Oberon-class submarine

For the 1920s O class submarines, sometimes referred to as theOberonclass, seeOdin-class submarine.

TheOberonclasswas aship classof 27 British-designedsubmarinesoperated by five nations. They were designed as a follow-on from thePorpoiseclass;physical dimensions were the same but stronger materials were used in hull construction and improved equipment was fitted.

HMSOtusmoored at a dock in 2002.
Class overview
Name	Oberonclass
Builders	Vickers-Armstrongs Cammell Laird Chatham Dockyard Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
Operators	Royal Navy Royal Australian Navy Maritime Command Brazilian Navy Chilean Navy
Preceded by	Porpoiseclass
Succeeded by	UpholderclassandCollinsclass
In commission	1960–2000
Completed	27
Retired	27
Preserved	8 complete, 3 partial, 1 awaiting conversion
General characteristics for Royal Navy submarines
Type	Attack/Patrol submarine
Displacement	Surfaced: 2,030 t (2,000 long tons) Submerged: 2,410 t (2,370 long tons)
Length	295.2 ft (90.0 m)
Beam	26.5 ft (8.1 m)
Draught	18 ft (5.5 m)
Propulsion	2 × 1,840 hp Admiralty Standard Range V16 diesels 2 × 1,280 kW generators 2 × 3,000 hp electric motors, diesel-electric 2 shafts
Speed	Surfaced: 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) Submerged: 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph)
Range	10,350 nautical miles (19,170 km; 11,910 mi) at surface cruising speed
Test depth	650 ft (200 m)
Complement	7 officers 62 sailors
Sensors and processing systems	Type 1002 surface search and navigation radar Type 187 Active-Passive attack sonar Type 2007 long range passive sonar
Electronic warfare & decoys	MEL Manta UAL or UA4 radar warning
Armament	6 × 21 in (533.4 mm) bow tubes, 20 torpedoes 2 × 21 in (533.4 mm) short stern tubes, 2 torpedoes Forward torpedo payload could be replaced with 50 × mines
Notes	• Taken from: • For differing characteristics in non-Royal NavyOberons, see theRegional variantssection or individual submarine articles

TheOberons operated during theCold War,with duties including surveillance, tracking of other ships and submarines, delivery and retrieval of special forces personnel and serving as targets for anti-submarine training. Submarines of the class were in service until 2000.

TheOberonclass was arguably the best conventional submarine class of its time,with a reputation for remarkable quietness. The quietness of theOberonvessels enabled them to operate into the late 20th century until replaced by newer classes such as theCollinsandVictoriaclasses in Australia and Canada, respectively.

The submarines were built between 1957 and 1978 by four shipyards:Cammell Laird(4),Chatham Dockyard(6),Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company(11) andVickers-Armstrongs(6).Thirteen of the submarines were operated by theRoyal Navy,six by theRoyal Australian Navy,three by theBrazilian Navy,three by theRoyal Canadian Navy/Canadian Forces Maritime Command(plus two ex-Royal Navy boats later acquired for non-commissioned roles), and two by theChilean Navy.

Design and construction

The 295.2-foot (90.0 m)-longOberonclass was based on the precedingPorpoiseclassof submarines, which were in service from 1956 to 1988.Changes from thePorpoisedesign were primarily to improve the strength and stealth of the submarine.Instead of UXW steel, the hull was built from QT28 steel, which was easier to fabricate and stronger, allowing the submarine to dive deeper.Glass-reinforced plasticwas used in construction of thecasing.

The fin and equipment masts ofHMASOnslow

Electronics, sonar, and radar systems were also upgraded to the latest standard. The submarines were equipped with a type 1002 surface search and navigation radar, a type 187 active-passive attack sonar, and a type 2007 long-range passive sonar.TheOberons were constructed at a variety of shipyards in the United Kingdom: the six Australian and two Chilean submarines byScotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company(the latter were built after theScott Lithgowmerger); the three Brazilian submarines byVickers-Armstrongs;and the three Canadian submarines atChatham Dockyard.Construction of the British submarines was shared amongst four dockyards: the three mentioned above andCammell Laird.

Armament

Barr and StroudAttack Periscope Type CH74 – RANOberonclass submarine

Torpedo fire control consoles aboard HMCSOnondaga

TheOberons were originally armed with eight 21-inch (533.4 mm) torpedo tubes: six tubes in the bow, and two short tubes for antisubmarine defence in the stern.The submarine normally carried a payload of 20 torpedoes for the forward tubes; a mix ofMark 24 TigerfishandMark 8torpedoes, while only the two preloadedMark 20Storpedoes were carried for the stern tubes.Naval minescould be carried instead of torpedoes: the torpedo payload would be replaced with up to 50Mark 5 Stonefishor Mark 6 Sea Urchin mines.

