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Okinawa Prefecture

(Redirected fromOkinawa)
"Okinawa" redirects here. For other uses, seeOkinawa (disambiguation).

Okinawa Prefecture(Japanese:Trùng 縄 huyện,Hepburn:Okinawa-ken)is the southernmost and westernmostprefectureofJapan.[2]It has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281km2(880sq mi).

Okinawa Prefecture
Trùng 縄 huyện
Prefecture
Japanese transcription(s)
•JapaneseTrùng 縄 huyện
•RōmajiOkinawa-ken
Okinawa Peace Quasi-National Park
Shuri Castle
Cape Manzamo
Okinawa rail (Yanbaru Kuina)
Eisa Folks dance
Okinawa Soba noodle
Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium
A bullock cart in Taketomi Island
Flag of Okinawa Prefecture
Flag
Official logo of Okinawa Prefecture
Symbol
Anthem:Trùng 縄 huyện dân の ca(Okinawa kenmin no uta)
Location of Okinawa Prefecture
Coordinates:26°30′N128°0′E/ 26.500°N 128.000°E/26.500; 128.000
CountryJapan
RegionKyushu
IslandOkinawa,Daitō,Miyako,Yaeyama,andSenkaku
CapitalNaha
SubdivisionsDistricts:5,Municipalities:41
Government
•GovernorDenny Tamaki
Area
• Total2,281 km2(881 sq mi)
• Rank44th
Population
(May 1, 2020)
• Total1,466,870
• Rank29th
• Density640/km2(1,700/sq mi)
GDP
[1]
• TotalJP¥4,633 billion
US$42.5 billion (2019)
ISO 3166 codeJP-47
Websitewww.pref.okinawa.lg.jp
Symbols of Japan
BirdOkinawa woodpecker(Sapheopipo noguchii)
FishBanana fish(Pterocaesio diagramma,"takasago", "gurukun" )
FlowerDeego (Erythrina variegata)
TreePinus luchuensis( "ryūkyūmatsu" )

Nahais the capital and largest city, with other major cities includingOkinawa,Uruma,andUrasoe.[3]Okinawa Prefecture encompasses two thirds of theRyukyu Islands,including theOkinawa,DaitōandSakishimagroups, extending 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) southwest from theSatsunan IslandsofKagoshima PrefecturetoTaiwan(HualienandYilan Counties). Okinawa Prefecture's largest island,Okinawa Island,is the home to a majority of Okinawa's population. Okinawa's indigenous ethnic group is theRyukyuan people,who also live in theAmami IslandsofKagoshima Prefecture.

Okinawa was ruled by theRyukyu Kingdomfrom 1429 and unofficially annexed by Japan after theInvasion of Ryukyuin 1609. Okinawa was officially founded in 1879 by theEmpire of Japanafter seven years as theRyukyu Domain,the last domain of theHan system.Okinawa was occupied by the United States during the Alliedoccupation of JapanafterWorld War IIand was governed by theMilitary Government of the Ryukyu Islandsfrom 1945 to 1950 andCivil Administration of the Ryukyu Islandsfrom 1950 until the prefecture was returned to Japan in 1972. Okinawa comprises just 0.6 percent of Japan's total land mass, but about 26,000 (75%) ofUnited States Forces Japanpersonnel are assigned to the prefecture; the continuedU.S. military presence in Okinawais controversial.[4][5]

Tourists on traditional buffalo carts arrive atYubu IslandinTaketomiTown,Yaeyama District,Okinawa Prefecture.
Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

History

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See also:History of the Ryukyu IslandsandHistoric Sites of Okinawa
Okinawa Prefecture occupies the southern half of the island chain lying betweenKyushuandTaiwan.

The oldest evidence of human existence on the Ryukyu Islands is from theStone Ageand was discovered inNaha[6]andYaeyama.[7]: 86 Some human bone fragments thought to be from thePaleolithicera were unearthed from a site in Naha, but the artifact was lost in transportation before it was examined.[6]JapaneseJōmoninfluences are dominant on theOkinawa Islands,although clay vessels on theSakishima Islandshave a commonality with those in Taiwan.[note 1]

The first mention of the wordRyukyuwas written in theBook of Sui.[note 2]Okinawawas the Japanese word identifying the islands, first seen in the biography ofJianzhen,written in 779.[note 3]Agricultural societies begun in the 8th century slowly developed until the 12th century.[note 4][14][15]Since the islands are located at the eastern perimeter of theEast China Searelatively close to Japan, China andSoutheast Asia,theRyukyu Kingdombecame a prosperous trading nation. Also during this period, manyGusukus,similar to castles, were constructed. The Ryukyu Kingdom entered into theImperial Chinese tributary systemunder theMing dynastybeginning in the 15th century, which established economic relations between the two nations.

