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LGBTQ rights opposition

(Redirected fromOpposition to LGBTQ rights)

Opposition tolegal rightsforlesbian,gay,bisexual,transgenderandqueer(LGBTQ) people exists throughout the world. LGBTQ rights opponents may be opposed to thedecriminalization of homosexuality;laws permittingcivil unions or partnershipsor supportingLGBT parentingandadoption,LGBT military members,access toassisted reproductive technology,and access togender-affirming surgeryandgender-affirming hormone therapyfortransgenderindividuals.

Conservative Christianprotesters againstsame-sex marriageat theU.S. Supreme CourtafterObergefell v. Hodges(June 2015)

Organizations influential inLGBTQ rightsopposition frequently oppose the enactment of laws makingsame-sex marriagelegal, the passage of anti-discrimination laws aimed at curtailinganti-LGBTQ discrimination,including in employment and housing, the passage of anti-bullying laws to protect LGBTQ minors, laws decriminalizing same-gender relationships, and other LGBTQ rights-related laws.[1]These groups are oftenreligiousorsocially conservativein nature.[6]Such opposition can be motivated byhomophobia,[1][4]transphobia,[1][4]bigotry,[7]animosity,[9]religion,[10]moral beliefs,[11]political ideologies,[12]or other reasons.

According to theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,"natural law theoryoffers the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gays and lesbians ".[13]Dag Øistein Endsjø,Norwegian scholar and professor ofReligious studies,and theUnited Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Beliefhave stated that religious belief underlies most forms ofLGBTQ rights opposition.[14]

History

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German Student Unionmembers plunder theInstitut für Sexualwissenschaftin preparation toburn its books,May 1933

The first organizedgay rights movementarose in the late nineteenth century in Germany.[15]

In the 1920s and into the early 1930s, there wereLGBTQ communitiesin cities like Berlin; German-Jewish sexologistMagnus Hirschfeldwas one of the most notable spokespeople for LGBTQ rights at this time. When the Nazi party came to power in 1933, one of the party's first acts was to burn down Hirschfeld'sInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft,where many prominent Nazis had been treated for perceived sexual problems.[16]Initially tolerant to the homosexuality ofErnst Röhmand his followers, manygay menwere purged from the Nazi Party following theNight of the Long Knivesand theSection 175 Lawsbegan to be enforced again, with gay men interned inconcentration campsby 1938.[note 1]

Under theNazirule in Germany, the dismantling of rights for LGBTQ individuals was approached in two ways. By strengthening and re-enforcing existing laws that had fallen into disuse, male homosexuality was effectively re-criminalised; homosexuality was treated as a medical disorder, but at a social level rather than individual level intended to reduce the incidence of homosexuality. The treatment was a program ofeugenics,starting withsterilisation,then a system of working people to death in forced labour camps, and eventually refined by medical scientists to includeeuthanasia.The driving force was the elimination of perceiveddegeneracyat various levels – genetic, social, identity and practice, and the elimination of such genetic material in society. Lifton wrote about this in his bookThe Nazi Doctors:[17]

Graph of convictions under Germany'sParagraph 175.Spike occurs duringNazi era,and dropoff after partial repeal in 1969.

[...] sexology and defense of homosexuality [...] were aspects of "sexual degeneration, a breakdown of the family and loss of all that is decent," and ultimately the destruction of the German Folk. [...] medicine was to join in the great national healing mission, and the advance image of what Nazi doctors were actually to become: the healer turned killer. [...] Sterilization policies were always associated with the therapeutic and regenerative principles of the biomedical vision: with the "purification of the national body" and the "eradication of morbid hereditary dispositions." Sterilization was considered part of "negative eugenics" [...][18]

It is argued that the number of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to otherHolocaust victims,and confined to Germany itself, based on estimates that of 50,000 gay people who came before the courts, between 5,000 and 15,000[19][20]ended up in concentration camps. However, many of those who came before the courts were directed (or volunteered) to undergo sterilisation/castration; they would be included with others who, in line with the historic shift in German society (that started withWestphal,and developed throughKrafft-EbingtoMagnus Hirschfeld,of homosexuality being seen as having a neurological, endocrinological or genetic basis), were treated for homosexuality as a medical rather than criminal matter.

