Wikipedia

Newgrange

For other uses, seeNewgrange (disambiguation).

Newgrange(Irish:Sí an Bhrú[1]) is a prehistoric monument inCounty Meathin Ireland, located on a rise overlooking theRiver Boyne,eight kilometres (five miles) west of the town ofDrogheda.[2]It is an exceptionally grandpassage tombbuilt during theNeolithic Period,around3200 BC,making it older thanStonehengeand theEgyptian pyramids.Newgrange is the main monument in theBrú na Bóinnecomplex, aWorld Heritage Sitethat also includes the passage tombs ofKnowthandDowth,as well as otherhenges,burial mounds and standing stones.[3]

Newgrange
Sí an Bhrú
Map
Newgrange is located in island of Ireland
Newgrange
Map of Ireland showing the location of Newgrange
LocationCounty Meath,Ireland
Typepassage grave
Width76 metres (249 ft)
Area1.1 acre (0.5 hectare)
Heightup to 12 metres (39 ft)
History
Foundedc. 3200 BC
PeriodsNeolithic
Site notes
Excavation dates1962–1975
ArchaeologistsMichael J. O'Kelly
OwnershipOffice of Public Works
Public accessyes (guided tour only)
Official nameBrú na Bóinne
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, iv
Designated1993(17thsession)
Reference no.659(official listing)
RegionEurope

Newgrange consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway andcruciformchamber. Burnt and unburnt human bones, and possiblegrave goodsorvotive offerings,were found in this chamber. The monument has a strikingfaçademade mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and it is ringed by engraved kerbstones. Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered inmegalithic art.The mound is also ringed by astone circle.Some of the material that makes up the monument came from as far as theMournesandWicklow Mountains.There is no agreement about its purpose, but it is believed it had religious significance. It is aligned so that the rising sun on thewinter solsticeshines through a "roofbox"above the entrance and floods the inner chamber. Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, and Cairn G atCarrowkeelhas a similar "roofbox".[4][5]Newgrange shares similarities with some other Neolithic monuments in Western Europe; especiallyGavrinisin Brittany, which has a similar preserved facing and large carved stones,[6]Maeshowein Orkney, with its largecorbelledchamber,[7]andBryn Celli Dduin Wales.

Its initial period of use lasted about 1,000 years. Newgrange then gradually became a ruin, although the area continued to be a site of ritual activity. It featured inIrish mythologyandfolklore,in which it is said to be a dwelling ofthe deities,particularlyThe Dagdaand his sonAengus.Antiquariansfirst began its study in the seventeenth century, andarchaeologicalexcavations began in the twentieth century. ArchaeologistMichael J. O'Kellyled the most extensive of these from 1962 to 1975 and also reconstructed the front of the monument, a reconstruction that is controversial.[8]This included an inward-curving dark stone wall to ease visitor access. Newgrange is a popular tourist site and, according to archaeologistColin Renfrew,is "unhesitatingly regarded by the prehistorian as the great national monument of Ireland" and as one of the most important megalithic structures in Europe.[9]

Description

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Mound and passage

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The Newgrange monument primarily consists of a large mound, built of alternating layers of earth and stones, with grass growing on top and a reconstructed facade of flattish whitequartzstones studded at intervals with large roundedcobblescovering part of the circumference. It consists of about 200,000 tonnes of material. The mound is 85 metres (279 ft) wide at its widest point[10]and 12 metres (39 ft) high, and covers 4,500 square metres (1.1 acres) of ground. Within the mound is a chambered passage, which may be accessed by an entrance on the southeastern side of the monument. The passage stretches for 19 metres (60 ft),[11]or about a third of the way into the centre of the structure. At the end of the passage are three small chambers off a larger central chamber with a highcorbelledvault roof. Each of the smaller chambers has a large flat "basin stone" where the bones of the dead may have been deposited during prehistoric times. Whether it was a burial site remains unclear. The walls of this passage are made up of large stone slabs calledorthostats,twenty-two of which are on the western side and twenty-one on the eastern side. They average 1½ metres in height;[12]several are decorated with carvings (as well as graffiti from the period after the rediscovery). The orthostats decrease in height the further into the passageway as a result of the passage being slightly graded from being constructed on the rise of a hill.[13]The ceiling shows no evidence of smoke.

