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Nikolaas Tinbergen

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Nikolaas"Niko"TinbergenFRS[1](/ˈtɪnbɜːrɡən/TIN-bur-gən,Dutch:[ˈnikoː(laːs)ˈtɪmbɛrɣə(n)];15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutchbiologistandornithologistwho shared the 1973Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicinewithKarl von FrischandKonrad Lorenz[7][8][9][10][11]for their discoveries concerning the organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns in animals. He is regarded as one of the founders of modernethology,the study of animal behavior.

Niko Tinbergen
Tinbergen in 1978
Born
Nikolaas Tinbergen

(1907-04-15)15 April 1907
The Hague,Netherlands
Died21 December 1988(1988-12-21)(aged 81)
Oxford,England
Alma materLeiden University
Known for
SpouseElisabeth Rutten (1912–1988)
Children5
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Oxford
Doctoral advisorHilbrand Boschma[2]
Doctoral students

In 1951, he publishedThe Study of Instinct,an influential book on animal behaviour. In the 1960s, he collaborated with filmmakerHugh Falkuson a series of wildlife films, includingThe Riddle of theRook(1972) andSignals for Survival(1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

Early life and education

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Born inThe Hague,Netherlands, he was one of five children of Dirk Cornelis Tinbergen and his wife Jeannette van Eek. His brother,Jan Tinbergen,won the firstBank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobelin 1969.[12]They are the only siblings to each win a Nobel Prize.[13]Another brother,Luuk Tinbergen,was also a noted biologist.

Tinbergen's interest in nature manifested itself when he was young. He studiedbiologyatLeiden Universityand was a prisoner of war duringWorld War IIinKamp Sint-Michielsgestel.Tinbergen's experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaboratorKonrad Lorenz,and it was several years before the two reconciled.[14]

After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at theUniversity of Oxfordand was a fellow first atMerton College, Oxford,and later atWolfson College, Oxford.[14]Several of his graduate students went on to become prominent biologists includingRichard Dawkins,[4]Marian Dawkins,[3]Desmond Morris,[6]Iain Douglas-Hamilton,[15]andTony Sinclair.[16]

The Study of Instinct

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Figure 1. Tinbergen's hierarchical model. Modified fromThe Study of Instinct(1951).

In 1951 Tinbergen's The Study of Instinct was published. Behavioural ecologists and evolutionary biologists still recognise the contribution this book offered the field ofbehavioural sciencestudies. The Study of Instinct summarises Tinbergen's ideas on innate behavioural reactions in animals and the adaptiveness and evolutionary aspects of these behaviours. By behaviour, he means the total movements made by the intact animal; innate behaviour is that which is not changed by the learning process. The major question of the book is the role of internal and external stimuli in controlling the expression of behaviour.[17]

In particular, he was interested in explaining 'spontaneous' behaviours: those that occurred in their complete form the first time they were performed and that seemed resistant to the effects of learning. He explains how behaviour can be considered a combination of these spontaneous behaviour patterns and as set series of reactions to particular stimuli. Behaviour is a reaction in that to a certain extent it is reliant on external stimuli, however it is also spontaneous since it is also dependent upon internal causal factors.[17]

His model for how certain behavioural reactions are provoked was based on work byKonrad Lorenz.Lorenz postulated that for each instinctive act there is a specific energy which builds up in a reservoir in the brain. In this model, Lorenz envisioned a reservoir with a spring valve at its base that an appropriatestimuluscould act on, much like a weight on a scale pan pulling against a spring and releasing the reservoir of energy, an action which would lead an animal to express the desired behaviour.[17]

Tinbergen added complexity to this model, a model now known as Tinbergen's hierarchical model. He suggested that motivational impulses build up in nervous centres in the brain which are held in check by blocks. The blocks are removed by an innate releasing mechanism that allows the energy to flow to the next centre (each centre containing a block that needs to be removed) in a cascade until the behaviour is expressed. Tinbergen's model shows multiple levels of complexity and that related behaviours are grouped.[18]

