Wikipedia

Oriental Orthodox Churches

(Redirected fromOriental Christianity)
Not to be confused withEastern Orthodox Church.

TheOriental Orthodox ChurchesareEastern Christianchurches adhering toMiaphysiteChristology,[1][2]with approximately 50 million members worldwide.[3][4]The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to theNicene Christiantradition. Oriental Orthodoxy is one of the oldest branches inChristianity.[5]

Oriental Orthodox Churches
Clockwise from top:
Etchmiadzin Armenian Apostolic Cathedral,
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral,
Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral,
Holy Trinity Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral,
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Catholicate Palace,
Saint George Syriac Orthodox Cathedral.
ClassificationNon-Chalcedonian
OrientationEastern Christianity
TheologyOriental Orthodox theology
PolityEpiscopal
StructureCommunion
Autocephalous churchesSyriac Orthodox Church
Coptic Orthodox Church
Armenian Apostolic Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Indian Orthodox Church
LanguageCoptic,Classical Syriac,Ge'ez,Armenian,Malayalam,Koine Greek,local languages
LiturgyAlexandrian,West SyriacandArmenian
FounderJesus Christ,according tosacred tradition
Separated fromRoman state Church
Members50 million
Other name(s)Oriental Orthodoxy,Miaphysite churches,Oriental Orthodox Communion

As some of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Oriental Orthodox Churches have played a prominent role in the history and culture ofArmenia,Egypt,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Sudan,Western Asiaand theMalabarregion ofIndia.Asautocephalouschurches, theirbishopsare equal by virtue ofepiscopal ordination.Their doctrines recognize the validity of only the first threeecumenical councils.[6][1]

The Oriental Orthodox communion is composed of six autocephalous national churches: theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria;theSyriac Orthodox Church of Antiochand its constituent autonomousMalankara Jacobite Syrian Church;theMalankara Orthodox Syrian Church;theArmenian Apostolic Churchcomprising the autocephalousCatholicosate of Etchmiadzinin Armenia and theCatholicosate of Ciliciain theLevantand of diaspora; theEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church,and theEritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[7][8]TheMalabar Independent Syrian Church—based in India—and theBritish Orthodox Churchin theUKare independent Oriental Orthodox churches, having formerly been part of one of the mainstream Oriental Orthodox churches.[9]

Oriental Orthodox Christians consider themselves to be theone, holy, catholic, and apostolic Churchfounded byJesus Christin hisGreat Commission,and its bishops as thesuccessorsof Christ'sapostles.Three rites are practiced by the churches: the western-influencedArmenian Rite,theWest Syriac Riteof the Syriac Church and the Malankara Syrian Church of India, and theAlexandrian Riteof theCopts,EthiopiansandEritreans.

Oriental Orthodox Churches sharedcommunionwith theimperial Roman churchbefore theCouncil of Chalcedonin 451 AD, and with theChurch of the Eastuntil theSynod of Beth Lapatin AD 484,[10]separating primarily overdifferences inChristology.

The majority of Oriental Orthodox Christians live inEgypt,Ethiopia,Eritrea,India,Syria,TurkeyandArmenia,with smallerSyriaccommunities in Western Asia decreasing due topersecution.[11][12][13][14]There are also many in other parts of the world, formed throughdiaspora,conversions,and missionary activity.

Name and characteristics

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The name "Oriental Orthodox Churches" was formally adopted at theConference of Addis Ababain 1965. At the time there were five participating churches, the Eritrean Church not yet being autocephalous.[15]

Other names by which the churches have been known includeOld Oriental,Ancient Oriental,Lesser Eastern,Anti-Chalcedonian,Non-Chalcedonian,Pre-Chalcedonian,MiaphysiteorMonophysite.[16][15]The Catholic Church has referred to these churches as "the Ancient Churches of the East".[17]

Today, Oriental Orthodox Churches are infull communionwith each other, but not with the Eastern Orthodox Church or any other churches. Like Catholics or Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Churches includes several self-governing churches. Slow dialogue towards restoring communion between the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox groups[18]was renewed in the mid-20th century,[19]and dialogue is also underway between Oriental Orthodoxy and the Catholic Church and others.[20]In 2017, the mutual recognition ofbaptismwas restored between the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Catholic Church.[21]Also baptism is mutually recognized between the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Catholic Church.[22][23]

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are generally considered to be moreconservative with regard to social issues.All Oriental Orthodox Churches are members of theWorld Council of Churches.[24]

History

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Main article:History of Oriental Orthodoxy

Post-Chalcedon (AD 451)

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To the hierarchs who would lead the Oriental Orthodox, the description of Christ as "one person in two natures" was tantamount to accepting Nestorianism, which expressed itself in a terminology incompatible with their understanding of Christology. Nestorianism was understood as seeing Christ in two separate natures, human and divine, each with different actions and experiences; in contrastCyril of Alexandriaadvocated the formula "One Nature of God the Incarnate Logos"[25](or as others translate, "One Incarnate Nature of the Word"[26]).