In 1609, theShimazu clan,which controlled the region that is nowKagoshima Prefecture,invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom.The Ryukyu Kingdom was obliged to agree to form asuzerain-vassalrelationship with theSatsumaand theTokugawa shogunate,while maintaining its previous role within the Chinese tributary system; Ryukyuan sovereignty was maintained since complete annexation would have created a conflict with China. The Satsuma clan earned considerable profits from trade with China during a period in which foreign trade was heavily restricted by the shogunate. Although Satsuma maintained strong influence over the islands, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained a considerable degree of domestic political freedom for over two hundred years.

Four years after the 1868Meiji Restoration,the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyuhan.At the time, theQing dynastyasserted a nominal suzerainty over the islands. Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in 1879, even though all other hans had become prefectures of Japan in 1872. In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote for representatives to theNational Diet(Quốc hội)which had been established in 1890.[16]

1945–1965

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On 1 April 1945, theU.S. ArmyandMarine Corpslaunched aninvasion of Okinawawith 185,000 troops. They were faced with fanatical resistance from the Japanese defenders. A third of Okinawa's civilian population were killed during the ensuing fighting.[17]The dead, of all nationalities, are commemorated at theCornerstone of Peace.

After the end of World War II, the United States set up the United StatesMilitary Government of the Ryukyu Islandsadministration, which ruled Okinawa for 27 years. During this "trusteeship rule", the United States established numerous military bases on the Ryukyu islands. TheRyukyu independence movementwas an Okinawan movement that clamored against U.S. rule.

Continued U.S. military buildup

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During theKorean War,B-29 Superfortressesflew bombing missions over Korea fromKadena Air Baseon Okinawa. The military buildup on the island during theCold Warincreased a division between local inhabitants and the American military. Under the 1952Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan,United States Forces Japan(USFJ) have maintained a large military presence.

During the mid-1950s, the U.S. seized land from Okinawans to build new bases or expand currently existing ones. According to the Melvin Price Report, by 1955, the military had displaced 250,000 residents.[18]

Secret U.S. deployment of nuclear weapons

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Since 1960, the U.S. and Japan have maintained an agreement that allows the U.S. to secretly bring nuclear weapons into Japanese ports.[19][20][21]The Japanese people tended to oppose the introduction of nuclear arms into Japanese territory[22]and the Japanese government's assertion ofJapan's non-nuclear policyand a statement of theThree Non-Nuclear Principlesreflected this popular opposition. Most of the weapons were alleged to be stored in ammunition bunkers at Kadena Air Base.[23]Between 1954 and 1972, 19 different types of nuclear weapons were deployed in Okinawa, but with fewer than around 1,000 warheads at any one time.[24]In fall 1960, U.S. commandos inGreen Light Teamssecret training missions carried small nuclear weapons on the east coast of Okinawa Island.[25]

1965–1972 (Vietnam War)

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Between 1965 and 1972, Okinawa was a key staging point for United States in its military operations directed towards North Vietnam. Along with Guam, it presented a geographically strategic launch pad for covert bombing missions over Cambodia and Laos.[26]Anti-Vietnam Warsentiment became linked politically to the movement for reversion of Okinawa to Japan. In 1965, the U.S. military bases, earlier viewed as paternal post war protection, were increasingly seen as aggressive. The Vietnam War highlighted the differences between United States and Okinawa but showed a commonality between the islands and mainland Japan.[27]

As controversy grew regarding the alleged placement of nuclear weapons on Okinawa, fears intensified over the escalation of the Vietnam War. Okinawa was perceived by some inside Japan as a potential target for China, should the communist government feel threatened by United States.[28]American military secrecy blocked any local reporting on what was actually occurring at bases such as Kadena Air Base. As information leaked out, and images of air strikes were published, the local population began to fear the potential for retaliation.[27]