After theSecond World War,theUnited Statesbecame more intolerant of homosexuality,[21]but many gay men and lesbians decided to reveal their gay identities after meeting others in the military.[22]Many gay bars and villages were created, and a whole gaysubcultureformed.[22]Campaigns for gay rights began to develop, initially in the UK.[23]Towards the end of the 1960s homosexuality began to be decriminalised and de-medicalised in areas such as the UK, New Zealand, Australia, North America and Europe, in the context of thesexual revolutionandanti-psychiatrymovements. Organized opposition to gay and lesbian rights began in the 1970s.[24]

Public opinion

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Main article:Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

Societal attitudes towards homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All cultures have their ownnorms regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality;some sanction same-sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities.[25]

According to The 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Throughout Western Europe and much of the Americas, there is widespread tolerance towards homosexuality. However, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Israel stand apart from other wealthy nations on this issue; in each of these countries, fewer than half of those surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society. Meanwhile, in most of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, there is less tolerance toward homosexuality."[26]

However, a 2012CNNpoll showed that a majority number of Americans are in favor of gay rights, such as same-sex marriage.[27]In late 2015, a poll of Japanese people also found that a majority supported same-sex marriage.[28]

Religious reasons for opposition

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Main article:Religion and homosexuality
See also:Human sexuality § Religious sexual morality

Many religions, including ones within the Eastern faiths andAbrahamic faiths,do not support homosexual sex.Evangelical Christianity,[29]Catholicism,[30]Mormonism,[31]Orthodox Judaism,[32]andIslam[33]view homosexual sex as asinand hold that its practice and acceptance in society weakens moral standards.

Christian opposition

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Main articles:Christianity and homosexuality,Christianity and transgender people,List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality,andThe Bible and homosexuality

Passages in theOld Testamentthat prohibit man to "lie with mankind as with womankind"[note 2]and the story ofSodom and Gomorrahhave historically been interpreted as condemningsodomy.SeveralPaulinepassages have also been cited against male and female homosexuality.[note 3]Christians who take a conservative position on homosexuality endorse this reading of these passages in the belief that God is against same-sex sexual activity, while Christians who take a liberal position believe that these same passages refer to more specific situations, such as pedophilia,[34]rape or abuse, and not homosexuality.[35]The largest Christian body, theCatholic Church,condemns homosexual acts as "gravely sinful" and "intrinsically disordered".[36][37]The second-largest Christian body, theEastern Orthodox Church,also condemns homosexual behaviour, as do many denominations ofProtestantism.

Within the Catholic Church,the theory ofnatural lawhas been employed by philosophers and theologians to justify its condemnation of homosexual behaviour.[38]The theologianThomas Aquinasmaintained that homosexual practice was contrary to natural law, arguing that the primary natural end of the sexual act was procreation, and since said procreation is carried out from a process of sexual fertilization between a man and a woman, homosexual sex is contrary to the very end of said act.[39]

Islamic opposition

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Further information:LGBT in Islam

Sodomyis regarded as criminal and forbidden in mostIslamic countries,according toSharialaw,and officially carries thedeath penaltyinSaudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates,Iran,Brunei,Mauritania,Nigeria,andYemen.[40][41]

It carries the death penalty inAfghanistanunder theTaliban.[42]InEgypt,openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws.[note 4]On the other hand, homosexuality has been legal in Turkey since 1858.[43]

In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments – e.g., fines, jail time, andflagellation– as alternatives, unless it feels that LGBT individuals are challenging state authority by engaging inLGBT social movements.[44]Iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. Since the 1979Islamic revolutionin Iran, the Iranian government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts.[45]Even though homosexuality is widespread amongst thePashtun ethnic groupin southern Afghanistan,[46]after the fall of the Taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines, prison sentences, andvigilanteviolence.[citation needed]