The forward torpedo tubes are constructed in two sections bolted together across the bulkhead at the fore end of the torpedo compartment. The 116-inch (290 cm) long inner section is constructed of 0.5-inch (1.3 cm) rolled steel fitted with welded flanges and support brackets. The outer section is constructed of a similar tube 175 inches (440 cm) long but with a reinforced 1.125-inch (2.86 cm) thick section behind the main bulkhead. The internal door hinges at one side with two locking mechanisms, a swing bolt opposite the hinge and a rotating locking ring attached to the tube which presses down on the ten projecting lugs around the door. The outer end of the tube is sealed with a domed bow cap. Bow shutters close across the bow caps so as to preserve the streamlined shape of the bow when the cap is closed.

Forward torpedo tubes onHMSOcelot

The bow caps and shutters are mechanically linked to a hydraulically operated drive rod from within the torpedo compartment. The bow cap opens first behind the shutter, which then folds back against it forming a smooth exit tube. Interlocks prevent the doors at both ends being opened at the same time but the inner door is also provided with a test cock to check whether the tube is full of water before opening and remains held nearly closed by the swing bolt after the locking ring is released. The tube internal diameter is 22.5 in, wider than the torpedo, which is designed as a loose fit inside the tube. Torpedoes could be fired either electrically or with compressed air.

The aft torpedo tubes passed through the ballast tank at the rear of the submarine. A 31-inch (79 cm) section projected into the boat through the bulkhead, forming overall a relatively short tube of 12 feet (3.7 m), but of 25-inch (640 mm) diameter.

With the retirement of the Mark 20S torpedo in the 1980s, the stern torpedo tubes were decommissioned and the torpedo ballast tanks were thereafter used for storing beer.

Propulsion systems

The class useddiesel-electricpropulsion, withlead-acid batteriesto provide power when the engines cannot be used. Each vessel has two Admiralty-pattern V-16diesel engines(ASR1 16VMS), each driving one 1280-kW 880-Vgenerator.These can provide power directly to the two 3,000-brake-horsepower(2,200 kW)electric motors,one directly connected to eachpropeller,or for charging batteries. The diesel engines can only be operated with external ventilation, but this can be obtained either while on the surface or when shallowly submerged by use of twosnorkelswhich can be raised from the fin. One snorkel brings in new air to the boat, while the other takes exhaust fumes from the engines. The ventilation system is designed so the fresh air spreads through the boat.

Engine compartment onHMSOtus,twin V16 diesel engines

The generators are cooled by an internal fan on the shaft which circulates air through a filter and water-cooled heat exchanger within the casing. A grill allows pressure equalisation inside and out. The generator has one pedestal bearing fed with oil from the diesel engine lubrication supply and is fitted with an internal heater to prevent condensation when not running.

The submarine has two batteries, each comprising 224 2V cells (type D7420) giving a nominal 440 V output. One battery is located underneath the crew accommodation compartment, and the other under the control compartment. Each battery has a switch circuit in the middle so it can be split into two banks of 112 cells. The cells are designed to deliver 7420Ahat the five hour discharge rate. All steelwork within the battery compartments is lined with rubber to protect the metal from attack by acid, and also all conducting material is insulated to prevent risks of electric shock. Waxed timber is used to make framing and crawlways to access the batteries and support them because of its resistance to acid. The battery compartment has asumpto collect any spilled liquids. Each cell weighs 1,120 lb (510 kg) and contains 18.5 gallons of electrolyte. Cells are held tightly in place with wooden wedges to prevent movement with the boat. Each cell has four connector bolts to each electrode and an agitator pipe which bubbles air through the cell to ensure the electrolyte remains mixed and uniform. Cooling water is fed through pipes attached to the electrode connectors to prevent overheating and the battery temperature is monitored.

