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Nuba peoples

This article is about indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state in Sudan. For Nilo-Saharan ethnic group, seeNubians.For the people in Uganda, seeNubians (Uganda).
"Nuba" redirects here. For other uses, seeNuba (disambiguation).

TheNuba peopleare indigenous inhabitants of southernSudan.The Nuba are made up of 50 various indigenousethnic groupswho inhabit theNuba MountainsofSouth Kordofan stateinSudan,[4]encompassing multiple distinct people that speakdifferent languageswhich belong to at least two unrelatedlanguage families.Estimates of the Nuba population vary widely; the Sudanese government estimated that they numbered 2.07 million in 2003.[5][better source needed]

Nuba
Total population
3.7 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Sudan(Nuba Mountains) andSouth Sudan
Sudan3.7 million[2]
South Sudan70,000[3]
Languages
Kordofanian,Kadu,Nyima,Sudanese Arabic
Religion
Islam,Traditional African religions,Christianity

The term Nuba should not be confused with theNubians,an unrelated ethnic group speaking theNubian languagesliving in northern Sudan and southern Egypt,[6]although theHill Nubians,who live in the Nuba Mountains, are also considered part of the Nubian people.[7]

Description

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Dwellings

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A Nuba village in theNuba Mountains

The Nuba people reside in the foothills of the Nuba Mountains. Villages consist of family compounds. A family compound consists of a rectangular compound enclosing two round mud huts thatched with sorghum stalks facing each other called ashal.Theshalis fenced with wooden posts interwoven with straw. Two benches run down the each side of theshalwith a fire in the middle where families will tell stories and oral traditions. Around theshalis the much larger yard, thetogplaced in front. The fence of thetogis made of strong tree branches as high as the roof of the huts. Small livestock like goats and chickens and donkeys are kept in the tog. Each compound has tall conical granaries calleddurswhich stand on one side of thetog.At the back of the compound is a small yard where maize and vegetables like pumpkin, beans and peanuts are grown.[citation needed]

Languages

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Main article:Languages of the Nuba Mountains

The Nuba people speakvarious languagesnot closely related to each other. Most of the Nuba people speak one of the many languages in the geographicKordofanian languagesgroup of theNuba Mountains.This language group is primarily in the majorNiger–Congo language family.Several Nuba languages are in theNilo-Saharan language family.[8]

Over one hundred languages are spoken in the area and are considered Nuba languages, although many of the Nuba also speakSudanese Arabic,the common language of Sudan.

Culture

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The Nuba people are primarily farmers, as well as herders who keep cattle, chickens, and other domestic animals. They often maintain three different farms: a garden near their homes where vegetables needing constant attention, such as onions, peppers and beans, are grown; fields further up the hills where quick growing crops such as red millet can be cultivated without irrigation; and farms farther away, where white millet and other crops are planted.[9]

A distinctive characteristic of the Nuba people is their passion for athletic competition, particularlytraditional wrestling.[10]The strongest young men of a community compete with athletes from other villages for the chance to promote their personal and their village's pride and strength. In some villages, older men participate in club- or spear-fighting contests. The Nubas’ passion for physical excellence is also displayed through the young men's vanity—they often spend hours painting their bodies with complex patterns and decorations. This vanity reflects the basic Nuba belief in the power and importance of strength and beauty.[citation needed]

Religions

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The primary religion of many Nuba people isIslam,with someChristians,and traditionalshamanisticbeliefs also prevailing.[11]Muslim Men wear a sarong and occasionally a skull cap. Older women and young women wear beads and wrap a sarong over their legs and sometimes a cloak tie on the shoulder. Both sexes practice scarification andcircumcisionfor boys andfemale genital mutilationfor girls. Some men shave their heads, older Muslim men wear skull caps and grow beards, women and girls braid their hair in strands and string it with beads.