Political leaders such asMakoto Oda,a major figure in theBeheirenmovement (Foundation of Citizens for Peace in Vietnam), believed that the return of Okinawa to Japan would lead to the removal of U.S. forces, ending Japan's involvement in Vietnam.[29]In a speech delivered in 1967, Oda was critical of Prime MinisterEisaku Satō's unilateral support of America's war in Vietnam, claiming "Realistically we are all guilty of complicity in the Vietnam War".[29]The Beheiren became a more visible anti-war movement on Okinawa as the American involvement in Vietnam intensified. The movement employed tactics ranging from demonstrations to handing leaflets to soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines directly, warning of the implications for a third World War.[30]

Map of US Military Bases in Okinawa in 1969

The U.S. military bases on Okinawa became a focal point foranti-Vietnam Warsentiment. By 1969, over 50,000 American military personnel were stationed on Okinawa.[31]United States Department of Defensebegan referring to Okinawa as the "Keystone of the Pacific". This slogan was imprinted on local U.S. military license plates.[32]

In 1969, chemicals leaked from the U.S. storage depot at Chibana in central Okinawa, underOperation Red Hat.Evacuations of residents took place over a wide area for two months. Even two years later, government investigators found that Okinawans and the environment near the leak were still suffering because of the depot.[33]

On May 15, 1972, the U.S. government handed over the islands to Japanese administration.[34]

1973–2006

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A RyukyuanembassyinEdo

The1995 rapeof a 12-year-old girl by U.S. servicemen triggered large protests in Okinawa. Reports by the local media of accidents and crimes committed by U.S. servicemen have reduced the local population's support for the U.S. military bases. A strong emotional response has emerged from certain incidents. As a result, the media has drawn renewed interest in theRyukyu independence movement.

Documents declassified in 1997 proved that both tactical and strategic weapons have been maintained in Okinawa.[33][35]In 1999 and 2002, theJapan Timesand theOkinawa Timesreported speculation that not all weapons were removed from Okinawa.[36][37]On October 25, 2005, after a decade of negotiations, the governments of the U.S. and Japan officially agreed to moveMarine Corps Air Station Futenmafrom its location in the densely populated city ofGinowanto the more northerly and remoteCamp SchwabinNagoby building a heliport with a shorter runway, partly on Camp Schwab land and partly running into the sea.[17]The move is partly an attempt to relieve tensions between the people of Okinawa and the Marine Corps.

Despite Okinawa prefecture constituting only 0.6% of Japan's land surface, in 2006 75% of all USFJ bases were located on Okinawa, occupying 18% of the main island.[17][38]

U.S. military facilities in Okinawa

2007–present

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According to a 2007Okinawa Timespoll, 85% of Okinawans opposed the presence of the U.S. military,[39]because ofnoise pollutionfrom military drills, the risk of aircraft accidents,[note 5]environmental degradation,[40]and crowding from the number of personnel there,[41]although 73% of Japanese citizens appreciated the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ.[42]In another poll conducted byThe Asahi Shimbunin May 2010, 43% of the Okinawan population wanted the complete closure of the U.S. bases, 42% wanted reduction, and 11% wanted to maintain status quo.[43]Okinawan feelings about the U.S. military are complex, and some of the resentment towards the U.S. bases is directed towards the government inTokyo,perceived as being insensitive to Okinawan needs and using Okinawa to house bases not desired elsewhere in Japan.

In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of StateCondoleezza Riceapologized after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape of a young girl of 14 by a Marine on Okinawa. The U.S. military imposed a temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease the anger of local residents.[44]Some cited statistics that the crime rate of military personnel is consistently less than that of the general Okinawan population.[45]However, some criticized the statistics as unreliable, since violence against women is under-reported.[46]Between 1972 and 2009, U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses, including 25 murders, 385 burglaries, 25 arsons, 127 rapes, 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts.[47]Yet, perMarine Corps Installations Pacificdata, U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans.[48]

In 2009, a new Japanese government came to power and froze the U.S. forces relocation plan but in April 2010 indicated their interest in resolving the issue by proposing a modified plan.[49]A study done in 2010 found that the prolonged exposure to aircraft noise around the Kadena Air Base and other military bases cause health issues such as a disrupted sleep pattern, high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system in children, and a loss of hearing.[50]

In 2011, it was reported that the U.S. military—contrary to repeated denials byThe Pentagon—had kept tens of thousands of barrels ofAgent Orangeon the island. The Japanese and American governments have angered some U.S. veterans, who believe they were poisoned by Agent Orange while serving on the island, by characterizing their statements regarding Agent Orange as "dubious", and ignoring their requests for compensation. Reports that more than a third of the barrels developed leaks have led Okinawans to ask for environmental investigations, but as of 2012both Tokyo and Washington refused such action.[51]Jon Mitchellhas reported concern that the U.S. used American Marines as chemical-agent guinea pigs.[52]