Standing stones

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Situated around the perimeter of the mound is a circle ofstanding stones.Twelve standing-stones survive out of a possible original thirty-five.[citation needed]Most archaeologists suggest that they were added later, during theBronze Age,centuries after the original monument had been abandoned as a ritual centre. This view is disputed and relates to a carbon date from a standing stone setting that intersects with a later timber post circle, the theory being, that the stone in question could have been moved and later, re-set in its original position.[citation needed]

Art

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Newgrange contains various examples ofgraphicNeolithic rock art carved onto its stone surfaces.[14]These carvings fit into ten categories, five of which are curvilinear (circles, spirals, arcs, serpentiniforms, and dot-in-circles) and the other five of which are rectilinear (chevrons, lozenges, radials, parallel lines, and offsets). They are marked by wide differences in style, the skill-level needed to produce them, and on how deeply carved they are.[15]One of the most notable types of art at Newgrange are thetriskele-like features found on the entrance stone. It is approximately three metres long and 1.2 metres high (10 ft long and 4 ft high), and about five tonnes in weight. It has been described as "one of the most famous stones in the entire repertory ofmegalithic art."[16]Archaeologists believe that most of the carvings were produced prior to the stones being erected, although the entrance stone was carved in situ before the kerbstones were placed alongside it.[17]

Various archaeologists have speculated as to the meanings of the designs, with some, such asGeorge Coffey(in the 1890s), believing them to be purely decorative, whilst others, such as O'Kelly, believed them to have some sort ofsymbolicpurpose, because some of the carvings had been in places that would not have been visible, such as at the bottom of the orthostatic slabs below ground level.[18]Extensive research on how the art relates to alignments and astronomy in the Boyne Valley complex was carried out by American-Irish researcher, Martin Brennan.

  • Plan and section of the passage and chamber, 1903.
  • The entrance passage and entrance stone (the grey paving path is built for visitor access).
  • Megalithic art on the back kerbstone.
  • Therevetmentand kerbstones.

Early history

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Models of Newgrange during its early history
Newgrange under construction
Newgrange as it most likely looked after it was built
Newgrange after it was built
Newgrange in the Bronze Age

The Neolithic people who built the monument were native agriculturalists, growing crops and raising animals such as cattle in the area where their settlements were located.

Construction

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The original complex of Newgrange was built between c. 3200 and 3100 BC.[19]According tocarbon-14 dates,[20]it is approximately 500 years older than the current form ofStonehengeand theGreat Pyramid of Gizain Egypt, as well as predating theMycenaean cultureofancient Greece.[21]Some put its period of construction somewhat later, at 3000 to 2500 BC.[22]Geological analysis indicates that the thousands of pebbles that make up thecairn,which together would have weighed about 200,000 tonnes, came from the nearbyriver terracesof the Boyne. There is a large pond in this area that is believed to be the site quarried for the pebbles by the builders of Newgrange.[23]Most of the 547 slabs that make up the inner passage, chambers, and the outer kerbstones aregreywacke.Some or all of them may have been brought from sites approximately 5 km away,[24]from the rocky beach atClogherhead,County Louth,about 20 km to the northeast. The facade and entrance were built with white quartz cobblestones from theWicklow Mountains,about 50 km to the south; dark roundedgranodioritecobbles from theMourne Mountains,about 50 km to the north; darkgabbrocobbles from theCooley Mountains;and bandedsiltstonefrom the shore atCarlingford Lough.[24]The stones may have been transported to Newgrange by sea and up the River Boyne by fastening them to the underside of boats at low tide.[25][26]None of the structural slabs were quarried, for they show signs of having been weathered naturally, so they must have been collected and then transported, largely uphill, to the Newgrange site.[23]Thegranitebasins found inside the chambers also came from the Mournes.[24]

