Olfactoresis a clade within theChordatathat comprises theTunicata(Urochordata) and theVertebrata(sometimes referred to asCraniata). Olfactores represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, as theCephalochordataare the only chordates not included in theclade.This clade is defined by a more advancedolfactory systemwhich, in the immediate vertebrate generation, gave rise tonostrils.
| Olfactores | |
|---|---|
| |
| Example of Olfactores | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Nephrozoa |
| Superphylum: | Deuterostomia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Olfactores Jefferies, 1991 |
| Subphyla | |
A rudimentaryneural crestis present in tunicates, implying its presence in the olfactores ancestor also, as vertebrates have a true neural crest.[3]For this reason, they are also known asCristozoa.[clarification needed]
Olfactores hypothesis
editWhile the hypothesis that Cephalochordata is a sister taxon to Craniata is of long standing and was once widely accepted[4]—likely influenced by significant tunicate morphological apomorphies from other chordates, with cephalochordates even being nicknamed ‘honorary vertebrates’[5]—studies since 2006 analyzing largesequencingdatasets strongly support Olfactores as a clade.[6][7]The name Olfactores comes from Latin *olfactores( "smellers," from purposive supineolfactumofolfacio,"to smell," with plural masculine agentive nominalizing suffix-tores), due to the development of pharyngeal respiratory and sensory functions, in contrast with cephalochordates such as thelanceletwhich lack a respiratory system and specialized sense organs.[8]Studies suggest that the ancestors of Appendicularia and Vertebrata were possibly sedentary-pelagic.[9][10][11]
References
edit- ^Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel J.; Chen, Junyuan (2018)."Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China"(PDF).Journal of the Geological Society.175(4): 659–666.Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..659Y.doi:10.1144/jgs2017-103.ISSN0016-7649.S2CID135091168.
- ^Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians".Paleontological Journal.46:1–11.doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.S2CID128415270.
- ^York, Joshua R.; McCauley, David W. (2020)."The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells".Open Biology.10(1): 190285.doi:10.1098/rsob.190285.PMC7014683.PMID31992146.
- ^Stach, Thomas (2008)."Chordate phylogeny and evolution: a not so simple three‐taxon problem".Journal of Zoology.276(2): 117–141.doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00497.x.
- ^Ax, P (2001). "Das System der Metazoa: ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik".
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Delsuc, F (2006)."Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates"(PDF).Nature.439(7079): 965–968.Bibcode:2006Natur.439..965D.doi:10.1038/nature04336.PMID16495997.S2CID4382758.
- ^Dunn, C.W. (2008). "Broad phylogenetic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".Nature.452(7188): 745–749.Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D.doi:10.1038/nature06614.PMID18322464.S2CID4397099.
- ^Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution.Blackwell Publishing.
- ^Delsuc, Frédéric; Philippe, Hervé; Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; Simion, Paul; Tilak, Marie-Ka; Turon, Xavier; López-Legentil, Susanna; Piette, Jacques; Lemaire, Patrick (2018-03-31),A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates,doi:10.1101/236448,hdl:10261/163664,retrieved2024-06-10
- ^Nanglu, Karma; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2023-07-06)."A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan".Nature Communications.14(1): 3832.doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4.ISSN2041-1723.PMC10325964.
- ^Martynov, Alexander V.; Korshunova, Tatiana A. (2022-08-11)."Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor".Contributions to Zoology.91(4–5): 285–352.doi:10.1163/18759866-bja10034.ISSN1875-9866.