Wikipedia

Old Polish

TheOld Polish language(Polish:język staropolski, staropolszczyzna) was a period in thehistoryof thePolish languagebetween the 10th and the 16th centuries. It was followed by theMiddle Polish language.[2]

Old Polish
iøzik polsky[note 1]
Pronunciation[ˈjãzɨkˈpɔlʲskɨ]
RegionCentral Europe
Eradeveloped intoMiddle Polishby the 16th century
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3None(mis)
0gi
Glottologoldp1256
This article containsphonetic transcriptionsin theInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The sources for the study of the Old Polish language are the data of thecomparative-historical grammarofSlavic languages,the material ofPolish dialects,severalLatinmanuscripts with Polishglosses,as well as – most importantly – monuments written in Old Polish: theHoly Cross Sermons(Polish:Kazania świętokrzyskie), theFlorian Psalter(Psałterz floriański),Bogurodzica(Bogurodzica), theSharoshpatak Bible(Biblia szaroszpatackaorBiblia królowej Zofii) and some others.

The Old Polish language was spoken mainly on the territory of modernPoland.It was the mainvernacularof medieval Polish states under thePiastsand earlyJagiellons,although it was not thestate language(that beingLatin).

History

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The Polish language started to change after thebaptism of Poland,which caused an influx ofLatinwords, such askościół"church" (Latincastellum,"castle" ),anioł"angel" (Latinangelus). Many of them were borrowed viaCzech,which, too, influenced Polish in that era (hence e.g.wiesioły"happy, blithe" (cf.wiesiołek) morphed into modernPolishwesoły,with the original vowels and the consonants of Czechveselý). Also, in later centuries, with the onset of cities founded on German law (namely, the so-calledMagdeburg law),Middle High Germanurban and legal words filtered into Old Polish.

Around the 14th or the 15th centuries, theaoristand theimperfectbecame obsolete. In the 15th century thedualfell into disuse except for a few fixed expressions (adages and sayings). In relation to most other European languages, though, the differences between Old and Modern Polish are comparatively slight, and the Polish language is somewhat conservative relative to other Slavic languages. That said, the relatively slight differences between Old and Modern Polish are unremarkable considering that the chronological stages of other European languages that Old Polish is contemporary with are generally not very different from the Modern stages and many of them already labelled "Early Modern". Old Polish includes texts that were written as late as the Renaissance.

Earliest written sentence

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"Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai", highlighted in red

TheBook of Henryków(Polish:Księga henrykowska,Latin:Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau), contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language:Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai(pronounced originally as:Daj, uć ja pobrusza, a ti pocziwaj,modern Polish:Daj, niech ja pomielę, a ty odpoczywajorPozwól, że ja będę mielił, a ty odpocznij,English:Let me grind, while you take a rest), written around 1270.

The medieval recorder of the phrase, the Cistercian monk Peter of the Henryków monastery, noted thatHoc est in polonico( "This is in Polish" ).[3][4][5]

Spelling

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Main article:History of Polish orthography
One of the variants of the sign used to writenasal vowelsin Old Polish

The difficulty thatmedievalscribes had to face while attempting to codify the language was the inadequacy of theLatin alphabetto some features of Old Polishphonology,such asvowel lengthandnasalization,or thepalatalizationof consonants. Thus, Old Polish did not have a unifiedspelling.Polishglossesin Latin texts useromanizedspelling, which often failed to distinguish between distinctphonemes.Already then, however, certain spellings ofproper namesbecome unified.[6][7]

The spelling in the major works of Old Polish, such as theHoly Cross Sermonsor theSankt Florian Psalteris better developed. Their scribes tried to resolve the aforementioned issues in various ways, which led to each manuscript having separate spelling rules.Digraphswere commonly employed to write sounds not present in Latin, the letter ⟨ꟁ⟩ with appearance varying between ⟨ꟁ⟩, ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ɸ⟩ (see image on the right) was introduced to spell the nasal vowels, and the basic Latin letters were now used consistently for the same sounds. Nevertheless, many features were still only rarely marked, for examplevowel length.[8][9]

Parkoszowic

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About 1440,Jakub Parkoszowic[pl],a professor ofJagiellonian University,was the first person to attempt a codification of Polish spelling. He wrote atracton Polishorthographicrules (inLatin) and a short rhymeObiecado(in Polish) as an example of their use. The rules that were proposed included the following:[10][11]