Frank Mitchellsuggested that the monument could have been built within a space of five years, basing his estimation upon the likely number of local inhabitants during the Neolithic and the amount of time they could have devoted to building it rather than farming. This estimate, however, was criticised by Michael J. O'Kelly and his archaeological team, who believed that it would have taken a minimum of thirty years to build.[27]

Burials

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Excavations have revealed deposits of both burnt and unburnt human bone in the passage, indicating human corpses had been placed within it, some of whom had beencremated.From examining the unburnt bone, it was shown to come from at least two separate individuals, but much of their skeletons were missing, and what was left had been scattered about the passage.[28]Variousgrave goodswere deposited alongside the bodies inside the passage. Excavations that took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s revealed seven "marbles", four pendants, two beads, a used flint flake, a bone chisel, and fragments of bone pins and points.[29]Many more artifacts had been found in the passage in previous centuries by visiting antiquarians and tourists, although most of these were removed and went missing or held in private collections. Nonetheless, sometimes these were recorded and it is believed that the grave goods that came from Newgrange were typical of Neolithic Irish passage grave assemblages.[30]The remains of animals also have been found in the structure, primarily those ofmountain hares,rabbits, and dogs, but also ofbats,sheep, goats, cattle,song thrushes,and more rarely,molluscsand frogs. Most of these animals would have entered and died in the chamber many centuries or even millennia after it was constructed: for instance, rabbits were only introduced to Ireland in the thirteenth century.[31]

DNA analysis found that bones deposited in the most elaborate chamber belonged to a man whose parents were first-degree relatives, possibly brother and sister. In history, such inbreeding was usually only found in royal dynasties headed by "god-kings", such as thepharaohsofancient Egypt,who married among themselves to keep the royal bloodline "pure". This, together with the prestige of the burial, could mean that a similar elite group were responsible for building Newgrange, and that it was a royal tomb.[32]The man was distantly related to people buried in theCarrowkeelandCarrowmoretombs.[33][34]However, archaeologistAlasdair Whittlesaid that social difference in the Neolithic was often short-lived, speculating that an elite may have arisen temporarily in response to crisis. He suggested that Newgrange may have been a communal monument at certain times and co-opted as a personal tomb for brief periods.[35]

Purpose

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Cross section showing sunlight reaching the chamber on the winter solstice

There have been various debates as to its original purpose. Many archaeologists believed that the monument had religious significance of some sort or another, either as a place of worship for a "cult of the dead" or for an astronomically based faith. O'Kelly believed that the monument had to be seen in relation to the nearbyKnowthandDowth,and that the building of Newgrange "cannot be regarded as other than the expression of some kind of powerful force or motivation, brought to the extremes of aggrandizement in these three monuments, the cathedrals of the megalithic religion."[36]O'Kelly believed that Newgrange, alongside the hundreds of other passage tombs built in Ireland during the Neolithic, showed evidence for a religion that venerated the dead as one of its core principles. He believed that this "cult of the dead" was just one particular form of European Neolithic religion, and that other megalithic monuments displayed evidence for different religious beliefs that were solar-oriented, rather than ancestor-oriented.[36]

Studies in other fields of expertise offer alternative interpretations of the possible functions, however, which principally centre on the astronomy, engineering, geometry, and mythology associated with the Boyne monuments. It is speculated that the sun formed an important part of the religious beliefs of the Neolithic people who built it. One idea was that the room was designed for a ritualistic capturing of sun rays on the shortest day of the year, thewinter solstice,as the room gets flooded with sunlight, which might have signaled that the days would start to get longer again. This view is strengthened by the discovery of alignments in Knowth, Dowth, and theLough CrewCairns leading to the interpretation of these monuments as calendrical or astronomical devices.