Most international human rights organizations, such asHuman Rights WatchandAmnesty International,condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue. Of the nations with a majority of Muslim inhabitants where homosexuality is criminalized, only Lebanon and Tunisia have organizations which are trying to get homosexuality legalized.[47]

Asian religious opposition

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Further information:Homosexuality and Hinduism,Buddhism and sexual orientation,andHomosexuality in China

Among thereligions that originated in India,includingHinduism,Buddhism,JainismandSikhism,teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions. Unlike the Abrahamic religions, homosexuality is not a 'sin' in Hindu philosophy,[48]while in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has stated that male-female relationships are intended by nature, though without condemning same-sex relationships.[49]Gender-specific Temples like Aravan worship are dedicated to celebrate the non-heteronormative diverse Indigenous gender & sexuality in Hinduism.[50]In 2005, the Head Cleric of theAkal Takhtcondemned same-sex marriages.[51][52]Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body which allows people of diverse SOGIESC communities to marry under Hindu Marriage Law 1951.[53][54][55]

Scientology opposition

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Main article:Scientology and sexual orientation

ScientologyfounderL. Ron Hubbardclassified homosexuality as a mental illness andparaphilia(then known as "sexual perversion" ), citing contemporary psychiatric and psychological textbooks to support his view.[56]Gay people are designated a 1.1. on Hubbard'semotional tone scale,and Hubbard urged society to tackle the issue of "sexual perversion" (including homosexuality), calling it "of vital importance, if one wishes to stop immorality, and the abuse of children." In his bookScience of Survival,Hubbard called for drastic action to be taken, saying that: "Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations."[57]

A 2004 article in theSt. Petersburg Timesreported that the Scientology defines marriage as the union between a man and a woman.[58]After 35 years of being a Scientologist, film producer and directorPaul Haggispublicly quit theChurch of Scientologyover the organization's position on gay rights and a showdown with the Church's spokesperson over the2008 California Proposition 8on same-sex marriage.[59]

Opposition in different countries

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Belarus

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See also:LGBT rights in Belarus

A 2014 report prepared by theUnited Kingdom,under the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government of 2010–2015, raised concerns about LGBT treatment inBelarus:

The LGBT community suffered increased harassment from the [Belarusian] regime in 2013. The Ministry of Justice denied registration to LGBT groups, and members of the LGBT community were regularly targeted by the security forces and brought in for questioning. The authorities threatened to stigmatise them by informing their colleagues, families, or friends of their sexual orientation. Gay clubs in Minsk and Vitebsk were raided, and those present were filmed and had their details collected. The clubs were then closed down. Gay Pride week in Minsk was disrupted by the authorities who forced owners of venues, where events were due to be held, to withdraw at the last minute. Those events that did take place were raided by the police, and a request for a march through the city was turned down by the authorities.

— "LGBT rights",Corporate Report: Belarus – Country of Concern,(UKForeign and Commonwealth Office,October 2014)[60]

Malaysia

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Same-sex relationships in Malaysia arecriminalised.In 2018, Malaysian LGBT people faced government-enforced clampdowns.[61]

India

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See also:Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code

On October 6, 1860, sodomy was legally forbidden inIndiaaccording to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.[62]This was ruled unconstitutional in 2009 by the Delhi High Court, but reaffirmed on 11 December 2013 by a Supreme Court ruling.[63] It was again legalised by the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018.[64]

Indonesia

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Traditionally, Indonesians arequite tolerant towards LGBT people who keep quiet and stay discreet about their private lives.[65]However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education MinisterMohamad Nasirsaid LGBT people should be barred from university campuses.[66]The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses after a group ofUniversity of Indonesia(UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC).[67]The group was meant as a counselling service, resource centre and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to begay,nor had they tried to "cure" gay people.[68]Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organisation.[67]Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.[69]