  • introduction of new letters of different shape to write hard (unpalatalized) consonants, while soft (palatalized) consonant letters were left unchanged,
  • doubling of vowel letters to marklong sounds,for example: ⟨aa⟩ – /aː/ (but only if length decided the meaning of a word[12]),
  • use of the letter ⟨ꟁ⟩ to write the shortnasal vowel(⟨ꟁꟁ⟩ for the long nasal vowel),
  • use of the letter ⟨g⟩ to write /j/, reserving ⟨q⟩ for /ɡ/ instead,
  • use ofdigraphsandtrigraphsto distinguish between the variouscoronalfricativesandaffricate.

Parkoszowic's proposal was not adopted, as his conventions were judged to be impractical and cumbersome and bore little resemblance to the spellings commonly used. However, his tract is of great importance to thehistory of the Polish language,as the first scientific work about the Polish language. It provides especially useful insight to contemporaryphonology.[10][11]

Phonology

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Over the centuries, Old Polish pronunciation underwent severalchanges.

Consonants

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The early Old Polish consonantal system consisted of the followingphonemes.Since the precise realization of these sounds is unknown, the transcriptions used here are meant to be approximations.[13][14]

Labial Coronal Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft soft soft hard
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop pb pʲbʲ td tʲdʲ kɡ
Affricate t͡sʲd͡zʲ t͡ʃ(d͡ʒ)
Fricative (f)v (fʲ)vʲ sz sʲzʲ ʃʒ x
Approximant ɫ lʲ j
Trill r rʲ

The sound [d͡ʒ] only occurred in the cluster [ʒd͡ʒ], therefore its phonemic status is doubtful.[15]

The most important consonantal changes concerned the realization of thesoftcoronal consonants.Of these, /tʲ/, /dʲ/, /sʲ/ and /zʲ/ strengthened their palatalization and becamealveolo-palatal,and the former two wereaffricated.The resultant sounds were similar to theirmodern Polishcounterparts: /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/, /ɕ/ and /ʑ/. This change happened very early, starting already in the 13th century as evidenced by spelling.[16][17][18][19]

Somewhere around the 13th to 14th century, the phoneme /rʲ/ came to be pronounced with considerable friction, probably resulting in a sound similar to Czech /r̝/ (but by then probably still palatalized: /r̝ʲ/).[16][17][20][21]

TheProto-Slavic languagedid not have a /f/ phoneme. In the 12th and 13th century in the dialects ofLesser PolandandMasoviathe initialclusters/xv/ and /xvʲ/ were simplified to /f/ and /fʲ/ (e.g.chwatać>fatać,chwała>fała,chwila>fila). This enlarged their consonantal inventory by two. This change did not make it to theliterary language,and was ultimately reversed also in those dialects. But before that, in the 14th and 15th century these two sounds became firmly established inborrowings(in earlier loanwords foreign [f] was replaced by either /b/ or /p/).[22][23]Perhaps one of the oldest loanwords which keeps /f, fʲ/ unchanged is the wordofiara( "victim; offering" ), loaned from Czechofěra,since the pre-writing era changeě>abefore a hard consonant (przegłos polski) seemed to have operated in it.[note 2][24]/f/ also appeared later from the reduction of the cluster /pv/ (chiefly in the wordupwać>ufaćandderivatives).[25]

The very end of the Old Polish period (15th–16th century, so during the transition toMiddle Polish) saw the palatalization of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/ before front oral vowels to [kʲ] and [ɡʲ], named the so-called "fourth Slavic palatalization". This distinction was later phonemicized with the introduction of borrowings which had hard velars before front vowels, as well as the denasalization of word final /ɛ̃/. Note that this change did not affect the velar fricative /x/ or velars before the front nasal vowel /æ̃~ɛ̃/.[26][27][28]Not all regional varieties handled this change in the way here described, most notably inMasovia.[29]

After these alternations, the late Old Polish consonant system presented itself thus:[13][21]

Labial Coronal Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft soft soft soft hard
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop pb pʲbʲ td [kʲ] [ɡʲ] kɡ
Affricate t͡sʲd͡zʲ t͡ʃd͡ʒ t͡ɕd͡ʑ
Fricative fv fʲvʲ sz ʃʒ ɕʑ x
Approximant ɫ lʲ j
Trill r r̝ʲ