An example is in his experiments with foraginghoney bees.He showed that honey bees show curiosity for yellow and blue paper models of flowers, and suggested that these were visual stimuli causing the buildup of energy in one specific centre. However, the bees rarely landed on the model flowers unless the proper odour was also applied. In this case, the chemical stimuli of the odour allowed the next link in the chain to be released, encouraging the bee to land. The final step was for the bee to insert its mouthparts into the flower and initiate suckling. Tinbergen envisioned this as concluding the reaction set for honey bee feeding behaviour.[19]

Nobel Prize

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In 1973, Tinbergen, along withKonrad LorenzandKarl von Frisch,were awarded theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns".[20]The award recognised their studies on genetically programmed behaviour patterns, their origins, maturation and their elicitation by key stimuli. In his Nobel Lecture, Tinbergen addressed the somewhat unconventional decision of the Nobel Foundation to award the prize for Physiology or Medicine to three men who had until recently been regarded as "mere animal watchers". Tinbergen stated that their revival of the "watching and wondering" approach to studying behaviour could indeed contribute to the relief of human suffering.[21]

The studies performed by the trio on fish, insects and birds laid the foundation for further studies on the importance of specific experiences during critical periods of normal development, as well as the effects of abnormal psychosocial situations in mammals. At the time, these discoveries were stated to have caused "a breakthrough in the understanding of the mechanisms behind various symptoms of psychiatric disease, such as anguish, compulsive obsession, stereotypic behaviour and catatonic posture".[22]Tinbergen's contribution to these studies included the testing of the hypotheses of Lorenz/von Frisch by means of "comprehensive, careful, and ingenious experiments"[23]as well as his work on supernormal stimuli. The work of Tinbergen during this time was also regarded as having possible implications for further research in child development and behaviour.[24]

He also caused some intrigue by dedicating a large part of his acceptance speech toFM Alexander,originator of theAlexander technique,a method which investigates postural reflexes and responses in human beings.[25]

Other awards and honours

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In 1950 Tinbergen became member of theRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[26]He was elected aFellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1962.[1]He was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1961,[27]the United StatesNational Academy of Sciencesin 1974,[28]and theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 1975.[29]He was also awarded the Godman-Salvin Medal in 1969 by the British Ornithologists' Union,[30]and in 1973 received the Swammerdam Medal[31]and Wilhelm Bölsche Medal[32](from the Genootschap ter bervordering van Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde of the University of Amsterdam and the Kosmos-Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde respectively).

Approach to animal behaviour

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Main article:Tinbergen's four questions

Tinbergen described four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour,[33][34][35][36]which were:

  1. Causation(mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recentlearning?How do behaviour and psyche "function" on the molecular, physiological, neuro-ethological, cognitive and social level, and what do the relations between the levels look like? (compare:Nicolai Hartmann:"The laws about the levels of complexity" )
  2. Development(ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown? Which developmental steps (the ontogenesis follows an "inner plan" )andwhich environmental factors play when / which role? (compare:Recapitulation theory)
  3. Function (adaptation): how does thebehaviourimpact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?
  4. Evolution(phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in relatedspecies,and how might it have arisen through the process of phylogeny? Why did structural associations (behaviour can be seen as a "time space structure" ) evolve in this manner and not otherwise?*

Inethologyandsociobiology,causation and ontogeny are summarised as the "proximate mechanisms", whileadaptationandphylogenyare the "ultimate mechanisms". They are still considered as the cornerstone of modern ethology, sociobiology andtransdisciplinarityin Human Sciences.

Supernormal stimulus

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A major body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed thesupernormal stimulus.This was the concept that one could build an artificial object which was a stronger stimulus or releaser for an instinct than the object for which the instinct originally evolved. He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polka dots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs.

Tinbergen found that territorial malethree-spined stickleback(a small freshwater fish) would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly delineated what characteristics were eliciting the instinctual response.

Among the modern works calling attention to Tinbergen's classic work isDeirdre Barrett's 2010 book,Supernormal Stimuli.