In operation, each battery is charged until the voltage reaches 560 V, then allowed a further hour's charging. Fortnightly, it should be allowed 5 hours' charging after reaching 560 V to ensure a maximum charge is reached. Every two months, the battery should be given an equalising charge of eight hours to ensure all cells have reached their maximum. The battery is designed to operate with aspecific gravityof the electrolyte between 1.080 and 1.280. Initial charging current should be around 1650 amps for s.g. below 1.180, 1250 A above 1.180, falling to 280 A when charging is complete. At a voltage around 538 V, the cells begin to give off explosivehydrogengas, so the applied power is reduced during charging to keep voltage below this value until current falls to 280 A, which is then maintained while voltage is allowed to rise until the requisite voltage and charge time are reached. In an emergency, the charging current can be raised to 2000 A. To maintain overall capacity, batteries need to be completely discharged over a five-hour period once every four months and then completely recharged. The battery compartments are sealed to prevent gases escaping into the submarine, or salt water entering, which inside a battery would cause the release of poisonouschlorinegas. Ventilation fans are used to extract hydrogen released by the cells and catalytic converters are placed strategically through the submarine to remove hydrogen from the air by recombining it with oxygen to form water.

Propeller motor control panel: The panel telegraph (top and left) showed instructions issued from the motor telegraph position beside the helm station in the control room which were to be carried out.

Each of the two propellers on the submarine is connected to a 3000 bhp DC electric motor. Each motor is designed with two separatearmatures,in effect two motors in the same unit. Speed of the submarine can be varied by connecting the batteries and armatures in different series and parallel combinations. Slowest speed is obtained by connecting both batteries in parallel, thus supplying 440 V, across all four motor armatures in series, thus applying 110 V to each ('shafts in series'). Next, the batteries in parallel may be applied across the two motors in parallel, with their armatures in series ('group down'). This applies 220 V across each armature. Third, both batteries are applied in parallel across all four armatures applying 440 V to each ('group up'). Finally, the batteries can be arranged in series so as to apply 880 V across all four armatures in parallel ('batteries in series'). Each armature also has an associated field winding which is separately supplied with current which may be varied resistively, providing further speed control (maximum 35 A).

The motors are designed with a sealed oilsumpfrom which oil is pumped continuously to lubricate the bearings. A fan draws air from the engine room through the motor to cool it and returns the exhaust air to the engine room through a water-cooled heat exchanger. This arrangement reduces the possibility of water being drawn into the motor should there be a leak in the cooler. The motor is also fitted with a heater to keep it warm when not running so as to prevent condensation internally. Temperature and revolution speed are monitored and displayed on the control panel.

Auxiliary power

The batteries provide variable DC power (VP), which ranges in normal usage from 390 to 650 V. Pumps for ballast, water, air compressors, ventilation, cooling, and hydraulics are all designed to cope with this supply range, but some equipment cannot. The boat, therefore, is supplied with two sets of auxiliary motor generators designed to be powered by the batteries and produce stable output, one set powered by each main battery. A 220 V DC supply (CP) is provided by two 100 kW (130 hp) generators, one supplied from each battery with either being sufficient by itself. Two 15 kW (20 hp) 60 Hz three-phase alternators provide power for equipment designed to work off 115 or 230 V AC and two more 15 kW 400 Hz generators provide power at 205 V AC used by radar, sonar, fire control, and communications electronics. Two 4 kW (5.4 hp) generators plus an additional backup battery provide 24 V DC.

In the event of damage to the main electrical distribution system, provision is made for one of the CP generators to be connected directly to one armature of the port motor, to provide some propulsion by alternative circuitry.

Regional variations

The preserved bow section ofHMASOxley:The mouths of the six torpedo tubes are displayed, along with the modified sonar dome and a mockup of the bow sonar array.

Australia

TheRoyal Australian Navyacquired sixOberons: an initial order of four and a second order of two. The second order was originally for four submarines, but two were cancelled in favour of expanding the RANFleet Air Arm.

AustralianOberons had different electronic equipment, using primarily American radar and sonar systems. They hadSperryBQG-4Micropuffs passive ranging sonar andKruppCSU3-41 attack sonar.Instead of the British Tigerfish torpedoes, the Australians used AmericanMark 48 torpedoes.They had a slightly larger payload, carrying 22 torpedoes for the forward tubes, six of which were preloaded. Shortly after entering service, the aft torpedo tubes in all six submarines were sealed.

The Australian submarines were later updated to be equipped with the subsonic antishipHarpoon missile.In 1985, off the island ofKauaiinHawaii,HMASOvensbecame only the second conventional submarine in the world—and the firstOberon—to fire a subsurface-launched Harpoon missile, successfully hitting the target over the horizon. Consequently, the designation for the AustralianOberons changed from SS to SSG.