Muhammadiyah,said it would not issue any edict condemning members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, Muhammadiyah's secretary-general, Abdul Mukti said. Muhammadiyah considered LGBT expression immoral, but that publicly condemning people affiliated with those identities and orientations would not help them return to normalcy.[70]Other religious groups, such asChristianityand specificallyRoman Catholicism,have expressed their rejection of LGBT rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Catholic authorities have reiterated that Catholicism does not recognisesame-sex marriagebut assured that, despite their perceived transgressions, LGBT people should be protected and not harmed.[71]

The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism asmental disorders.Referring toLaw No.18/2014 on Mental Healthand the association's Mental Health and Mental Disorder Diagnostic Guidelines, the PDSKJI categorises homosexual and bisexual Indonesians as "people with psychiatric problems" and transgender people as having "mental disorders".[72]

Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense MinisterRyamizard Ryacuducalled the LGBT movement a "proxy war"tobrainwashIndonesians, and claimed that it received "foreign funding",[66]pointing to funds fromUnited Nationsorganisations likeUNAIDSor Western governments and foundations.

There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working on setting up safe houses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. InYogyakarta,in February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.[66]

The chair of thePeople's Consultative Assembly,Zulkifli Hasanmentioned in a statement that, "As a movement, the existence of LGBT must be opposed. We must limit its room to move. However, as individual people, they must be protected like any other citizen.”[73]Anthropologist Sharyn Graham Davies commented that the main focus of this opposition was that sexual and gender diversity may be tolerated but as long as LGBT people remain invisible in the Indonesian society and did not form a visible movement.[74][75]On the other hand, amid fierce hostilities, some officials – including formerGovernor of Jakarta,Basuki Tjahaja Purnamaand former Political, Legal, and Security Affairs MinisterLuhut Binsar Panjaitan— have defended the LGBT community. "Whoever they are, wherever they work, he or she continues to be an Indonesian citizen. They have the right to be protected as well," Panjaitan said.[66]PresidentJoko Widodohas also expressed support for LGBT rights and has called on an end to discrimination.[76]

Poland

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See also:LGBT-free zone

Opposition toLGBT rights in Polandcomes mainly from right-wing politics, such as the ruling in 2015-2023Law and Justiceparty, and from theCatholic Church in Poland,in which a majority of Poles are members. According toILGA-Europe's 2020 report, Poland ranks the lowest of European Union countries for LGBT rights. According to some opinion polls, opposition to LGBT rights has been diminishing, with support forcivil partnershipsrising from 52% in 2017 to 60% in 2019. The number of Poles who say that homosexuality should not be accepted in society dropped from 41% in 2001 to 24% in 2019.[77][78]

Russia

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See also:LGBT rights in Russia
LGBT activists in Moscow, 2 March 2013

Opposition to the LGBT rights movement is very prevalent inRussia,including within theKremlin.PresidentVladimir Putinenacted laws in 2012 which criminalised education about LGBT issues, calling it "gay propaganda".It banned telling minors that homosexuality was normal or natural.[79]This was opposed by some nations with many members of the public in the U.S. and Western Europe calling for aboycottof the2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi.However, President Putin assured that all athletes would be respected, regardless of their sexuality[80]and in the event, no boycott occurred.[81]

The law passed has been described as taking Russia's LGBT community "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blownenemies of the state",and has been described as a major contributor to a wave of anti-gay violence by severalneo-Naziorganisations (such asOccupy Paedophilia), which target gay teens online and meet up with them, posting on YouTube their acts of assault against the LGBT teens, which have even resulted in the death of several LGBT teens in Russia, which are rarely investigated by the authorities, defining them as "civil movements fighting the sins of society".[79]

Georgia

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On July 8, 2023, over 2,000 anti-LGBTQ+ protesters violently disrupted the LGBTQ+ Pride festival in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. Homophobia remains widespread in Georgia, and several journalists were attacked during similar protests in Tbilisi two years ago.[82]