Vowels

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The early Old Polish vocalic system consisted of the followingphonemes.As mentioned, the sound qualities are approximations.[30][31][32]

front central back
close iiː [ɨ] [ɨː] uuː
mid ɛɛː ɔɔː
open æ̃æ̃ː aaː ɑ̃ɑ̃ː

[ɨ] and [ɨː] were incomplementary distributionwith [i] and [iː] respectively – the former occurred after hard consonants, the latter in all other positions. The pairs can therefore be regarded asallophones.[30][33]

All vowel phonemes occurred in pairs, one short and one long. Long vowels emerged in Old Polish from four sources:[34][35][36][37]

  1. compensatory lengtheningof vowels in penultimate syllables followed by avoicedconsonant and a word-finalyer,which was deleted (seeHavlík's law)
    • examples: PS*rogъ> OPrōg,PS*gněvъ> OPgniēw,PS*stalъ> OPstāł
  2. from thecontractionof various sequences of two vowels separated by /j/
    • examples: PS*sějati> OPsiāć,PS*dobrajego> OPdobrēgo,PS*rybojǫ> OPrybǭ
  3. inherited fromProto-Slavicneoacute accent
    • examples: PS*pъtákъ> OPptāk,PS*sǫ̃dъ> OPsø̄d,PSgrě̃xъ> OPgrzēch
  4. inherited fromProto-Slavicpretonic long vowels in two-syllable words (so long vowels in the first syllable if the second syllable was final and stressed)
    • examples: PS*mǭkà> OPmø̄ka,PS*dě̄žà> OPdziēża,PS*dōltò> OPdłōto

Due to the lengthening described in 1. short vowels could not occur in word-final syllables before a voiced consonant. The only exceptions was short /ɛ/ from an older strong yer.[38]

Prostheses

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Similarly to some otherSlavic languagesanddialects,there existed a tendency to constrain the occurrence of vowels in word onset. Aprosthetic[j], [w] or [h] was often introduced to words beginning with a vowel:[39]

  • Earlier*e,*ěreceived a prosthetic [j] already in Late Common Slavic: PS*edinъ> OPjeden,PS*ěsti> OPjeść.An exception was the dialectalconjunctioneż,eże.
  • Earlier*ę,*ǫwere also preceded by a prosthesis since the oldest records, [j] and [v] respectively: PS*ęzykъ> OPjęzyk,PS*ędro> OPjꟁdro,PS*ǫtroba> OPwꟁtroba,PS*ǫgľь> OPwęgiel.To this day nasal vowels cannot begin a word in Polish.
  • Earlier*areceived a prosthetic [j] similarly to front vowels: PS*agoda> OPjagoda.Once again, an exception to this was a conjunction –a,very common to this day, as well as itsderivatives:ale,aż,anietc.
  • Old Polish rounded vowels /ɔ, ɔː/ probably had a labial prosthesis [w], as is universal in dialects (e.g. [wɔkɔ] – /ɔkɔ/ – "oko" ), but it was seldom marked in writing. Sometimes the spelling points to a prosthetic [h] instead, for both /ɔ, ɔː/ as well as /u, uː/ (a hon– "a on";hupana Jana– "u pana Jana" ).
  • Old Polish /i, iː/ seemed to have had a rather strong prosthetic [j], often made evident in spelling (np.gymyenyu[jimʲɛɲu] – "imieniu" ). More rarely also [h] occurred.
  • Loanwords were also vulnerable, e.g.Jadaminstead of "Adam",Jewainstead of "Ewa",Helskaas a shortened form of "Elżbieta" ( "Elizabeth" ).

Loss of vowel length

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During the Old Polish period,vowel lengthceased to be a feature distinguishing phonemes. The long high vowels /iː/, [ɨː] and /uː/ merged with their short counterparts, with no change inquality.The fate of the remaining long oral vowels was different; they also lost their length, but their articulation became moreclosedand so they remained distinct from their old short counterparts. Thus, /ɛː/ changed to /e/ and /ɔː/ changed to /o/. The earlier long /aː/ also gainedroundednessand became /ɒ/. This process was long and only complete by the late 15th century. The higher vowels are traditionally calledpochylone( "skewed" ) in Polish.[40][41][42][43]