Brazil

The main differences between the Brazilian and BritishOberons was the fire-control systems, with a Vickers system being fitted to the Brazilian boats.The three Brazilian submarines were later upgraded to use the more advanced Mod 1 Tigerfish torpedo.

Canada

The three Canadian submarines were built with improved air-conditioning systems, while as many common components as possible were replaced with Canadian equivalents.The CanadianOberons used United States Navy torpedoes throughout their career: they were initially equipped withMark 37 torpedoes,but were later upgraded for theMark 48s.

Chile

Chilean submarines were identical to their British counterparts except for carrying GermanSUT torpedoes.

Service

British service

The first of the class to be commissioned into the Royal Navy wasOrpheusin 1960, followed by the name vessel in 1961. The last to be commissioned wasOnyxin 1967. Six were commissioned between 1967 and 1978 for the RAN. In 1982,Onyxtook part in theFalklands War,the only conventional submarine of the RN to do so, landing members of theSBS.She was escorted back to UK at 5 kn after hitting an undetected submerged reef which damaged two of its torpedo tubes, trapping aTigerfishtorpedo. It was removed back at Portsmouth.

AllOberons in service, including boats exported, have now been decommissioned; the last RN boats were decommissioned in 1993, with the final Canadian and AustralianOberons decommissioned in 2000.

Canadian acquisition

A CanadianOberon-class submarine alongside inRoosey Roadsfor Operation Springboard; January 1969

Beginning in 1957, Canada began looking at acquiring submarines to replace the training6th Submarine Divisionprovided by the Royal Navy atHalifax, Nova Scotia.A proposal was submitted to the Canadian Chiefs of Staff in November 1959 affirming the need for a Canadian submarine service and to incorporate the acquisition of the subs into the fleet renewal plan of the late 1950s.The subs would be part of Canada's effort to rectify the problem of block obsolescence in its surface fleet.In 1960 two options were presented to the Canadian government, the first suggesting the acquisition of expensiveBarbel-class submarinesand the second proposing the purchase of six cheaperOberons as part of a larger package of vessels.In March 1962,Cabinetrecommended the purchase of threeOberons and eight frigates, on the condition that the cost of acquiring the submarines from the United Kingdom would be offset by British defence purchases in Canada.It was also supplement byBalao-class submarinetrainerHMCS Grilse S-71 (former USS Burrfish SS-312)beginning in 1961. On 11 April 1962, the purchase was announced in theHouse of Commons of Canadaby theMinister of National Defence,Douglas Harkness.

However, the Conservative government postponed the acquisition of theOberons due to the slow speed of the United Kingdom's attempt to offset the acquisition.The Conservative government was defeated in 1963 and the incoming Liberal government suspended all major defence procurement projects upon taking power.The United Kingdom, in an effort to get the contract moving, offered the hulls ofOcelotandOpportune,but Canada passed on them. However, whenOnyxbecame available, Canada took up the offer. The final price of $40 million for the entire contract was agreed upon in 1963.

SinceOnyxwas already under construction, the boat was finished to Royal Navy specifications. All three boats received modifications to the originalOberondesign, which included the enlargement of the snort de-icer, a different weapons fit, a larger air conditioning unit, active sonar and different communications equipment.The second and third hulls were built to Canadian specifications, which moved the galley forward of the control room to make room for the sonar equipment. This led to the removal of three crew bunks, a problem that was never rectified in the submarines and led to an accommodation issue for the crew.

The first submarine was scheduled to be delivered in 1965, with the following two in 1967 and 1968, respectively.The three boats were givenFirst Nationsnames;Onyxbeing renamedOjibwa,OnondagaandOkanagan.They entered service on 23 September 1965, 22 June 1967 and 22 June 1968 respectively for service as "clockwork mice", submarines used to train surface vessels in anti-submarine warfare.

Two furtherOberons were acquired but never commissioned into the Canadian Navy. In 1989,Olympuswas acquired as a stationarytraining vesselat Halifax, Nova Scotia.In 1992Osiriswas acquired for cannibalisation in a spare parts program between the UK and Canada. The submarine never sailed and was taken apart in the UK to arrive in Canada in 22,050 pieces in 1993.