Autism

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Tinbergen applied his observational methods to the problems ofautisticchildren. He recommended a "holding therapy"in which parents hold their autistic children for long periods of time while attempting to establish eye contact, even when a child resists the embrace.[37]However, his interpretations of autistic behaviour, and the holding therapy that he recommended, lacked scientific support[38]and the therapy has been described as controversial and potentially abusive, particularly by individuals with autism themselves.[39]

Bibliography

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Some of the publications of Tinbergen are:

  • 1939: 'The Behavior of the Snow Bunting in Spring.' In:Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York,vol. V (October 1939).OCLC885412024
  • 1951:The Study of Instinct.Oxford, Clarendon Press.OCLC249804809
  • 1952:Derived activities; their causation, biological significance, origin, and emancipation during evolution.Q. Rev. Biol. 27:1–32.doi:10.1086/398642.[1].
  • 1953:The Herring Gull's World.London, Collins.OCLC781602203
  • 1953:Social Behaviour in Animals: With Special Reference to Vertebrates.Methuen & Co.OCLC513004(reprinted 2014): London & New York: Psychology Press.ISBN978-1-84872-297-2,978-1-315-84999-7(print & eBook)

Publications about Tinbergen and his work:

  • Burkhardt Jr., RW (2005).Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology.ISBN0-226-08090-0
  • Kruuk, H (2003).Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour.Oxford, Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-851558-8
  • Stamp Dawkins, M; Halliday, TR; Dawkins, R (1991).The Tinbergen Legacy.London, Chapman & Hall.ISBN0-412-39120-1

Personal life

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Tinbergen was a member of the advisory committee to theAnti-Concorde Project[citation needed]and was also an atheist.[40]

Tinbergen married Elisabeth Rutten (1912–1990) and they had five children. Later in life he suffereddepressionand feared he might, like his brother Luuk, commit suicide. He was treated by his friend, whose ideas he had greatly influenced,John Bowlby.[41]Tinbergen died on 21 December 1988, after suffering a stroke at his home in Oxford, England.[1]