Once a year, at the Winter Solstice, the rising sun shines directly along the long passage, illuminating the inner chamber and revealing the carvings inside, notably thetriple spiralon the front wall of the chamber. This illumination lasts for approximately 17 minutes.[5]Michael J. O'Kelly was the first person in modern times to observe this event on 21 December 1967.[37]The sunlight enters the passage through a specially contrived opening, known as aroofbox,directly above the main entrance. Although solar alignments are not uncommon among passage graves, Newgrange is one of few to contain the additional roofbox feature. (Cairn G at Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery is another, and it has been suggested that one can be found atBryn Celli Ddu.[38]) The alignment is such that although the roofbox is above the passage entrance, the light hits the floor of the inner chamber. Today the first light enters about four minutes after sunrise and strikes the middle of the chamber, but calculations based on theprecessionof the Earth show that 5,000 years ago, first light would have entered exactly at sunrise and shone on the chamber's back wall.[39]The solar alignment at Newgrange is very precise compared to similar phenomena at other passage graves such as Dowth orMaes Howein theOrkney Islands,off the coast ofScotland.

During much of theNeolithicperiod, the Newgrange area continued to be a focus of some ceremonial activity.

Bronze Age and Iron Age

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Timber circle, Early Bronze Age,Bell Beaker culture

By the onset of theBronze Age,it appears that Newgrange was no longer being used by the local population, who did not leave any artifacts in the structure or bury their dead there. O'Kelly stated, "by 2000 [BC] Newgrange was in decay and squatters were living around its collapsing edge".[40]These people were adherents of theBeaker culture,which had been imported from mainland Europe, and made Beaker-style pottery locally.[40]A largetimber circle(or henge) was built to the southeast of the main mound and a smaller timber circle to the west. The eastern timber circle consisted of five concentric rows of pits. The outer row contained wooden posts. The next row of pits had clay linings and was used to burn animal remains. The three inner rows of pits were dug to accept the animal remains. Within the circle were post and stake holes associated with Beaker pottery andflintflakes. The western timber circle consisted of two concentric rows of parallelpostholesand pits defining a circle 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter.[citation needed]A concentric mound ofclaywas constructed around the southern and western sides of the mound that covered a structure consisting of two parallel lines of post and ditches that had been partly burnt. A free-standing circle of large stones was raised around the Newgrange mound. Near the entrance, seventeenhearthswere used to set fires. These structures at Newgrange are generally contemporary with a number ofhengesknown from theBoyne Valley,at Newgrange Site A, Newgrange Site O, Dowth Henge, andMonknewtownHenge.[citation needed]

Gold jewellery from Roman period found at the mound (British Museum)

The site evidently continued to have some ritual significance into theIron Age.Among various objects later deposited around the mound are two pendants made from goldRomancoins of 320–337 AD (now in theNational Museum of Ireland) and Roman gold jewellery including two bracelets, two finger rings, and a necklace, now in the collections of theBritish Museum.[41]

The culture that built Newgrange is sometimes confused with the much laterCelticculture, and designs on the stones are misdescribed as "Celtic".[42]However, recentarchaeogeneticssuggests that the west European neolithic population was largely replaced by later arrivals.[43]

Mythology

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Sunlight entering the chamber around[?] the time of the winter solstice

InIrish mythology,Newgrange is often calledSíd in Broga(modernSídhe an BrughaorSí an Bhrú). Like other passage tombs, it is described as a portal to theOtherworldand a dwelling of the divineTuatha Dé Danann.[44]

In one talethe Dagda,the chief god, desiresBoann,the goddess of the River Boyne. She lives at Brú na Bóinne with her husbandElcmar.The Dagda impregnates her after sending Elcmar away on a one-day errand. To hide the pregnancy from Elcmar, the Dagda casts a spell on him, making "the sun stand still" so he will not notice the passing of time. Meanwhile, Boann gives birth toAengus,who is also known as Maccán Óg ( "the young son" ). Eventually, Aengus learns that the Dagda is his true father and asks him for a portion of land. In some versions of the tale, the Dagda helps Aengus take ownership of the Brú from Elcmar. Aengus asks to have the Brú for "a day and night", but then claims it forever, because all time is made up of "day and night". Other versions have Aengus taking over the Brú from the Dagda himself by using the same trick.[45][46]The Brú is then namedBrug maic ind Óigafter him. InThe Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne,Aengus takesDiarmuid's body to the Brú.[47]