The Oriental Orthodox Churches were therefore often called "monophysite", although they reject this label, as it is associated withEutychian monophysitism;they prefer the term "miaphysite".[27][28]

In the years following Chalcedon the patriarchs of Constantinople intermittently remained in communion with the non-Chalcedonianpatriarchs of AlexandriaandAntioch(seeHenotikon), while Rome remained out of communion with the latter and in unstable communion with Constantinople. It was not until 518 that the new Byzantine Emperor,Justin I(who accepted Chalcedon), demanded that the church in the Roman Empire accept the council's decisions.[29]

20th century

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Ecumenical dialogue increased in the 20th century, and from several meetings between the authorities of theHoly Seeand the Oriental Orthodox, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statement of Syriac Patriarch MarIgnatius Zakka I Iwasand the RomanPope John Paul IIin 1984:

The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realize today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.[30]

However, despite the progress made in ecumenical dialogue, many Oriental Orthodox authorities likePope Shenouda IIIremained skeptical about the Chalcedonian churches, continuing to view their Christology asNestorian.[25]

Organization

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See also:List of Christian denominations § Independent Oriental Orthodox
AswanCoptic Orthodox Cathedral inEgypt

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are acommunionof sixautocephalous(that is, administratively completely independent) regional churches.[16]

Below is a list of the six autocephalous Oriental Orthodox churches forming the main body of Oriental Orthodox Christianity. Based on the definitions, the list is in the alphabetical order, with some of their constituent autonomous churches and exarchates listed as well.

There are a number of churches considered non-canonical, but whose members and clergy may or may not be in communion with the greater Oriental Orthodox communion. Examples include theMalabar Independent Syrian Church,theCeltic Orthodox Church,theOrthodox Church of the Gauls,theBritish Orthodox Church,and theTigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church.These organizations have passed in and out of official recognition, but members rarely face excommunication when recognition is ended. The primates of these churches are typically referred to asepiscopi vagantesorvagantesin short.

Adherents

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Main article:Oriental Orthodoxy by country
Distribution of Oriental Orthodox Christians in the world by country:
Main religion (more than 75%)
Main religion (50–75%)
Important minority religion (20–50%)
Important minority religion (5–20%)
Minority religion (1–5%)
Tiny minority religion (below 1%), but has localautocephaly

According to theEncyclopedia of Religion,Oriental Orthodoxy is the Christian tradition "most important in terms of the number of faithful living in the Middle East", which, along with otherEastern Christian communions,represent anautochthonousChristian presence whose origins date further back than the birth and spread ofIslamin the Middle East.[32]

As of 2011,it was the dominant religion inArmenia(94%) and ethnicallyArmenianunrecognizedNagorno-Karabakh Republic(95%).[33][34]

Oriental Orthodoxy is a prevailing religion inEthiopia(43.1%), while Protestants account for 19.4% and Islam – 34.1%.[35]It is most widespread in two regions inEthiopia:Amhara(82%) andTigray(96%), as well as the capital city ofAddis Ababa(75%). It is also one of two major religions inEritrea(40%).[36]

It is a minority inEgypt(<20%),[37]Syria(2–3% out of the 10% of total Christians),Lebanon(10% of the 40% of Christians in Lebanon or 200,000 Armenians and members of the Church of the East) andKerala,India(7% out of the 20% of total Christians in Kerala).[38]In terms of total number of members, the Ethiopian Church is the largest of all Oriental Orthodox churches, and is second among all Orthodox churches among Eastern and Oriental Churches (exceeded in number only by theRussian Orthodox Church).

Also of particular importance are the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in Turkey and theArmenian Apostolic Church of Iran.These Oriental Orthodox churches represent the largest Christian minority in both of these predominantly Muslim countries,TurkeyandIran.[39][40]

Theology and ecclesiology

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Coptic icon ofMadonna and Child

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are distinguished by their recognition of only the first three ecumenical councils during the period of thestate church of the Roman Empire:theFirst Council of Nicaeain 325, theFirst Council of Constantinoplein 381 and theCouncil of Ephesusin 431.