On September 30, 2018,Denny Tamakiwas elected as the next governor of Okinawa prefecture, after a campaign focused on sharply reducing the U.S. military presence on the island.[53]

Marine Corps Air Station Futenma relocation

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Main article:Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma

In 2006, some 8,000 U.S. Marines were removed from the island and relocated toGuam.[54]The move toMarine Corps Base Camp Blazis expected to be completed in 2023. Japan paid for a majority of the cost to construct the new base.[55][56]The U.S. still maintains Air Force, Marine, Navy, and Army military installations on the islands. These bases includeKadena Air Base,Camp Foster,Marine Corps Air Station Futenma,Camp Hansen,Camp Schwab,Torii Station,Camp Kinser,andCamp Gonsalves.The area of 14 U.S. bases are 233 square kilometres (90 sq mi), occupying 18% of the main island. Okinawa hosts about two-thirds of the 50,000 American forces in Japan although the islands account for less than one percent of total lands in Japan.[38]

Suburbs have grown towards and now surround two historic major bases, Futenma and Kadena. A sizeable portion of the land used by the U.S. military is Camp Gonsalves in the north of the island.[57]On December 21, 2016, 10,000 acres of Camp Gonslaves were returned to Japan.[58]On June 25, 2018, Okinawa residents held a protest demonstration at sea against scheduled land reclamation work for the relocation of a U.S. military base within Japan's southernmost island prefecture. A protest gathered hundreds of people.[59]

Since the early 2000s, Okinawans have opposed the presence of American troopshelipadsin theTakaezone of theYanbaruforest nearHigashiandKunigami.[60]This opposition grew in July 2016 after the construction of six new helipads.[61][62]

Geography

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Main article:Ryukyu Islands

Major islands

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The islands of Okinawa Prefecture

The islands comprising the prefecture are the southern two thirds of the archipelago of the Ryūkyū Islands(Lưu cầu chư đảo,Ryūkyū-shotō).Okinawa's inhabited islands are typically divided into three geographical archipelagos. From northeast to southwest:

Natural parks

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Approximately 36% percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated asnatural parks,namely theIriomote-Ishigaki,Kerama Shotō,andYambaruNational Parks;Okinawa KaiganandOkinawa SensekiQuasi-National Parks; andIrabu,Kumejima,Tarama,andTonakiPrefectural Natural Parks.[63]

Ecology

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Thedugongis an endangered marine mammal related to themanatee.[64]Iriomoteis home to one of the world's rarest and most endangered cat species, theIriomote cat.The region is also home to at least oneendemicpit viper,Trimeresurus elegans.The islands of Okinawa are surrounded by some of the most abundant coral reefs found in the world.[65][66]The world's largest colony of rare blue coral is found offIshigaki Island.[67]Thesea turtlesreturn yearly to the southern islands of Okinawa to lay their eggs. The summer months carry warnings to swimmers regarding venomousjellyfishand other dangerous sea creatures.

Okinawa is a major producer ofsugar cane,pineapple,papaya,and other tropical fruit, and theSoutheast Botanical Gardensrepresent tropical plant species.

Arch at an Okinawan Castle ruin
Shuri Castle,Naha
Ishigaki
Naha

Geology

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The island is largely composed ofcoral,and rainwater filtering through that coral has given the island many caves, which played an important role in the Battle of Okinawa. Gyokusendo[68]is an extensivelimestone cavein the southern part of Okinawa's main island.

Climate

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The island experiences temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) for most of the year. The climate of the islands ranges fromhumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate classificationCfa) in the north, such asOkinawa Island,totropical rainforest climate(Köppen climate classificationAf) in the south such asIriomote Island.Snowfall is unheard of at sea level. However, on January 24, 2016, sleet was reported in Nago for the first time on record.[69]

Municipalities

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Cities

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See also:List of cities in Okinawa Prefecture by population
Map of Okinawa Prefecture
CityTownVillage

Eleven cities are located within the Okinawa Prefecture:

Name Area (km2) Population Map
Rōmaji Kanji Okinawan[70] other languages [script]

(name in brackets)