Thenasal vowelsdeveloped differently. Old Polish continued to have four nasal vowels until the 14th century, when they merged in respect to quality, but retained the length distinction. Therefore, the new system had only two nasal vowels: short /ã/ (from earlier /æ̃/ and /ɑ̃/) and long /ãː/ (from earlier /æ̃ː/ and /ɑ̃ː/). In the 15th century when vowel length was disappearing the two nasals retained the old length distinction through changes in quality, like the other non-high vowels. The short nasal was fronted to /æ̃~ɛ̃/ and the long backed to /ɒ̃~ɔ̃/ and lost its length (both with differing dialectal realizations).[44][45][46][47][48]

The described changes led to the creation of the late Old Polish vocalic system:[49][31][43]

front central back
close i [ɨ] u
mid ɛe ɔo
open æ̃~ɛ̃ a ɒɒ̃~ɔ̃

Accent

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Althoughstresswas never marked in writing, its development in Old Polish can be partially inferred from certain other phonetic changes.

In older works, theverbalsuffix-i/-yof the 2nd & 3rd ps. sg. imp. is dropped in some verbs, but retained in others. A comparison withEast Slavic languagesshows that the suffix remained when it was stressed in Proto-Slavic. Examples:

Because of this and other evidence, it is thought that early Old Polish had free, lexical stress inherited from Proto-Slavic.[50][51][52][53]

Occasionalellipsisof the second vowel in commonly used trisyllabic words and phrases in the 14th and 15th century (wieliki>wielki,ażeby>ażby,iże mu>iż mu,Wojeciech>Wojciech) point to the conclusion that by that time fixed initial stress had developed. The initial stress in the peripheralPodhaleand southernKashubiandialects (now considered a separate language but still part of theLechiticdialect continuum) are taken to be remnants of earlier widespread initial stress.[50][52]In the case of Podhale,Slovakinfluence is usually ruled out, because Slovak dialects bordering Podhale have penultimate rather than initial stress.[54][55]

Morphology

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In this section, Old Polish sounds are spelled the same as their primaryreflexesusing modernPolish orthography,except that non-high long vowels are marked with amacron:ā,ē,ō.The represented state of the nasal vowels is that of the 14th century – two nasal vowels differing in length. This is represented by letters from modern Polish orthography; for example,ęfor /ã/ andꟁfor /ãː/, for the sake of easier comparison with modern forms and proper display.

Nouns

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Old Polish nounsdeclinedfor sevencases:nominative,genitive,dative,accusative,instrumental,locativeandvocative;threenumbers:singular,dual,plural; and had one of threegrammatical genders:masculine, feminine or neuter.

The following is a simplified table of Old Polish noun declension:[56][57]

Masculine[note 3] Neuter Feminine
hard vocalic
stems 		soft vocalic
stems 		consonantal
stems
Singular Nom. ∅ -o-e-ē-ę -a -ā-a-i ∅
Gen. -a-u -a-ā -y -ē-i(-ēj) (-y) -i
Dat. -u-owi/-ewi -u(-owi/-ewi) -e -i
Acc. =Nom. or =Gen.[note 4] =Nom. -ę -ꟁ-ę ∅
Ins. -em -em-im -ꟁ
Loc. -e-u(-i) -e -i
Voc. -e-u =Nom. -o -e(-o) -i
Dual Nom.
Acc. 		-a -e-i -i
Gen.
Loc. 		-u
Dat.
Ins. 		-oma -ama -ma
Plural Nom. -i-y-owie/-ewie-e -a-ā -y -e -i
Gen. -ōw/-ēw-i(∅) ∅-i ∅ -i(∅)
Dat. -om-em(-am) -om(-am) -ām/-am(-om)
Acc. -i-y-e =Nom. =Nom.
Ins. -mi-y(-ami) -ami(-mi) (-y) -mi-ami
Loc. -ech-och(-ach) -ech(-och) (-ach) -āch/-ach(-ech) -ech-och(-ach)

Notes:

Forms in parentheses are encountered sporadically, or begin appearing at the very end of Old Polish period (during the transition toMiddle Polish). Variants of one ending are separated by a slash (see below). The vocative of the dual and plural was identical to the nominative.