Oriental Orthodoxyshares much theology and manyecclesiasticaltraditions with theEastern Orthodox Church;these include a similardoctrine of salvationand a tradition of collegiality between bishops, as well as reverence of theTheotokosand use of theNicene Creed.[41][42]

The primary theological difference between the two communions is the differing Christology. Oriental Orthodoxy rejects theChalcedonian Definition,and instead adopts themiaphysiteformula,[27][28]believing that the human anddivinenatures of Christ are united in one Incarnate Nature. Historically, the early prelates of the Oriental Orthodox Churches thought that the Chalcedonian Definition implied a possible repudiation of theTrinityor a concession toNestorianism.

The break in communion between the imperial Roman and Oriental Orthodox Churches did not occur suddenly, but rather gradually over two to three centuries following the Council of Chalcedon.[43]Eventually the two communions developed separate institutions, and the Oriental Orthodox did not participate in any of the later ecumenical councils.

The Oriental Orthodox Churches maintain ancientapostolic successionand thehistoric episcopacy.[44]The various churches are governed byholy synods,with aprimus inter paresbishop serving asprimate.The primates hold titles such aspatriarch,catholicos,andpope.TheAlexandrian Patriarchate,theAntiochian Patriarchatealong withPatriarchate of Rome,was one of the most prominent sees ofthe early Christian Church.

Oriental Orthodoxy does not have a magisterial leader like theCatholic Church,nor does the communion have a leader who can convene ecumenical synods like the Eastern Orthodox Church. Meanwhile its ecumenical dialogues and internal church relations are led by the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches, which acts as the permanent representative council of its member churches.

Christology

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Main articles:History of Oriental Orthodoxy § Chalcedonian Schism,andNon-Chalcedonianism
Ethiopian icon of theCrucifixion

The schism between Oriental Orthodoxy and the adherents of Chalcedonian Christianity was based on differences in Christology. TheFirst Council of Nicaea,in 325, declared that Jesus Christ isGod,that is to say, "consubstantial"with the Father. Later, the third ecumenical council, theCouncil of Ephesus,declared that Jesus Christ, though divine as well as human, is only one being, or person (hypostasis). Thus, the Council of Ephesus explicitly rejectedNestorianism,the Christological doctrine that Christ was two distinct persons, one divine (theLogos) and one human (Jesus), who happened to inhabit the same body.

Twenty years after Ephesus, theCouncil of Chalcedonreaffirmed the view that Jesus Christ was a single person, but at the same time declared that this one person existed "in two complete natures", one human and one divine.

At times, Chalcedonian Christians have referred to the Oriental Orthodox as beingmonophysites—that is to say, accusing them of following the teachings ofEutyches(c. 380– c. 456), who argued that Jesus Christ was not human at all, but only divine. Monophysitism was condemned as heretical alongside Nestorianism, and to accuse a church of being monophysite is to accuse it of falling into the opposite extreme from Nestorianism. However, the Oriental Orthodox themselves reject this description as inaccurate, having officially condemned the teachings of bothNestoriusand Eutyches. They define themselves as miaphysite instead,[27][28]holding that Christ has one nature, but this nature is both human and divine.[45]

Worship

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Celebration of the Armenian Rite

Oriental Orthodox Christians, such as Copts, Syrians and Indians, use abreviarysuch as theAgpeyaandShehimo,respectively, to pray thecanonical hoursseven times a day while facing in theeastward directiontowards Jerusalem, in anticipation of theSecond Coming of Jesus;this Christian practice has its roots inPsalm 119:164,in which the prophetDavidprays to God seven times a day.[46][original research?]

Before praying, they wash their hands and face in order to be clean before and to present their best to God;shoes are removedin order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.[47][48]In this Christian tradition, it is customary for women to wear aChristian headcoveringwhen praying.[49]

Some Oriental Orthodox Churches such as theCoptic Orthodox,Ethiopian Orthodox,andEritrean Orthodox,also place a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in other Christian denominations, and its followers adhere to certain practices: followingdietary rulesthat are similar to JewishKashrut,[50]require that their male members undergocircumcision,[51]and observesritual purification.[52][53]The Oriental Orthodox Churches also maintain differing compilations of the biblical canon including thePeshitta,CopticandOrthodox Tewahedocanons, and theArmenian canon.

Internal disputes

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There are numerous ongoing internal disputes within the Oriental Orthodox Churches. These disputes result in lesser or greater degrees of impaired communion.

Armenian Apostolic

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The least divisive of these disputes is within theArmenian Apostolic Church,between theCatholicosate of Etchmiadzinand theCatholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia.

