IV. The date of theOpuscula varia".Early Writings I.Selected Works of Juan Luis Vives. Vol. 1. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. xvii.ISBN9789004077829.Retrieved17 March2014.Thetownof Louvain, belonging to the duchy of Brabant, used the Easter Style, beginning the year at Holy Saturday.
  20. ^ab(Bond 1875,p. 91)
  21. ^abBond (1875),See footnote on pages xvii–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.
  22. ^abcdefghMike SpathakyOld Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogistsArchived2014-10-11 at theWayback Machine
  23. ^Denmark named 1 January as the New Year in the early 14th century according to R.W. Bauer (Calender for Aarene fra 601 til 2200,1868/1993ISBN87-7423-083-2) although the number of the year did not begin on 1 January until 1559.
  24. ^Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "OsteranfangArchived2016-07-13 at theWayback Machine"(Easter beginning),Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der NeuzeitArchived2016-06-28 at theWayback Machine(Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891–1898)
  25. ^Oudard, Georges (1929) [1929].Peter the Great.Translated by Atkinson, Frederick. New York: Payson and Clarke. p. 197.LCCN29-027809.OL7431283W.
  26. ^ab"Ukase No. 1736".Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III[Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.]. 20 December 1699. p. 683.Archivedfrom the original on 26 June 2023.Retrieved26 June2023.
  27. ^The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.University of Hawaii Press. 2000.ISBN9780824823375.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2023.Retrieved19 March2023.Late in 1872 Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and 1872.12.3 became 1 January 1873
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Sources

  • Media related toNew Yearat Wikimedia Commons
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