Kana Rōmaji
Ginowan Nghi dã loan thị じのーん Jinōn 19.51 94,405
Ishigaki Thạch viên thị いしがち ʔIshigaci Isïgaksï, Ishanagzï (Yaeyama) 229 47,562
Itoman Mịch mãn thị いちゅまん ʔIcuman 46.63 59,605
Miyakojima Cung cổ đảo thị なーく, みゃーく Nāku, Myāku Myaaku (Miyakoan) 204.54 54,908
Nago Danh hộ thị なぐ Nagu Naguu [ナグー] (Kunigami) 210.37 61,659
Naha(capital) Na bá thị な Nafa 39.98 317,405
Nanjō Nam thành thị ーぐく Fēgusiku 49.69 41,305
Okinawa Trùng 縄 thị うちなー ʔUcinā 49 138,431
Tomigusuku Phong kiến thành thị みぐく Timigusiku 19.6 61,613
Urasoe Phổ thiêm thị うらー ʔUrasī 19.09 113,992
Uruma うるま thị うるま ʔUruma 86 118,330

Towns and villages

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These are the towns and villages in eachdistrict:

Name Area (km2) Population District Type Map
Rōmaji Kanji Okinawan[70] other languages [script]

(name in brackets)

Kana Rōmaji
Aguni Túc quốc thôn あぐに ʔAguni 7.63 772 Shimajiri District Village
Chatan Bắc cốc đinh ちゃたん Catan 13.62 28,578 Nakagami District Town
Ginoza Nghi dã tọa thôn じぬざ Jinuza 31.28 5,544 Kunigami District Village
Haebaru Nam phong nguyên đinh ーばる Fēbaru 10.72 37,874 Shimajiri District Town
Higashi Đông thôn がし Figashi Agaarijimaa [アガーリジマー]

(Kunigami)

81.79 1,683 Kunigami District Village
Ie Y giang thôn いい ʔIi Ii [イー] (Kunigami) 22.75 4,192 Kunigami District Village
Iheya Y bình ốc thôn いひゃ, hậu địa ʔIhya, Kushijī 21.72 1,214 Shimajiri District Village
Izena Y thị danh thôn いじな, tiền địa ʔIjina, Mējī 15.42 1,518 Shimajiri District Village
Kadena Gia thủ nạp đinh かなー Kadinā 15.04 13,671 Nakagami District Town
Kin Kim võ đinh ちん Cin Chin [チン] (Kunigami) 37.57 11,259 Kunigami District Town
Kitadaitō Bắc đại đông thôn うふあがりじま ʔUhuʔagarijima 13.1 615 Shimajiri District Village
Kitanakagusuku Bắc trung thành thôn にしなかーぐく Nishinakāgusiku 11.53 16,040 Nakagami District Village
Kumejima Cửu mễ đảo đinh くみじま Kumijima 63.5 7,647 Shimajiri District Town
Kunigami Quốc đầu thôn くんじゃん Kunjan Kunzan (Kunigami) 194.8 4,908 Kunigami District Village
Minamidaitō Nam đại đông thôn ーうふあがりじま Hwēʔuhuʔagarijima 30.57 1,418 Shimajiri District Village
Motobu Bổn bộ đinh むぶ Mutubu Mutubu (Kunigami) 54.3 13,441 Kunigami District Town
Nakagusuku Trung thành thôn なかーぐく Nakāgusiku 15.46 20,030 Nakagami District Village
Nakijin Kim quy nhân thôn なちじん Nacijin Nachizin (Kunigami) 39.87 9,529 Kunigami District Village
Nishihara Tây nguyên đinh にしばる Nishibaru 15.84 34,463 Nakagami District Town
Ōgimi Đại nghi vị thôn じみ Ujimi Uujimii (Kunigami) 63.12 3,024 Kunigami District Village
Onna Ân nạp thôn うんな ʔUnna Unna (Kunigami) 50.77 10,443 Kunigami District Village
Tarama Đa lương gian thôn たらま Tarama Tarama (Miyakoan) 21.91 1,194 Miyako District Village
Taketomi Trúc phú đinh だきん Dakidun Teedun (Yaeyama) 334.02 4,050 Yaeyama District Town
Tokashiki Độ gia phu thôn かしち Tukashici 19.18 697 Shimajiri District Village
Tonaki Độ danh hỉ thôn なち Tunaci 3.74 406 Shimajiri District Village
Yaese Bát trọng lại đinh え゙ー Ēsi 26.9 29,488 Shimajiri District Town
Yomitan Đọc cốc thôn んたん Yuntan 35.17 40,517 Nakagami District Village
Yonabaru Dữ na nguyên đinh なばる Yunabaru 5.18 18,410 Shimajiri District Town
Yonaguni Dữ na quốc đinh なぐに Yunaguni Dunan, Juni (Yonaguni)