The division between the two sees intensified during the Soviet period. The Holy See of Etchmiadzin was seen as a captive communist puppet by some Western bishops and clergy. Sympathizers of this established congregations independent of Etchmiadzin, declaring loyalty instead to the see based inAnteliasinLebanon.The division was formalized in 1956 when the Antelias (Cilician) See broke away from the Etchmiadzin See.

Ethiopia

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In 1992, following the abdication ofAbune Merkoriosand election ofAbune Paulos,some Ethiopian Orthodox bishops in the United States maintained that the new election was invalid, and declared their independence from the Addis Ababa administration forming separate synod.[54]On 27 July 2018, representatives from both synods reached an agreement. According to the terms of the agreement, Abune Merkorios was reinstated as patriarch alongside Abune Mathias (successor of Abune Paulos), who would continue to be responsible for administrative duties, and the two synods were merged into one synod, with any excommunications between them lifted.[55][56]

India

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Indians who follow the Oriental Orthodox faith belong to theMalankara Orthodox Syrian Churchand theJacobite Syrian Christian Church.The two churches were united before 1912 and after 1958, but again separated in 1975. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as the Indian Orthodox Church, is an autocephalous church. It is headed by theCatholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church is an autonomousmaphrianateof theSyriac Orthodox Churchin India.

TheMalabar Independent Syrian Churchalso follows the Oriental Orthodox tradition, but is not in communion with other Oriental Orthodox churches.