The majority of the Nuba living in the east, west and northern parts of the mountains are Muslims, while those living to the south are either Christians or practice traditional animistic religions. In those areas of the Nuba mountains where Islam has not deeply penetrated, ritual specialists and priests hold as much control as the clan elders, for it is they who are responsible for rain control, keeping the peace, and rituals to ensure successful crops. Many are guardians of the shrines where items are kept to insure positive outcomes of the rituals (such as rain stones for the rain magic), and some also undergo what they recognize as spiritual possession.[citation needed]

Politics

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In the 1986 elections, theNational Umma Partylost several seats to the Nuba Mountains General Union and to the Sudan National Party, due to the reduced level of support from the Nuba Mountains region. There is reason to believe that attacks by the government-supported militia, the Popular Defense Force (PDF), on several Nuba villages were meant to be in retaliation for this drop in support, which was seen as signaling increased support of theSPLA.The PDF attacks were particularly violent, and have been cited as examples ofcrimes against humanitythat took place during theSecond Sudanese Civil War[12]

During the military dictatorship ofOmar al-Bashir,Nuba people in the capital Khartoum were repeatedly attacked and some even killed by pro-government students and agents of the National Intelligence and Security Service. As a result of discrimination by governments and parts of the Sudanese society, Nuba people have been largely excluded from the official national Sudanese identity, and hardly ever been represented in the government.[13]

Nuba people in Khartoum

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Following the Nuba Cultural Heritage Festival in 2011 in Omdurman, Nuba residents of Greater Khartoum have been celebrating Nuba culture in the capital. Part of these celebrations has been the selection of educated, young Nuba women as Beauty Queens of the Nuba Mountains. In 2014,Natalina Yacoub,at the time a student atAhfad University for Women,was chosen as Nuba Beauty Queen and subsequently gave the firstTEDxtalk of a Nuba person.[13]Being a member of theChristian minority in Sudan,she presented a Christmas gift on 24 December 2019 to then-Prime MinisterAbdalla Hamdok,who subsequently tweeted: "This is the Sudan we dream of. One that respects diversity and enables all Sudanese citizens to practice their faith in a safe and dignified environment."[14]

Nuba Mountains

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Nuba Mountains in Southern Kordofan, Sudan

In theMiddle Ages,the Nuba Mountains were part of the kingdom ofAlodia.[15]The Nuba people reside in one of the most remote and inaccessible places in all of Sudan, the foothills of the Nuba Mountains in central Sudan. At one time the area was considered a place of refuge, bringing together people of many different tongues and backgrounds who were fleeing oppressive governments and slave traders.

The Nuba Mountains mark the southern border of the sands of the desert and the northern limit of good soils washed down by the Nile River. Many Nuba, however, have migrated to the Sudanese capital of Khartoum to escape persecution and the effects of Sudan's civil war. Most of the rest of the 1,000,000 Nuba people live in villages and towns of between 1,000 and 50,000 inhabitants in areas in and surrounding the Nuba mountains. Nuba villages are often built where valleys run from the hills out on to the surrounding plains, because water is easier to find at such points and wells can be used all year long. There is no political unity among the various Nuba groups who live on the hills. Often the villages do not have chiefs, but are instead organized into clans or extended family groups with village authority left in the hands of clan elders.[citation needed]

War in the Nuba Mountains

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Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)

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After some earlier incursions by the SPLA, the Second Sudanese Civil War started full scale in the Nuba Mountains when the Volcano Battalion of the SPLA under the command of the NubaYousif Kuwa MekkiandAbdel Aziz Adam al-Hilluentered the mountains and began to recruit Nuba volunteers and send them to SPLA training facilities in Ethiopia. The volunteers walked to Ethiopia and back and many of them perished on the way.

During the war, the SPLA generally held the mountains, while the Sudanese Army held the towns and fertile lands at the feet of the mountains, but was generally unable to dislodge the SPLA, even though the latter was usually undersupplied. The Governments of Sudan underSadiq al-MahdiandOmar al-Bashiralsoarmed militias of Baggara Arabsto fight the Nuba and transferred many Nuba forcibly to camps.