It has been suggested that this tale represents the winter solstice illumination of Newgrange, during which the sunbeam (the Dagda) enters the inner chamber (the womb of Boann) when thesun's pathstands still. The wordsolstice(Irishgrianstad) means sun-standstill. The conception of Aengus may represent the "rebirth" of the sun at the winter solstice, him taking over the Brú from an older god representing the growing sun taking over from the waning sun.[48]This could mean that knowledge of the event survived for thousands of years before being recorded as a myth in the Middle Ages.[46]John Carey,an expert on Irish mythology, says that the tales of Brú na Bóinne are the only Irish legends where a sacred site is linked with the control of time.[46]

There is a similar tale about Dowth (Dubhadh), one of the other Boyne Valley tombs. It tells how kingBresalcompels the men of Ireland to build a tower to heaven within a day. His sister casts a spell, making the sun stand still so that one day lasts indefinitely. However, Bresal commits incest with his sister, which breaks the spell. The sun sets and the builders leave, hence the nameDubhadh( "darkening" ).[49]This tale has also been linked with recent DNA analysis, which found that a man buried at Newgrange had parents who were most likely siblings (see#Construction and burials).[50]

Newgrange is described in some myths as "white-topped", "brilliant to approach", and "chequered with many lights".[51]Archaeologist Claire O'Kelly wrote that these could be "references to the glistening white quartz of the Newgrange mound".[52]

Local folklore about Newgrange survived into the modern era.[53]

Modern history

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Sometime after 1142 the structure became part of outlying farmland owned by theCistercian Abbey of Mellifont.These farms were referred to as "granges". Newgrange is not mentioned in any of the early charters of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but anInspeximusgranted byEdward IIIin 1348 includes aNova Grangiaamong thedemesnelands of the abbey.[54]

Antiquarianism in the 17th and 18th centuries

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The entrance to Newgrange in the late 1800s, when the mound had become largely overgrown

In 1699, the local landowner,Williamitesettler Charles Campbell,[55]ordered some of his farm labourers to dig up a part of Newgrange, which then had the appearance of a large mound of earth, so that he could collect stone from within it. The labourers soon discovered the entrance to the tomb within the mound, and a WelshantiquariannamedEdward Lhwyd,who was staying in the area, was alerted and took an interest in the monument. He wrote an account of the mound and its tomb, describing what he saw as its "barbarous sculpture" and noting that animal bones, beads, and pieces of glass had been found inside of it (modern archaeologists have speculated that these latter two were in fact the polished pottery beads that subsequently have been found at the site and that were a common feature of Neolithic tombs).[56]Soon another antiquarian visitor,Sir Thomas Molyneux,professor atTrinity College Dublin,also came to the site. He talked to Charles Campbell, who informed him that he had found the remains of two human corpses in the tomb, one (which was male) in one of the cisterns and another farther along the passageway, something that Lhwyd had not noted.[57]Subsequently, Newgrange was visited by a number of antiquarians, who often performed their own measurements of the site and made their own observations, which often were published in various antiquarian journals; these included such figures asSir William Wilde,Thomas Pownall,Thomas Wright,John O'Donovan,George Petrie,andJames Ferguson.[58]

These antiquarians often concocted their own theories about the origins of Newgrange, many of which have since been proved incorrect.Thomas Pownallconducted a very detailed survey of New Grange in 1769,[59]which numbers all the stones and also records some of the carvings on the stone and asserted that the mound originally had been taller and a lot of the stone on top of it had been removed, a theory that has been disproven by archaeological research.[60]The majority of these antiquarians also refused to believe that it was ancient peoples native to Ireland who built the monument, with many believing that it had been built in the early medieval period by invadingVikings,whilst others speculated that it had been built by the ancient Egyptians, ancient Indians, or thePhoenicians.[61]

At some time in the early 1800s, afollywas built a few yards behind Newgrange. The folly, with two circular windows, was made of stones taken from Newgrange.