United Kingdom

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See also:LGBT rights in the United KingdomandLGBT rights in Scotland

In 1988, theConservative Party,who werein government at the time,enactedSection 28which stated thatlocal authoritiesmust not "intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality" and thatmaintained schoolsshould not "promote the teaching [...] of the acceptability of homosexuality", describing families with gay parents as being in a "pretended family relationship".[83]Research on the effect of suppressing information about sexuality awareness in schools showed a correspondence with increases in the level of homophobic bullying by peers, as well as increased incidence in depression and suicide amongst LGBT people trying to come to terms with their sexuality.[84]In 1987, Thatcher also declared that "hard left education authorities and extremist teachers" were indoctrinating the nation by teaching the younger generation "political slogans", "anti-racist mathematics" and telling their pupils that they have an "inalienable right to be gay", rather than "taught to respect traditional moral values".[85]She then went on to say that "all of those children are being cheated of a sound start in life—yes cheated!"[85]

In 2003, despite opposition from socially liberal Conservatives such as later prime ministerDavid Cameron,[86]Section 28 was repealed by theLabour governmentunderTony Blair.[87]

In June 2009, Cameron, whilst campaigning for the 2010 general election, formally apologised for his party introducing the law, stating that it was a mistake and had been offensive to gay people.[88][89]

In 2013,same-sex marriagewas legalised under Cameron's premiership (despite his government voting against it)[90]which Cameron described as "an important step forward" and said that he thought that "it is right that gay people should be able to get married too".[91]

As of 2010, the largest voice against LGBT equality in the UK came from theChurch of Englandover the issue of same-sex marriage. Labour passed into law in 2005 the ability for same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships, but they could not take place in a church or be called a "marriage". The Church of England opposed the-then coalition Government's plans (this government came to an end in May 2015) to extend this to "full marriage rights."[92]

TheBritish National Partyhas shifted its platform from recriminalisation to an extension ofsection 28-style legislation, i.e. making it illegal to portray homosexuality positively in the media.[93]In 1999, theAdmiral Duncan pub,a gay bar inLondon'sSoho,was targeted up as part of a terrorist campaign by a formerNational Socialist MovementandBritish National Party(BNP) member,David Copeland;three people were killed, and seventy maimed or injured by a nail bomb detonated in the pub.[94]

United States

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History

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Main article:LGBT history in the United States
1950s and 1960s
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See also:Stonewall riots § Background
Joseph McCarthyandRoy Cohn,leaders of theLavender scare

In the 1950s in theUnited States,open homosexuality was taboo. Legislatures in every state had passed laws against homosexual behavior well before this, most notablyanti-sodomy laws.During theCold Warpoliticians frequently described homosexuals as "subversives" who undermined national security and patriotism, and described them asCommunist sympathisersor a CommunistFifth column.During theLavender Scare,Joseph McCarthyused accusations of homosexuality as asmear tactic.[95]SenatorKenneth Wherrypublicized fears thatJoseph Stalinhad obtained a list of closeted homosexuals in positions of power fromAdolf Hitler,which he believed Stalin intended to use to blackmail these men into working against the U.S. for the Soviet regime.[96]In the1950 reportproduced by a Senate subcommittee titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government" said that "the pervert is easy prey to the blackmailer... It is an accepted fact among intelligence agencies that espionage organizations the world over consider sex perverts who are in possession of or have access to confidential material to be prime targets where pressure can be exerted." Along with that security-based concern, the report found homosexuals unsuitable for government employment because "those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons. In addition, there is an abundance of evidence to sustain the conclusion that indulgence in acts of sex perversion weakens the moral fiber of an individual to a degree that he is not suitable for a position of responsibility."[97]McCarthy andRoy Cohnmore often used the secrets of closeted gay American politicians as tools for blackmail than did foreign powers.[98]