Although Old Polish inherited all of theinflectionalcategories ofProto-Slavic,the whole system was subject to a fundamental reorganization. The Proto-Slavic inflection paradigms were applied based on the shape of thestem,but this had been obscured by manyphonetic changes.Consequently, the endings began being assigned based primarily on thelexical genderof nouns, which previously was not the primary consideration (although stem shape still played a role in certain cases), and the old declension classes gradually merged. Many endings were lost from Proto-Slavic and others, often those which were more distinct, took their place.[58][59]

Although many of the above endings are the same asmodern Polish,they did not necessarily have the same distribution. In classes which had a choice of two or more endings, these were commonly interchangeable, while in modern Polish, some words stabilized and only accept one.[60][56][61]

Detailed description of some endings and categories

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Themodern Polishdistinction inanimacyinmasculinedeclensionwas only beginning to appear in Old Polish. The most visible symptom of this trend was the use of thegenitiveof masculine animate nouns in thesingularin place of theaccusative.This was directly caused by the fact that the accusative of all masculine nouns used to be identical with thenominative,causing confusion as to which of two animate nouns was thesubjectand which thedirect objectdue tofree word order:Ociec kocha syn– "The father loves the son" or "The son loves the father". The use of the genitive for the direct object solves this issue:Ociec kocha syna– unambiguously "The father loves the son". Such forms are ubiquitous already in the oldest monuments of the language, although exceptions still happen occasionally.[62][63]

The Proto-Slavic language had a variant cluster-ev-/-ov-,which occurred in somesuffixes,such as the dative singular, nominative plural and genitive plural of masculine nouns. While in theproto-language-ev-regularly occurred after soft consonants, and the equivalent-ov-– after hard consonants, in Old Polish this variance was disrupted. There came a tendency to regularize one of them, and so southern Poland:Lesser PolandandSilesia,generalize-ow-to all positions, whileGreater Polandgeneralizes-ew-.Masoviauntil the 15th century used-ew-as in Greater Poland, but a subsequent rapid expansion of-ow-almost completely replaces-ew-in the next century. Eventually the forms with-ow-have made their way to the literary language: Modern Polish-ów,-owieand-owi.[64][65]

Feminine endings of the dative and locative plural had two variants: older endings with a long vowel-āmand-āch,and younger endings with a short vowel –-amand-ach.The shortening might have been caused either by frequent usage, or by leveling of the suffix to the nominative singular-a.[66]

Verbs

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Old Polish verbsconjugatedfor threepersons;threenumbers,singular,dualand plural; twomoods,declarative and imperative; and had one of twolexical aspects,perfective or imperfective. There was also theanalyticalconditional mood, formed by the aorist of the verbbyć( "to be" ) and an oldparticipleform.

Significant changes from Proto-Slavic occurred in the usage oftenses.The ancientaoristandimperfecttenses were already in the process of disappearing when the language was firstattested.In the oldest texts of the 14th and 15th century, only 26 existed, and neither tenses show the whole inflection paradigm. The only exception was the aorist ofbyć,which survived and came to be used to form the conditional mood.[67][68][69]

The role of the past tense was taken up by a newanalyticalformation, composed of the present ofbyćand the old L-participle of a verb.[70][71]

Literature

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  • TheGniezno Bull(Polish:Bulla gnieźnieńska) a papal bull containing 410 Polish names, published 7 July 1136 (This document can be viewed in Polish wikisource)
  • Mother of God(Polish:Bogurodzica) 10th–13th centuries, the oldest known Polish national anthem
  • TheBook of Henryków(Polish:Księga henrykowska,Latin:Liber fundationis) – contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language.
  • TheHoly Cross Sermons(Polish:Kazania świętokrzyskie) 14th century
  • St. Florian's Psalter(Polish:Psałterz floriański) 14th century – a psalmody; consists of parallel Latin, Polish and German texts
  • Master Polikarp's Dialog with Death(Polish:Rozmowa Mistrza Polikarpa ze Śmiercią,Latin:De morte prologus, Dialogus inter Mortem et Magistrum Polikarpum) verse poetry, early 15th century
  • Lament of the Holy Cross(Polish:Lament świętokrzyski,also known as:Żale Matki Boskiej pod krzyżemorPosłuchajcie Bracia Miła), late 15th century
  • Bible of Queen Sophia(Polish:Biblia królowej Zofii), first Polish Bible translation, 15th century
  • Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, ed. (2011–2015).Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego[Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish). Kraków:IJP PAN.ISBN978-83-64007-23-1.