Conservation, archaeological investigation and reconstruction

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The entrance to Newgrange in the early 1900s, after much of the debris had been cleared and adrystonewall built

In 1882, under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, Newgrange and the nearby monuments of Knowth and Dowth were placed under the control of the state with the Board of Public Works being the responsible administrative authority. In 1890, under the leadership ofThomas Newenham Deane,the board began a project of conservation of the monument, which had been damaged through general deterioration over the previous three millennia as well as the increasing vandalism caused by visitors, some of whom had inscribed their names on the stones.[62]In subsequent decades, a number ofarchaeologistsperformed excavations at the site, discovering more about its function and how it had been built; however, even at the time, it was still mistakenly believed by archaeologists to be built during the Bronze Age rather than during the earlier Neolithic period.[63]For 60 years in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Annie (d. 1964) and Bob Hickey looked after Newgrange as caretakers, custodians and tour guides following his appointment c. 1890. They spoke of noticing a shaft of sunlight hitting a particular stone inside during the winter equinox in December.[64]In the 1950s, electric lighting was installed in the passageway to allow visitors to see more clearly.[65]

The first thorough archaeological investigation and excavation of Newgrange was undertaken from 1962 through to 1975, led by Irish archaeologistMichael J. O'Kelly.Following the O'Kelly excavation,conservation, restoration and reconstructionworks took place, based on the archaeological findings. His excavation report was published in 1982 byThames and HudsonasNewgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend.[66]

A dense layer of white quartz stones, mingled with grey cobbles, was found lying at the front of the mound. O'Kelly's team carefully recorded thestratigraphy.The quartz layer was thickest nearest the kerbstones, and none was found underneath any of the kerbstones that had fallen or tilted outward from the mound. This indicated that the quartz had fallen orslippeddown from above the kerbstones. O'Kelly concluded that the quartz had made up a whitefaçadeor revetment on the front of the monument.[67]The archaeologists also found what they believed to be the bottom course of a revetment, still in place above three kerbstones at the back of the mound.[68]The height of the original façade was calculated as being up to 3 meters tall by civil engineer John Fogarty of University College Cork, an expert on the movement of piled-up loose materials.[69]Fogarty and O'Kelly's team tested their theory by building and collapsing a façade made of the same kind of quartz and cobble stones. O'Kelly wrote that the resulting stratigraphy was almost identical to that found in the excavations.[70]

Closeup of the façade or revetment

As part of the restoration, this white quartz façade was rebuilt, and a concrete support wall built behind it in case of a future cairn collapse. This work is controversial among the archaeological community. P. R. Giot described the façade as looking like a "cream cheese cake with dried currants distributed about".[71]Neil Oliverdescribed the reconstruction as "a bit brutal, a bit overdone, kind of like Stalin does the Stone Age".[72]Some critics claim that the Neolithic builders did not have the technology to build a revetment at this angle.[73][74]

Other archaeologists have supported O'Kelly's conclusions and the reconstructed façade, such as Robert Hensey and Elizabeth Shee Twohig in their paper "Facing the cairn at Newgrange" (2017), where they set forth the archaeological evidence.[75]They also contend that if the builders quarried and brought the quartz such a distance, they likely would have used it to "maximum effect" as a striking façade, rather than laying it on the ground where it could barely be seen.[75]Along with archaeologist Carleton Jones,[76]Hensey and Twohig note that passage tombs inBrittanyhave similar near-verticaldry stonefronts, such asGavrinisandBarnenez.[75]

The inward-curving dark stone walls on each side of the entrance are not original, nor are they meant to suggest Newgrange's original appearance. They were designed solely to facilitate visitor access. One visitor guide book to the site, however, mistakenly had a drawing showing the modern entrance as if it were part of Newgrange's original appearance.[77]

In 2016, archaeologist Michael Gibbons controversially claimed that the roofbox, which captures the winter solstice sunlight, was "fabricated" by O'Kelly's team.[78]This claim was refuted by several prominent Irish archaeologists, including ProfWilliam O'BrienandAnn Lynch,who noted that it has been recorded photographically since the early 1900s, and in detailed site drawings from the excavation.[79][80]

Access

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Mock-up of the chamber, in theBrú na Bóinne Visitor Centre

Newgrange is located 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) west ofDroghedainCounty Meath.The interpretive centre is located on the south bank of the river and Newgrange is located on the north side of the river. Access is only from the interpretive centre.