Submarine Operational Update Program (SOUP)

By the late 1970s, theOberons in Canadian service had become obsolete and were in need of an update. Planning was done in 1978 and the program approved in February 1979.In an effort to take the subs from anti-submarine warfare training to frontline service, Maritime Command developed a refit program that included new sonars, periscopes, communications and fire-control systems. They also had their armament upgraded with the fitting of torpedo tubes capable of firing the Mk 48 torpedo. This would allow the submarines to be deployed byNATOin the North Atlantic to monitor Soviet submarines.

By 1975, the fire control system aboard the CanadianOberons was obsolete. Spare parts from the UK were becoming rarer. The Submarine Operational Update Program (SOUP) was developed to deal with the operational capability of the submarines along with a Logistic Support Agreement (LSA) to acquire more spare parts. The SOUP refits were performed during the submarines' mid-life refits.The LSA was finalised in 1989, with the acquisition ofOlympusas a training vessel. However, the LSA was deemed insufficient by 1992 and the Canadian government acquiredOsirisfor cannibalisation.

The SOUP refits comprised a new US fire control system, a digital Singer Librascope Mark I, and new Sperry passive ranging sonar with the Type 719 short range sonar removed. The new sonar was placed in the upper casing on the pressure hull. New communications and navigational systems were installed.The submarines were fitted with new torpedo tubes for Mk 48 torpedoes; however, the torpedoes themselves were considered a separate procurement program, which was only finalised in 1985.

Between 1980 and 1986, one of the CanadianOberons was out of service undergoing the refit. SOUP came in on time and on its budget of $45 million in 1986.SOUP kept the CanadianOberons until the end of the 1990s when they were replaced by the BritishUpholder-class submarines.

Chilean service

Chilean submarineO'Brienoperating with the destroyerBlanco Encaladaduring exercise Teamwork South 1999

The Chilean government required twoOberon-class submarines to be built by Scott's Shipbuilders Engineering Co., Ltd. The first was built in 1971 and launched on 22 December 1972 and given the nameO'Brien,arriving at Punta Arenas on 10 August 1976. The second submarine, built in 1972, launched on 26 September 1973, was given the nameHyatt.The submarine arrived atPunta Arenason 10 February 1977. These two submarines were able to achieve a speed of 12 knots surfaced and 17 knots submerged. With a length of 90 meters and a displacement of 2,030 tons surfaced and 2,410 tons submerged, the submarines had a 6,000 bhp engine to power them. The submarines were fitted with eight 21-inch torpedo tubes. Both submarines remained in service until 31 December 2001 where they were replaced byScorpène-class submarines.

Oberon-class submarinesHyattandO'Briendocked together with the submarineSimpson

Oberon-class submarineHyatt,picture by the Chilean Navy

Australian service

AustralianOberon-class submarines were reported to have regularly conducted operations with special forces, although due to their limited capability these were restricted to circumstances where the boat could surface, and were usually conducted at night. This included placing divers under the casing for further covert movement, or disembarking special forces teams using kayaks or inflatable boats.

Fates

Helm station aboardHMASOvensat theWestern Australian Maritime Museum

As of 2015, eight of the submarines are preserved intact asmuseum vessels,another three are partially preserved (with some exterior portions of the submarine on display) and one is in private ownership and awaiting conversion for display. The rest have been sold for scrap, including one former museum vessel.

Two of the ex-Royal Navy submarines were preserved in the UK but only one remains. HMSOnyxwas moved toBarrow-in-Furnessafter the museum atBirkenhead,Merseysideclosed but was later towed to Gareloch in Scotland where she was broken for scrap in 2014 after failed attempts to turn her into a museum. The other boat,Ocelot,is located atChatham.Otusis harboured inSassnitz,Germanyon the island ofRügenand can be visited. Another two BritishOberons were transferred to Canada:Olympusas a non-commissioned training vessel, andOsirisforspare parts.The other British submarines were disposed of.

Australia's sixOberons have been preserved and are on display, either completely or partially.HMASOvensis located at theWestern Australian Maritime MuseumatFremantle,whileHMASOnslowis located at theAustralian National Maritime MuseuminDarling Harbour,Sydney.Thefin,outer hull, and stern section ofHMASOtwayare preserved on land atHolbrook, New South Wales.HMASOtamais located offCrib PointinWesternport Bay,Victoria, where she has been awaiting conversion into a museum vessel since 2002; a lack of funding and co-operation from local and state governments means that the volunteer group hoping to preserveOtamaattempted to sell the submarine on eBay but to no avail.HMASOxley's fin stands as a permanent memorial atHMASStirling,Garden Island, Western Australia;whileHMASOxley's bow is next toHMASOvensat theWestern Australian Maritime Museum.HMASOrion's fin stands as a permanent memorial atRockingham Naval Memorial Parkin Western Australia.