The modern roots of theChristian right's views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s–1960s, a period in which manyconservativeChristians in the United Statesviewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive, but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country.[99]: 30 

1970s and 1980s
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Brochure used by Save Our Children in 1977

Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface, largely as a reaction to the "permissive Sixties"and an emerging prominence of sexual rights arising fromRoe v. Wadeand theLGBT rights movement.The Christian right proceeded to make sexuality issues a priority political cause.[99]: 28 Anita BryantorganizedSave Our Children,a widespread campaign to oppose legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis ofsexual orientationinMiami-Dade County, Florida.[1]The group argued that gay people were "recruiting"or"molesting children"in order to make them gay.[1]Bryant infamously claimed that "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children," and also claimed that "If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters."[100]The Bryant campaign achieved success in repealing some city anti-discrimination laws, and proposed other citizen initiatives such as afailed California ballot questiondesigned to ban gay people or those who supported LGBT rights from holding public teaching jobs. Bryant's campaign attracted widespread opposition andboycottswhich put her out of business and destroyed her reputation.

From the late 1970s onwards, someconservativeChristian organizationssuch as theChristian Broadcasting Network,Focus on the Family,Concerned Women for America,theAmerican Family Association,and theChristian Coalition of America,along with right-wing Christian hate groups such as theWestboro Baptist Church,have been outspoken against LGBT rights.[2][3][101][102]Late in 1979, anew religious revivalamong conservativeEvangelical ProtestantsandRoman Catholicsushered in theRepublican coalitionpolitically aligned with theChristian rightthat would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of theLGBTQ rights movement.[2][3][101][102]

During theHIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s,LGBTQ communities were furtherstigmatizedas they became the focus ofmass hysteria,sufferedisolationandmarginalization,and were targeted withextreme acts of violence.[103]The Christian right champions itself as the "self-appointed conscience of American society". During the 1980s, the movement was largely dismissed by political pundits and mainstream religious leaders as "a collection of buffoonish has-beens". Later, it re-emerged, better organized and more focused, taking firm positions against abortion, pornography, sexual deviancy, and extreme feminism.[104][105]: 4 

1990s and 2000s
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Westboro Baptist Churchprotest in 2005

Influential Christian right organizations were at the forefront of the anti-gay rights movement in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and theFamily Research Institute.[106][99]: 15–16 An important stratagem in Christian right anti-gay politics is in its rejection of "the edicts of a Big Brother" state, allowing it to profit from "a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government". As a result, the Christian right has endorsed smaller government, restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions. In this context, gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government's allegedly unconstitutional "[interference] with individual freedom".[99]: 170–171 

The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations, such as the Family Research Council, emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles. A number of organizations, including the New Christian Right, "have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography, anti-abortion legislation, the criminalization of homosexuality, and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships", according to sociologistBryan Turner.[107]

2010s and 2020s
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Men protesting outsideDisney Worldin 2020 with a sign reading, "Save Our Kids from LGBT Indoctrination."

During thepresidency of Donald Trump,some Christian conservatives refrained from engaging in debates about sexual morality.[108]However, beginning in the early-2020s, ananti-LGBT movementoccurred in the United States. Thisconservativepolitical backlashagainstLGBT rightsincludedbathroom use restrictions,bans on gender transition,“don't say gay” laws,laws against drag performances,book bans,boycotts,andconspiracy theories around grooming.[109]

U.S. public opinion

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See also:Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

Public opinion has shifted towards increased acceptance of homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians since the late 1970s. According to the Gallup poll, the percentage of Americans who think that same-sex relations between consenting adults should be legal increased from 43% in 1977 to 59% in 2007.[110]In 1977, 56% of Americans thought that gay people should have equal rights in terms of job opportunities. As of 2007,that number has risen to 89%.[110]In 1982, 34% thought that homosexuality should be considered "an acceptable alternative lifestyle". As of 2007,that number is 54%.[110]In 1997, 27% of Americans thought thatsame-sex marriagesshould be legally valid. That number is 46% as of 2007.In 1977, 13% of Americans thought that sexual orientation is "something a person is born with"; as of 2007,that percentage increased to 42%.[110]A poll conducted in 2013 showed a record high of 58% of the Americans supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage.[111][112]In April 2015, a Washington Post-ABC News poll showed that 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage and a similar share were against state-by-state legalization.[113]

Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality and have consistently found correlations with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. For example, studies (mainly conducted in the United States) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be non-religious, politically liberal or moderate, young, female and have close personal contact withopenlygay men and lesbians.[114]They are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups[115]and are less likely to support traditional gender roles.[116]

United States Armed Forces

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Main article:Don't ask, don't tell

Homosexual activity was a reason for expulsion from the United States Armed Forces from their very beginning, although that was not codified until 1920.[117]The "Don't ask, don't tell"(DADT) policy that began in 1994 barred the military from questioning people about their sexual orientation, but maintained the barring of service members who hadcome out.The barring of homosexuals was removed altogether in December 2010 by PresidentBarack Obama.[118]

Even beforeDADT was established,advocates for allowing gay people toopenly servepointed out that neitherunit cohesionnor morale were affected when theUKadmitted gay people into the military. A similar comparison has been made to the lack of negative consequences when African-Americans and women were admitted into the military.[119]

Boy Scouts of America

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TheBoy Scouts of Americanow accepts gay and bisexual people in its organizations. Previously, there was an exclusion enforced commonly for Scoutmasters, but also for scouts in leadership positions. Their rationale was that homosexuality is immoral and that Scouts are expected to have certainmoralstandards and values, as theScout OathandScout Lawrequires boys to be "morally straight".[120]The Boy Scout organization did not view their policy as unjustlydiscriminatory,but instead defends their policy saying that, "Tolerance for diversity of values does not require abdication of one's own values".[121]

In 2000 theUnited States Supreme Courtruled inBoy Scouts of America v. Dalethat the Boy Scouts of America is aprivate organization,and as such can decide its own membership rules.[122]There is still a movement to try to persuade the organization to change its policy or allow local chapters to decide for themselves.[123]

In 2005, theU.S. Congresspassed theSupport Our Scouts Actof 2005 to exempt the BSA from anti-discrimination laws, to require theDepartment of Defenseto support scoutingJamborees(thus rendering ineffective a Federal Court injunction prohibiting this as anunconstitutionalestablishment of religionin violation of theFirst Amendment) and to requirestateor local governments that receive Community Development Block Grant money from theDepartment of Housing and Urban Developmentto allow BSA to have meetings in their facilities or on their property.[124]

The BSA historically has received much of its funding and support from religious groups noted for their opposition to thegay rights movement.[125]Some BSA local councils found thatUnited Way's, municipalities', school districts' and businesses' support and funding was reduced because of their adherence to the BSA's policy on sexual orientation.[126]In order to continue receiving funding, local councils like New Jersey signed nondiscrimination agreements contrary to BSA National Council policy.[127][128]Other outdoor-focused, youth-based organizations such as the4-Hclub andGirl Scouts of the USAdo not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.

In most countries where Boy Scouts organizations exist homosexuality is not regarded as incompatible with scout values, and gay members are not excluded from activities;[129]this includes theUnited Kingdom,where scouting was founded byBaden-Powell.

In July 2015, the Boy Scouts' executive board voted to end the ban on adult leaders who are openly gay.[130]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^SeePersecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.
  2. ^Leviticus 18:22Archived2015-09-08 at theWayback MachineandLeviticus 20:13Archived2015-09-01 at theWayback Machine(KJV).
  3. ^Romans 1:25–28Archived2015-08-21 at theWayback Machine– these are often considered the only explicit references in the Bible discussing female homosexuality.
  4. ^See:Cairo 52.

References

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    in certain States where religion has been given 'official' or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities, and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.
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    • Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993).Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105–1118.
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