In early 2002, the Government and the SPLA agreed on an internationally supervised ceasefire. International observers and advisors were quickly dispatched to Kadugli and several deployed into the mountains to co-located with SPLA command elements, with the base camp located inKauda.

At that time, al-Hillu was the governor of the Nuba Mountains. During the course of the following months, relief supplies from the UN were airdropped to stem the starvation of many in the mountains.

The ceasefire in Nuba Mountains was the foundation for theComprehensive Peace Agreement(CPA) signed in January 2005. This fragile peace remains in force, but infighting in the south, plus the Government of Sudan involvement in Darfur have resulted in issues which may break the peace agreement.

Secession of South Sudan (2011)

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Southern Sudan voted to secede from Sudan in the2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.This provision was agreed to in the CPA. This resaulted in the formation of a new country,South Sudan,from the southern portion of Sudan. However, conflict between northern and southern forces, and against the Nuba peoples was renewed again in the region in 2011 inSouth Kordofan and Blue Nile.[16]

Media

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See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^"Sudan: Nuba".Miniority Rights Group. 19 June 2015.
  2. ^"Sudan: Nuba".Miniority Rights Group. 19 June 2015.
  3. ^"Nuba refugees from South Kordofan State seek out a new life in Yida, South Sudan".Retrieved21 September2023.
  4. ^Rottenburg, Richard; Calkins, Sandra; Gertel, Jörg (2014).Disrupting Territories: Land, Commodification and Conflict in Sudan.Suffolk, England: James Currey. p. 124.ISBN9781847010544.
  5. ^South Kordofan
  6. ^Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach (2011).Integration and fragmentation of the Sudan: an African renaissance.Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. pp. 30–31.ISBN978-1-4567-2355-2.OCLC704063380.
  7. ^Winter, Roger (2000), Spaulding, Jay; Beswick, Stephanie (eds.),"The Nuba People: Confronting Cultural Liquidation",White Nile Black Blood: War, Leadership, and Ethnicity from Khartoum to Kampala,Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press, archived fromthe originalon 2000-04-09
  8. ^Bell, Herman (1995-12-03)."The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?".A Communication Presented to the Third Conference on Language in Sudan.
  9. ^Bedigian, Dorothea; Harlan, Jack R. (1983)."Nuba Agriculture and Ethnobotany, with Particular Reference to Sesame and Sorghum".Economic Botany.37(4): 384–395.doi:10.1007/BF02904199.JSTOR4254532.S2CID41581798.
  10. ^Anele, Uzonna (January 20, 2020)."Nuba Wrestling: A Look into Sudan's Nuba People and their Traditional Wrestling Culture".listwand.com.
  11. ^"Sudan: Nuba".Miniority Rights Group. 19 June 2015.Some traditional religions survive but most Nuba have been converted to Islam or Christianity.
  12. ^Salih (1999)
  13. ^abElbagir, Yousra (2016-07-07)."Meet the radical beauty queen taking on the Sudanese regime".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved2023-06-26.
  14. ^Amin, Mohammed (2019-12-25)."Sudan celebrates Christmas publicly for first time in 10 years".Middle East Eye.Retrieved2023-06-27.
  15. ^Spaulding 1998,p. 49.
  16. ^"Sudan rebels form alliance to oust president".Al Jazeera English. 13 November 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2011.Retrieved14 November2011.
  17. ^"Bisha TV".Facebook.
  18. ^Gogineni, Roopa (2017-10-03)."The Rebel Puppeteers of Sudan".The New York Times.
  19. ^About the documentaryonTomo Križnar's website
  20. ^Žerdin, Ali (3 June 2016)."Portret tedna: Tomo Križnar".old.delo.si(in Slovenian).

Further reading

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