Yunoon (Yaeyama)

28.95 2,048 Yaeyama District Town
Zamami Tọa gian vị thôn ざまみ Zamami 16.74 924 Shimajiri District Village

Town mergers

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Main article:List of mergers in Okinawa Prefecture

Demography

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Okinawa prefecture population pyramid in 2020

Ethnic groups

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The indigenousRyukyuan peoplemake up the majority of Okinawa Prefecture's population and are also the main ethnic group of theAmami Islandsto the north. Large Okinawan diaspora communities persist in places such as South America[71]andHawaii.[72]With the introduction of American military bases, there are an increasing number of half-American children in Okinawa, including prefecture governorDenny Tamaki.[73]The prefecture also has a sizable minority ofYamato peoplefrom mainland Japan; exact population numbers are difficult to establish, as the Japanese government does not officially recognise Ryukyuans as a distinct ethnic group from Yamatos.

The overall ethnic identity of Okinawa residents is rather split. According to a telephone poll conducted by Lim John Chuan-tiong ( lâm tuyền trung ), an associate professor with theUniversity of the Ryukyus,40.6% of respondents identified as "Trùng 縄 nhân(Okinawan) ", 21.3% identified as"Nhật bổn nhân(Japanese) "and 36.5% identified as both.[74][self-published source?]

Population

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Okinawa prefectureage pyramidas of 1 October 2003[75]
(per thousands of people)

Age People
0–4 84
5–9 85
10–14 87
15–19 94
20–24 91
25–29 97
30–34 99
35–39 87
40–44 91
45–49 96
50–54 100
55–59 64
60–64 65
65–69 66
70–74 53
75–79 37
80 + 55

Okinawa Prefecture age pyramid, divided by sex, as of 1 October 2003
(per thousands of people)

Males Age Females
43 0–4 41
44 5–9 41
45 10–14 42
48 15–19 46
46 20–24 45
49 25–29 48
49 30–34 50
43 35–39 44
46 40–44 45
49 45–49 47
52 50–54 48
32 55–59 32
32 60–64 33
32 65–69 34
24 70–74 29
14 75–79 23
17 80 + 38

Per Japanese census data,[76][77]Okinawa prefecture has had continuous positive population growth since 1960.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1873166,789—
1920572,000+242.9%
1930578,000+1.0%
1940575,000−0.5%
1950915,000+59.1%
1960883,000−3.5%
1970945,000+7.0%
19801,107,000+17.1%
19901,222,000+10.4%
20001,318,220+7.9%
20101,392,818+5.7%
20201,457,162+4.6%

Language and culture

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See also:Okinawan cuisine
Shisa
Awamoripots

Having been a separate nation until 1879, Okinawan language and culture differ in many ways from those of mainland Japan.

Language

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There remain sixRyukyuan languageswhich, although related, are incomprehensible to speakers ofJapanese.One of the Ryukyuan languagesis spoken inKagoshima Prefecture,rather than in Okinawa Prefecture. These languages are in decline as the younger generation of Okinawans uses Standard Japanese. Mainland Japanese and some Okinawans generally perceive the Ryukyuan languages as "dialects". Standard Japanese is almost always used in formal situations. In informal situations,de factoeveryday language among Okinawans under age 60 is Okinawa-accented mainland Japanese ( "Okinawan Japanese"), which is often mistaken by non-Okinawans as the Okinawan language proper. The actual traditional Okinawan language is still used in traditional cultural activities, such asfolk musicandfolk dance.There is a radio-news program in the language as well.[78]

Religion

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Main article:Ryukyuan religion

Okinawans have traditionally followed Ryukyuan religious beliefs, generally characterized byancestor worshipand the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world.[79]

Culture

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Okinawan culture bears traces of its various trading partners. One can findChinese,ThaiandAustronesianinfluences in the island's customs. Perhaps Okinawa's most famous cultural export iskarate,probably a product of the close ties with and influence of China on Okinawan culture. Karate is thought to be a synthesis of Chinesekung fuwith traditional Okinawan martial arts.

A traditional Okinawan product that owes its existence to Okinawa's trading history isawamori—an Okinawan distilled spirit made fromindicarice imported fromThailand.