Access to Newgrange is by guided tour only. Tours begin at theBrú na Bóinne Visitor Centrefrom which visitors are taken to the site in groups.[81]Current-day visitors to Newgrange are treated to a guided tour and a re-enactment of the Winter Solstice experience through the use of high-powered electric lights situated within the tomb. The finale of a Newgrange tour results in every visitor standing inside the tomb where the tour guide then turns off the lights, and then turns on ones simulating the sunlight that would appear on the winter solstice.

To experience the phenomenon on the morning of the Winter Solstice from inside Newgrange, visitors to Bru Na Bóinne Visitor Centre must enter an annual lottery at the centre. Of the tens of thousands who enter, sixty are chosen each year. Winners are permitted to bring a single guest. The winners are split into groups of ten and taken in on the five days around the solstice in December when sunlight can enter the chamber, weather permitting.[82]Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic,however, the 2020 and 2021 events were exclusively live-streamed with no public access.[83]

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  • Side view
  • Orthostat-lined passage leading towards tomb chamber
  • Triskele(triple spiral) pattern on orthostat C10 in the end-chamber
  • A chiselled granite basin in the east side-chamber
  • Looking up to the corbelled ceiling of end-chamber

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Sí an Bhrú /Newgrange".logainm.ie.Retrieved27 April2015.
  2. ^O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982.Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend.London: Thames and Hudson. p. 13.
  3. ^Lynch, Ann(2014)."Newgrange revisited: New insights from excavations at the back of the mound in 1984–8".The Journal of Irish Archaeology.23:13–82 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^Carrowkeel Cairn G.The Megalithic Portal.
  5. ^ab"The Winter Solstice Illumination of Newgrange".Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2017.Retrieved2 November2017.
  6. ^O'Kelly and O'Kelly, 102
  7. ^Laing 1974, p. 42
  8. ^"Newgrange got new lease of light and life in 1960s 'rebuild'".The Irish Times.20 December 2008.
  9. ^Renfrew, Colin, in O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982.Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend.London: Thames and Hudson. p. 7.
  10. ^Hensey (2015).First Light: The origins of Newgrange.Oxbow Books. p. 13.
  11. ^"Newgrange".newgrange.com.Retrieved27 April2015.
  12. ^O'Kelly (1982:21)
  13. ^Hensey, Robert (2017). Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley (eds.)."Rediscovering the winter solstice alignment at Newgrange, Ireland".The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology:140–163.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198788218.013.5.ISBN978-0-19-878821-8.
  14. ^Joseph Nechvatal,Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances.LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.2009, p. 163
  15. ^O'Kelly (1982:146–147).
  16. ^Ó Ríordáin, Seán P.; Glyn, Edmund Daniel (1964).New Grange and the Bend of the Boyne.F.A. Praeger. p. 26.[1]
  17. ^O'Kelly (1982:149).
  18. ^O'Kelly (1982:148).
  19. ^"Newgrange".Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.Retrieved28 July2016.
  20. ^E. Grogan, "Prehistoric and Early Historic Cultural Change at Brugh na Bóinne",Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy91C, 1991, pp. 126–132
  21. ^O'Kelly (1982:48)
  22. ^Grant, Jim; Sam Gorin; Neil Fleming (2008).The archaeology coursebook.Taylor & Francis. p. 159.ISBN978-0-415-46286-0.Retrieved17 August2011.
  23. ^abO'Kelly (1982:117)
  24. ^abcTilley, Christopher.Body and Image: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology.Left Coast Press, 2008. p.160
  25. ^Benozzo, F. (2010). "Words as Archaeological Finds: A Further Example of the Ethno-Philological Contribute to the Study of European Megalithism".The European Archaeologist.33:7–10.
  26. ^Phillips, W.E.A.; M. Corcoran; E. Eogan (2001),Identification of the source area for megaliths used in the construction of the Neolithic passage graves of the Boyne Valley, Co. Meath. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council.,Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2011,retrieved29 November2011
  27. ^O'Kelly (1982:117–118)
  28. ^O'Kelly (1982:105–106)
  29. ^O'Kelly (1982:105)
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