Occasional confusions

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TheAssyrian Church of the Eastis sometimes incorrectly described as an Oriental Orthodox church,[57][58][59]though its origins lie in disputes that predated the Council of Chalcedon and it follows a differentChristologyfrom Oriental Orthodoxy. The historicalChurch of the Eastwas the church ofGreater Iranand declared itself separate from thestate church of the Roman Empirein 424–27, years before the Ecumenical Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon. Theologically, the Church of the East was affiliated with the doctrine ofNestorianism,and thus rejected theCouncil of Ephesus,which declared Nestorianism heretical in 431. The Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in fact developed as a reaction against Nestorian Christology, which emphasizes the distinctness of the human and divine natures of Christ.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Orthodox Christian Churches".pluralism.org.Retrieved2020-11-25.
  2. ^"Oriental Orthodoxy « Western Prelacy".westernprelacy.org.Retrieved2020-11-25.
  3. ^Lamport, Mark A. (2018).Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601.ISBN978-1-4422-7157-9.Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.
  4. ^"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century".Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project.8 November 2017.Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population.
  5. ^"Orthodox churches (Oriental) — World Council of Churches".www.oikoumene.org.
  6. ^Hindson & Mitchell 2013,p. 108.
  7. ^"Dicastery For Promoting Christian Unity".christianunity.va.Dicastery For Promoting Christian Unity.Retrieved2024-06-24.
  8. ^"Orthodox churches (Oriental) — World Council of Churches".www.oikoumene.org.
  9. ^Winkler, Dietmar(2019). "The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview". In King, Daniel (ed.).The Syriac World.Routledge. p. 119.ISBN9781138899018.
  10. ^Brock 1999,p. 282.
  11. ^Cardin, Adele (2024-10-05)."The Fading Light: Christianity's Struggle in its Middle Eastern Birthplace".The Rio Times.Retrieved2024-11-16.
  12. ^Jenkins, Phillip (January 25, 2024)."Is this the end for Mideast Christianity?".Baylor University.RetrievedNovember 15,2024.
  13. ^"Oriental Orthodox Churches | World Council of Churches".www.oikoumene.org.Retrieved2024-11-16.
  14. ^Author, No (2017-11-08)."Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century".Pew Research Center.Retrieved2024-11-16.{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help)
  15. ^abBoutros Ghali 1991,pp. 1845b–1846a.
  16. ^abKeshishian 1994,pp. 103–108.
  17. ^John Paul II (25 May 1995)."Ut Unum Sint: On commitment to Ecumenism".www.vatican.va.Retrieved2023-02-12.
  18. ^"Joint Commission, First Agreed Statement".Orthodox Joint Commission.14 December 2013.Retrieved15 February2024.
  19. ^"Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration – March 17, 2001".sor.cua.edu.
  20. ^"Dialogue with the Assyrian Church of the East and its Effect on the Dialogue with the Roman Catholic".Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii.Retrieved2 June2016.
  21. ^"Apostolic Journey to Egypt: Courtesy visit to H.H. Pope Tawadros II (Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate, Cairo – 28 April 2017) | Francis".
  22. ^"Agreed on baptism in Germany".www.churchtimes.co.uk.Retrieved2019-01-08.
  23. ^Fanning 1907.
  24. ^Roberson, Ronald G. (1995).Oriental Orthodox-Roman Catholic Interchurch Marriages: And Other Pastoral Relationships.USCCB Publishing. p. 81.ISBN978-1-55586-097-4.
  25. ^abPope Shenouda III of Alexandria(1999)."NATURE OF CHRIST"(PDF).copticchurch.net.St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church.Retrieved30 November2014.
  26. ^Cyril of Alexandria; Pusey, P. E. (Trans.)."From His Second Book Against the Words of Theodore".The Tertullian Project.Retrieved30 November2014.
  27. ^abcWinkler 1997,p. 33-40.
  28. ^abcBrock 2016,p. 45–52.
  29. ^Kirsch 1910.
  30. ^"Common declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Moran Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (June 23, 1984) | John Paul II".www.vatican.va.
  31. ^"Member Churches – SCOOCH".Retrieved2022-04-21.
  32. ^Encyclopedia of Religion(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 1672–1673.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  33. ^UN Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
  34. ^"Statement of the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group".OSCE.RetrievedJune 25,2011.
  35. ^"Ethiopia – Religion".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2019-10-25.
  36. ^"Eritrea – Religion".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2019-10-25.
  37. ^"The World Factbook: Egypt".CIA.Retrieved7 October2010.
  38. ^"Church in India – Syrian Orthodox Church of India – Roman Catholic Church – Protestant Churches in India".Syrianchurch.org. Archived fromthe originalon 16 October 2013.Retrieved14 October2013.
  39. ^"Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey".Today's Zaman.15 December 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2011.Retrieved16 May2011.
  40. ^Golnaz Esfandiari (2004-12-23)."A Look At Iran's Christian Minority".Payvand.Retrieved2012-03-21.
  41. ^St. Maurice and St. Verena Coptic Orthodox Church – Divine LiturgyonYouTube
  42. ^"The Transfiguration: Our Past and Our Future".Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles.
  43. ^"Chalcedonians".TheFreeDictionary.RetrievedJune 11,2016.
  44. ^Krikorian 2010,pp. 45, 128, 181, 194, 206.
  45. ^Davis 1990,p. 342.
  46. ^"Prayers of the Church".Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.Retrieved25 July2020.
  47. ^Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney(1906).A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.Methuen. p. 399.Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017)."Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?".Aleteia.Retrieved25 July2020.
  49. ^Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014)."Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!".Commonweal.Retrieved26 July2020.
  50. ^Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005).Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.Oxford University Press. p. 566.ISBN978-0-19-517055-9.It emphasizes the dietary laws and rules of circumcision found in the Old Testament of the Bible, and in addition to the Christian Sunday Sabbath, Ethiopia Christians observe the traditional Jewish Saturday Sabbath, as do the Ethiopian Jews.
  51. ^N. Stearns, Peter (2008).The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World.Oxford University Press.p. 179.ISBN9780195176322.Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.
  52. ^Ian Bradley(2 November 2012).Water: A Spiritual History.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN978-1-4411-6767-5.
  53. ^H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006).Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas.University Press of America.p. 19.ISBN9780761835011.The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.
  54. ^Goldman, Ari L. (22 September 1992)."U.S. Branch Leaves Ethiopian Orthodox Church".The New York Times.Retrieved29 April2016.
  55. ^Dickinson, Augustine (31 July 2018)."Decades-Old Schism in the Ethiopian Church Mended".Ethiopicist Blog.Archived fromthe originalon 7 May 2021.Retrieved8 August2018.
  56. ^Kibriye, Solomon (27 July 2018)."Ethiopian Orthodox Unity Declaration Document in English".Orthodoxy Cognate Page.Retrieved8 August2018.
  57. ^Bryner, Erich (2004)."Die orthodoxen Kirchen von 1274 bis 1700"(PDF).www.eva-leipzig.de.Retrieved2023-02-12.S. 114 ff: "Die Orientalischen Orthodoxen Kirchen" (miaphysitische und dyophysitische Kirchen)
  58. ^Johannes Oeldemann:Konfessionskunde,2017, Kap. 2:Die Orthodoxe Kirche und die Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchenenthält drei Unterkapitel:Die Orthodoxe Kirche,Die Assyrische Kirche des OstensundDie Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchend.h. dieAssyrische Kirche des Ostensgehört sowohl zu denOrientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchenals auch nicht zu denOrientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen.
  59. ^artin Tamcke: Orientalische orthodoxe Nationalkirchen. In:Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart(RGG). 4. Auflage. Band 6, Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 2003, Sp. 653

Sources

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