Other prominent examples of Okinawan culture include thesanshin—a three-stringed Okinawan instrument, closely related to the Chinesesanxian,and ancestor of the Japaneseshamisen,somewhat similar to abanjo.Its body is often bound with snakeskin (frompythons,imported from elsewhere in Asia, rather than from Okinawa's venomousTrimeresurus flavoviridis,which are too small for this purpose). Okinawan culture also features theeisa dance,a traditional drumming dance. A traditional craft, the fabric namedbingata,is made in workshops on the main island and elsewhere.[80]

TheOkinawan dietconsists of low-fat, low-salt foods, such as whole fruits and vegetables, legumes, tofu, and seaweed. Okinawans are particularly well known for consuming purple potatoes, also known as Okinawan sweet potatoes.[81]Okinawans used to be known for theirlongevitycompared to the rest of Japan and the world in general. This particular island is a so-calledBlue Zone,an area where people are purported to live longer than most others elsewhere in the world. Possible explanations for this were diet, low-stress lifestyle, caring community, activity, and spirituality of the inhabitants of the island.[82][page needed]

A cultural feature of the Okinawans is the forming ofmoais.Amoaiis a community social gathering and groups that come together to provide financial and emotional support through emotional bonding, advice giving, and social funding. This provides a sense of security for the community members and as mentioned in the Blue Zone studies, may have been a contributing factor to the longevity of its people.[83]However, in recent decades Okinawans' life expectancy has fallen significantly (also bringing into question the general validity of the 'Blue Zones' denominaton), which often has been blamed on cultural influence from the rest of Japan, as well as foreign influences on Okinawans' lifestyle.[84]

Two Okinawan writers have received theAkutagawa Prize:Eiki Matayoshiin 1995 forThe Pig's Retribution(Đồn の báo い,Buta no mukui)andShun Medorumain 1997 forA Drop of Water(Suiteki). The prize was also won by Okinawans in 1967 byTatsuhiro OshiroforCocktail Party(Kakuteru Pāti) and in 1971 byMineo HigashiforOkinawan Boy(Okinawa no Shōnen).[85][86]

Karate

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Karateoriginated in Okinawa. Over time, it developed into several styles and sub-styles. On Okinawa, the three main styles are considered to beShōrin-ryū,Gōjū-ryūandUechi-ryū.Internationally, the various styles and sub-styles includeMatsubayashi-ryū,Wadō-ryū,Isshin-ryū,Shōrinkan,Shotokan,Shitō-ryū,Shōrinjiryū Kenkōkan,Shorinjiryu Koshinkai, andShōrinji-ryū.

Architecture

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Nakamura house
Shuri Castlein Naha

Despite widespread destruction during World War II, there are many remains of a unique type of castle or fortress known asgusuku;the mostsignificantare inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu).[87]In addition,twenty-three Ryukyuan architectural complexesandforty historic siteshave beendesignated for protectionby the national government.[88]Shuri Castlein Naha is anUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.

Whereas mosthomes in Japanare made from wood and allow free-flow of air to combat humidity, typical modern homes in Okinawa are made from concrete with barred windows to protect from flying plant debris and to withstand regulartyphoons.Roofs are designed with strong winds in mind, in which each tile is cemented on and not merely layered as seen with many homes in Japan.[citation needed]The Nakamura House (ja: Trung thôn gia trụ trạch ( trùng 縄 huyện )) is an original 18th century farmhouse in Kitanakagusuki. Many roofs also display a lion-dog statue, called ashisa,which is said to protect the home from danger. Roofs are typically red in color and are inspired by Chinese design.[89]

Education

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The public schools in Okinawa are overseen by theOkinawa Prefectural Board of Education.The agency directly operates several public high schools[90]includingOkinawa Shogaku High School.The U.S.Department of Defense Dependents Schoolsoperates 13 schools total in Okinawa. Seven of these schools are located on Kadena Air Base.

Okinawa has many types of private schools. Some of them arecram schools,also known asjuku.Others, such asNova,solely teach language. There are 10colleges/universities in Okinawa,including theUniversity of the Ryukyus,the onlynational universityin the prefecture, and theOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology,a new international research institute. Okinawa's American military bases also host the Asian Division of theUniversity of Maryland University College.

Further information:List of junior high schools in Okinawa Prefecture

Sports

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Martial arts

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Main article:Okinawan martial arts

Martial arts,such astegumiandOkinawan kobudōoriginated among the indigenous people ofOkinawa Island.Due to its central location, Okinawa was influenced by various cultures includingJapan,ChinaandSoutheast Asiain its martial arts culture.