References

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  1. ^abcdHinde, Robert A.(1990). "Nikolaas Tinbergen. 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.36:547–565.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0043.
  2. ^Burkhardt, R. W. Jr. (2010)."Niko Tinbergen"(PDF).Elsevier. pp. 428–433.Retrieved8 October2016.
  3. ^abDawkins, Marian (1970).The Mechanism of Hunting by 'Searching Image' in Birds.jisc.ac.uk(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.EThOSuk.bl.ethos.453252.Archived fromthe originalon 12 September 2018.Retrieved11 September2018.
  4. ^abDawkins, Clinton Richard(1966).Selective pecking in the domestic chick.bodleian.ox.ac.uk(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.EThOSuk.bl.ethos.710826.
  5. ^"Aubrey Manning".University of Edinburgh.Retrieved8 October2016.
  6. ^abBeale, Graeme Robert (2009).Tinbergian Practice, themes and variations: the field and laboratory methods and practice of the Animal Behaviour Research Group under Nikolaas Tinbergen at Oxford University.University of Edinburgh (PhD Thesis).hdl:1842/4103?show=full.
  7. ^Tinbergen autobiography at nobelprize.org
  8. ^The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973: von Frisch, Lorenz and Tinbergen
  9. ^Tinbergen Nobel Lecture
  10. ^Dewsbury, D. A. (2003). "The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine: Recognition for behavioral science?".American Psychologist.58(9): 747–752.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.747.PMID14584992.
  11. ^Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1973: Karl von Frisch (1886–1982); Konrad Lorenz (1903–89); and Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–88)".Lancet.354(9184): 1130.doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76931-2.PMID10509540.S2CID54236399.
  12. ^Lundberg, Erik (1969)."The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969".Nobelprize.org.Retrieved27 January2014.
  13. ^"Nobel Prize Facts".
  14. ^ab"Encyclopedia.com Nikolaas Tinbergen".Encyclopedia.com.Retrieved16 March2014.
  15. ^Daston, Lorraine; Mitman, Gregg (2005).Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism.Columbia University Press. p. 193.ISBN978-0-231-50377-8.
  16. ^Sinclair, Anthony (2012).Serengeti Story: Life and Science in the World's Greatest Wildlife Region.Oxford University Press. p. 33.ISBN9780199645527.
  17. ^abcHinde, R. A.Ethological Models and the Concept of 'Drive'.British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 6, 321–331 (1956)
  18. ^Tinbergen, Nikolaas (1951).The Study of Instinct.Oxford University Press. pp. nnn–mmm.[page needed]
  19. ^Tinbergen, Nikolaas (1951).The Study of Instinct.Oxford University Press. pp. nnn–mmm.[page needed]
  20. ^"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973".
  21. ^Tinbergen, N. Ethology and stress diseases. Physiology Or Medicine: 1971–1980 19711980, 113 (1992)
  22. ^Zetterström, R. The Nobel Prize for the introduction of ethology, or animal behaviour, as a new research field: possible implications for child development and behaviour: Nobel prizes of importance to Paediatrics. Acta Paediatrica 96, 1105–1108 (2007).
  23. ^Cronholm, Börje (1973)."Award Ceremony Speech".Nobelprize.org.
  24. ^Zetterström, R. The Nobel Prize for the introduction of ethology, or animal behaviour, as a new research field: possible implications for child development and behaviour: Nobel prizes of importance to Paediatrics. Acta Paediatrica 96, 1105–1108 (2007)
  25. ^Tinbergen, Nikolaas (12 December 1973)."Nikolaas Tinbergen Nobel Lecture Ethology and Stress Diseases"(PDF).NobelPrize.org.
  26. ^"Niko Tinbergen (1907–1988)".Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.Retrieved19 July2015.
  27. ^"Nikolaas Tinbergen".American Academy of Arts & Sciences.Retrieved28 July2022.
  28. ^"Nikolaas Tinbergen".www.nasonline.org.Retrieved28 July2022.
  29. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.Retrieved28 July2022.
  30. ^"Medals and awards" British Ornithologists' Union ".bou.org.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2017.Retrieved27 July2016.
  31. ^Amsterdam, Universiteit van."Swammerdam medaille – GNGH – Universiteit van Amsterdam".gngh.uva.nl.Retrieved27 July2016.
  32. ^Anderson, Ted (2013).The Life of David Lack: Father of Evolutionary Ecology.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 185.ISBN978-0199922659.
  33. ^Diagram onThe Four Areas of Biology
  34. ^Further Diagrams onThe Four Areas of Biology by Gerhard Medicus (Documents No. 6, 7 and 8 of Block 1 in English)
  35. ^Lorenz, K. (1937). "Biologische Fragestellung in der Tierpsychologie".Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie.1:24–32.doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1937.tb01401.x.(in English: Biological Questions in Animal Psychology).
  36. ^Tinbergen, N.(1963). "On aims and methods of Ethology".Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie.20(4): 410–433.doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x.
  37. ^Tinbergen N, Tinbergen EA (1986).Autistic Children: New Hope for a Cure(new ed.).Routledge.ISBN978-0-04-157011-3.
  38. ^Bishop, D. V. M. (2008)."Forty years on: Uta Frith's contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966–2006".The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.61(1): 16–26.doi:10.1080/17470210701508665.PMC2409181.PMID18038335.
  39. ^Betty Fry Williams; Randy Lee Williams (2011).Effective programs for treating autism spectrum disorder: applied behavior analysis models.Taylor & Francis. pp. 53–.ISBN978-0-415-99931-1.Retrieved4 February2012.
  40. ^Deirdre Barrett (2010).Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose.W. W. Norton & Company. pp.21–22.ISBN978-0-393-06848-1.Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.
  41. ^Van Der Horst, F. C. P. (2010). "John Bowlby's treatment of Nikolaas" Niko "Tinbergen's depressions".History of Psychology.13(2): 206–208.doi:10.1037/a0019381c.
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