Sample text

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Ach, Królu wieliki nasz
Coż Ci dziejꟁ Maszyjasz,
Przydaj rozumu k'mej rzeczy,
Me sierce bostwem obleczy,
Raczy mię mych grzechów pozbawić
Bych mógł o Twych świętych prawić.

(The introduction toThe Legend ofSaint Alexius– 15th century)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Following Sankt Florian Psalter orthography.[1]
  2. ^This should by no means be taken as evidence that this word was borrowed already in the pre-writing era, but rather that it entered the language early enough for the mentioned change to still be productive
  3. ^Except for masculines in-a/-ā,which inflected wholly as the corresponding feminines.
  4. ^Identical to the nominative for inanimates. For animates identical to the genitive, occasionally identical to the nominative.

References

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  1. ^Rospond 1973,p. 49.
  2. ^Długosz-Kurczabowa, Krystyna; Dubisz, Stanisław (2006).Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 56, 57.ISBN83-235-0118-1.
  3. ^Digital versionBook of Henrykówin latin
  4. ^Barbara i Adam Podgórscy: Słownik gwar śląskich. Katowice: Wydawnictwo KOS, 2008,ISBN978-83-60528-54-9
  5. ^Bogdan Walczak: Zarys dziejów języka polskiego. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999,ISBN83-229-1867-4
  6. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 53–54.
  7. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 41–43.
  8. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 55–57.
  9. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 45–51.
  10. ^abKuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 57–58.
  11. ^abKlemensiewicz 1985,pp. 96–99.
  12. ^Stieber 1966,p. 26.
  13. ^abKlemensiewicz 1985,pp. 104–105.
  14. ^Stieber 1966,p. 62.
  15. ^Stieber 1966,p. 61.
  16. ^abKuraszkiewicz 1972,p. 89.
  17. ^abKlemensiewicz 1985,p. 105.
  18. ^Mańczak 1983,p. 36.
  19. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 63–64.
  20. ^Mańczak 1983,p. 39.
  21. ^abStieber 1966,p. 64.
  22. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,p. 90.
  23. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 113–115.
  24. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 62–63.
  25. ^Mańczak 1983,p. 35.
  26. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,p. 95.
  27. ^Klemensiewicz 1985,p. 103.
  28. ^Mańczak 1983,p. 41.
  29. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 68–69.
  30. ^abRospond 1973,p. 64.
  31. ^abKlemensiewicz 1985,p. 100.
  32. ^Stieber 1966,p. 14.
  33. ^Stieber 1966,p. 12.
  34. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 78–80.
  35. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 65–67.
  36. ^Mańczak 1983,pp. 25–26.
  37. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 11–13, 17, 23–26.
  38. ^Stieber 1966,p. 25.
  39. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 27–28.
  40. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 77–78.
  41. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 67–68.
  42. ^Klemensiewicz 1985,pp. 100–101.
  43. ^abStieber 1966,p. 29.
  44. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 80–81.
  45. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 68–69, 84–85.
  46. ^Klemensiewicz 1985,p. 101.
  47. ^Mańczak 1983,p. 29.
  48. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 20–21, 29–31.
  49. ^Rospond 1973,p. 68.
  50. ^abKuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 82–83.
  51. ^Rospond 1973,p. 88.
  52. ^abMańczak 1983,pp. 24–25.
  53. ^Stieber 1966,p. 44.
  54. ^Rospond 1973,p. 89.
  55. ^Stieber 1966,pp. 44–45.
  56. ^abRospond 1973,pp. 236–276.
  57. ^Mańczak 1983,pp. 56–84.
  58. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 107–108, 114–122.
  59. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 233–236.
  60. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 114–122.
  61. ^Klemensiewicz 1985,pp. 106–108.
  62. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,p. 123.
  63. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 239–240.
  64. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 80–81.
  65. ^Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1951).Oboczność-'ev- // -'ov-w dawnej polszczyźnie i w dzisiejszych gwarach(in Polish). Wrocław: Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe.
  66. ^Mańczak 1983,pp. 72–73.
  67. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 154–155.
  68. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 304–306.
  69. ^Klemensiewicz 1985,p. 112.
  70. ^Kuraszkiewicz 1972,pp. 151–154.
  71. ^Rospond 1973,pp. 306–307.

Bibliography

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