Karate

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Karate training withShinpan Gusukumasensei atShuri Castlec. 1938,Okinawa Prefecture,Japan

Karateoriginated in the Ryukyu Kingdom, under Chinese influence. Following Okinawa's occupation Karate spread to the United States of America and onto the rest of the world. It is now popular across the world, for example Karate wasincludedin the2020 Olympics.[91][92][93]

Association football

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FC Ryukyuis a professional football team based on Okinawa. Since 2014 they have competed in the second or third tier in thenational league system.

Basketball

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Okinawa Arena,a home game ofRyukyu Golden KingsonB.Leagueprofessional basketball team.

TheRyukyu Golden Kingsare a professional basketball team that compete in theB.League,the top-tier professional basketball league of Japan. They are successful, having won the national title five times (most recently in2023).

TheOkinawa Arenahas hosted theJapanese men's basketball teamfor various2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup Asian qualifiers.It was also one of five venues to host the2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup,the other four were in thePhilippinesandIndonesia.[94]

Handball

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Baseball

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Announced on July 18, 2019, BASE Okinawa Baseball Club will be forming the first-ever professional baseball team on Okinawa, the Ryukyu Blue Oceans. The team is expected to be fully organized by January 2020 and intends on joining theNippon Professional Baseballleague.[96]

In addition, various baseball teams from Japan hold training during the winter in Okinawa prefecture as it is the warmest prefecture of Japan with no snow and higher temperatures than other prefectures.

Golf

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There are numerous golf courses in the prefecture, and there was formerly a professional tournament called theOkinawa Open.

Transportation

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Air transportation

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Highways

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Rail

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See also:Rail transport in Okinawa

Ports

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The major ports of Okinawa include:

Economy

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The 34 U.S. military installations on Okinawa are financially supported by the U.S. and Japan.[103]The bases provide jobs for Okinawans, both directly and indirectly; in 2011, the U.S. military employed over 9,800 Japanese workers in Okinawa.[103]As of 2012the bases accounted for up to 5% of the economy.[104]However, Koji Taira argued in 1997 that because the U.S. bases occupy around 20% of Okinawa's land, they impose adeadweight lossof 15% on the Okinawan economy.[105]The Tokyo government also pays the prefectural government around ¥10 billion per year[103]in compensation for the American presence, including, for instance, rent paid by the Japanese government to the Okinawans on whose land American bases are situated.[106]A 2005 report by the U.S. Forces Japan Okinawa Area Field Office estimated that in 2003 the combined U.S. and Japanese base-related spending contributed $1.9 billion to the local economy.[107]On January 13, 2015, in response to the citizens electing governorTakeshi Onaga,the national government announced that Okinawa's funding will be cut, due to the governor's stance on removing the US military bases from Okinawa, which the national government does not want happening.[108][109]

The Okinawa Convention and Visitors Bureau is exploring the possibility of using facilities on the military bases for large-scale meetings, conferencing, exhibitions events.[110]

United States military installations

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Main articles:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces AgreementandUnited States Forces Japan

Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Naoichi Kokubu at the 1943 excavation of Enzan shell mound in Taipei city noted the clay pottery on Yaeyama island resembled the red coloring of those found in Taiwan,[7][8][9]while Hiroe Takamiya disapproved it by discussing the unique Yaeyama style stone axe independent from Chinese influence.[7][10]
  2. ^Though the nameRyukyuappears in theBook of Sui,it is not defined clearly if it refers to the Okinawa island, the islands east of theSea of Chinaexcept Japan, or Taiwan.[11]
  3. ^Kanjun Higashionna introduces that Jianzhen's biography notes Ryūkyū, however he argues that the location could have been Taiwan actually, reasoned that it was not accessible in five days' voyage from mainland China to Okinawa island in the 8th century.[12]
  4. ^Masahide Takemoto suggested in his 1972 paper that the 10th century sites he excavated were formed on hillsides suited to agriculture, where remains of Chinese celadonware were also excavated as signs of the beginning of the Gusuku period or centralized governing system.[13]
  5. ^One in 1959killed 17 people.

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toTrùng 縄 huyện.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forOkinawa.
Wikisourcehas the text of the 1905New International Encyclopediaarticle "Okinawa".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okinawa_Prefecture&oldid=1233874512"