ThreeOberon-class submarines laid up inHalifax Harbour

In 2005, it was announced that the four survivingCanadiansubmarines (minusOsiris,which was scrapped in 1992after being stripped for parts) were to be sold for scrapping, as they had deteriorated beyond the point of use.Onondagawas purchased for C$4 plus tax by theSite historique maritime de la Pointe-au-Pèrefor use as a museum vessel,and was towed from Halifax toPointe-au-Père, Quebecin July 2008. In July 2011,Olympuswas towed to a scrapyard inPort Maitland, Ontario,withOkanaganto be delivered to the same scrapyard in August 2011.Ojibwahas been preserved as part of theElgin Military Museum.She was moved toPort Burwell, Ontarioin November 2012, and will become a focal point of a new Museum of Naval History.Ojibwaopened for public tours in July 2013.

SS22Riachueloat the Brazilian Navy Cultural Centre

One of the BrazilianOberons (Tonelero) sank while docked at the navy yards at the Praça Mauá on Rio de Janeiro, on 24 December 2000.The surviving BrazilianOberon,Riachuelo,was converted into a museum at the Brazilian Navy Cultural Center (Espaço Cultural da Marinha Brasileira) in Rio de Janeiro.

TheChilean NavysoldO'Briento the city ofValdiviain 2002, to be converted into the first submarine museum of Chile. The submarine went through a series of modifications in theASMARshipyards during that year, and as of December 2017, is on display at the end of Avenida Costanera Arturo Prat, in front of theCorte de Apelacionesbuilding.

Successors

TheOberonclass was briefly succeeded in RN service by theUpholder-class submarine.TheUpholder-class submarines were later upgraded and sold toCanadafor service in theRoyal Canadian Navyafter refit as theVictoriaclass,again replacingOberons.

The AustralianOberons were replaced by the sixCollins-class submarines.

The two ChileanOberons were replaced by theScorpène-class submarinesO'HigginsandCarrera.

The BrazilianOberons were replaced byType 209 submarines.

See also

• HMSOberon,lead ship of the Oberon class
• List ofOberon-class submarines
• List of submarines of the Royal Navy

References

Sources

• Brown, D.K. & Moore, George (2003).Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945.Chatham Publishing.
• Chant, Christopher (1987).A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware.Routledge.ISBN0-7102-0720-4.Retrieved30 July2008.
• Ferguson, Julie H. (1995).Through a Canadian Periscope: The Story of the Canadian Submarine Service.Toronto: Dundurn Press.ISBN1-55002-217-2.
• Gimblett, Richard H., ed. (2009).The Naval Service of Canada 1910–2010: The Centennial Story.Toronto: Dundurn Press.ISBN978-1-55488-470-4.
• Hadley, Michael L.; Huebert, Rob & Crickard, Fred W., eds. (1992).A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity.Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN0-7735-1506-2.
• Hennessy, Peter; Jinks, James (2015).The Silent Deep.Allen Lane.ISBN978-1-846-14580-3.
• Jackson, Robert (ed.).The Encyclopedia of Warships, From World War Two to the Present Day.
• Macpherson, Ken; Barrie, Ron (2002).The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002(Third ed.). St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing.ISBN1-55125-072-1.
• Patrick, Rex(September 2014)."Submarines and Special Forces".Asia Pacific Defence Reporter.40(7). Venura Media Asia-Pacific: 36–40.ISSN1446-6880.Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved6 January2015.
• Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1996).Jane's Fighting Ships, 1996–97(99th ed.). Surrey: Jane's Information Group.ISBN0-7106-1355-5.OCLC34998928.
• Stevens, David; Sears, Jason; Goldrick, James; Cooper, Alastair; Jones, Peter & Spurling, Kathryn (2001). Stevens, David (ed.).The Royal Australian Navy.The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. III. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-554116-2.OCLC50418095.

External links

• Images of HMSOnyxJune 2006 being moved to Barrow
• Tour through the S 22 Riachuelo on Rio de Janeiro
• Through a Canadian PeriscopeArchived24 December 2008 at theWayback Machine– The story of the Canadian Submarine Service – by Julie H. Ferguson
• Location of the Surviving 'O'boats
• C.F. "O" Class Training Handbook for Oberon submarines
• Google Virtual Tour HMS Ocelot at The Historic Dockyard Chatham