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Keihanshin

(Redirected fromOsaka-Kobe-Kyoto)

Keihanshin(Kinh phản thần,"Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe" )is ametropolitan regionin theKansai regionofJapanencompassing the metropolitan areas of the cities ofKyotoinKyoto Prefecture,OsakainOsaka PrefectureandKobeinHyōgo Prefecture.The entire region has a population (as of 2015) of 19,302,746 over an area of 13,228 km2(5,107 sq mi).[3]It is the second-most-populatedurban region in Japan(after theGreater Tokyo area), containing approximately 15% of Japan's population.

Keihanshin
Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe
Kinki MMA
Major metropolitan area of Japan
Osaka
Sakai
Kyoto
Kobe
Keihanshin Major Metropolitan Area
Keihanshin Major Metropolitan Area
Coordinates:34°50′N135°30′E/ 34.833°N 135.500°E/34.833; 135.500
CountryJapan
Prefectures
Area
• Metro
13,228 km2(5,107 sq mi)
Population
(October 1, 2015)[1]
•Metro
19,302,746
• Metro density1,459/km2(3,780/sq mi)
GDP[2]
• MetroJP¥87,411 billion (2021)
US$795 billion (2021)

TheGDPin Osaka–Kobe is $681 billion as measured by PPP as of 2015,making it one of the world's most productive regions, a match withParisandLondon.[4]MasterCard Worldwidereported that Osaka is the 19th ranking city of the world's leading global cities and has an instrumental role in driving the global economy.[5]If Keihanshin were a country, it would be the 16th-largest economy in the world, with a GDP of nearly $953.9 billion in 2012.[6]

Prefecture Gross prefecture product
(in billion JP¥, 2021)[2] 		Gross prefecture product
(in billion US$, 2021)
Osaka
40,047
364
Hyōgo
22,267
203
Kyoto
10,701
97
Shiga
6,864
63
Nara
3,767
34
Wakayama
3,765
34
Keihanshin
87,411
795

Name

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The nameKeihanshinisconstructed by extractinga representativekanjifromKyoto(KinhĐô),Osaka(ĐạiPhản),andKobe(ThầnHộ).For the characters taken fromOsakaandKobe,theChinese readingis used instead of the correspondingnative reading.For the character taken fromKyoto,theKan-onChinese reading is used instead of the usualGo-onChinese reading.

Definitions

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Osaka Bay

Major Metropolitan Area

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Osaka
Keihanshin MMA as of 2015with core cities in dark blue: Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Kobe

The Japan Statistics Bureau defines a Major Metropolitan Area or MMA (Đại đô thị quyển) as a set of municipalities where at least 1.5% of the resident population aged 15 and above commute to school or work in adesignated city(defined as the core area).[7]If multiple designated cities are close enough to have overlapping outlying areas, they are combined into a single multi-core area. In the 2005 census, the designated cities used to define the Keihanshin MMA wereOsaka,Kobe,andKyoto.Sakaihas subsequently become a designated city.

This region consists of the combination of the metropolitan areas of Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, and Himeji, and additionally includes severalperiurbanareas (particularly in easternShiga Prefecture) that are not part of the four metropolitan areas.

As of 2015,the entire Keihanshin region had a population of 19,302,746 over an area of 13,228 square kilometres (5,107 square miles).[3]

Range of distance

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The Japan Statistics Bureau defines the set of municipalities that are entirely or mostly within 50 kilometres (31 miles) of the Municipal Office of Osaka as one measure of the metropolitan area. As of 2015,the population for this region was 16,260,117.[8]

Urban Employment Area

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Keihanshin map withOsaka,Kobe,andKyotoUrban Employment Areas as of 2015.

TheUrban Employment Areais a metropolitan area definition developed at the Faculty of Economics of theUniversity of Tokyo.[9]This definition is comparable to theMetropolitan Statistical Areain theUnited States.The basic building blocks are municipalities.

The core area is the set of municipalities that contain adensely inhabited district(DID) with a population of 10,000 or more. The Urban Employment Area is called Metropolitan Employment Area, when its core area has 50,000 DID population or more. Otherwise, the area is called Micropolitan Employment Area. A DID is a group of census enumeration districts inhabited at densities of 4,000 or more persons per km2.Outlying areas are those municipalities where 10% or more of the employed population work in the core area or in another outlying area. Overlaps are not allowed and an outlying area is assigned to the core area where it has the highest commuter ratio.

This definition assigns a Metropolitan Employment Area to the following cities of the Keihanshin region: Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Himeji, and Wakayama. The lists below indicate which cities belong to which metropolitan area. Towns and villages are not listed.

Osaka MEA

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Osaka metropolitan area
Osaka MEA
Urban Employment Area
(2015)
Prefectures
Core cities
Area
(2011)[10]
• Total
4,291.37 km2(1,656.91 sq mi)
• Inhabitable area2,509.71 km2(969.00 sq mi)
Population
(2015)[11]
• Total
12,078,820
• Rank2nd in Japan
• Density2,800/km2(7,300/sq mi)
GDP(nominal)[10]45.4 trillionJapanese yen(2010)

The Osaka Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2015) of 12,078,820[11]and consists of the following cities:

Kyoto MEA

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A map of Kyoto metropolitan area as of 2015

TheKyoto Metropolitan Employment Areahas a population (as of 2015) of 2,801,044[11]and consists of the following cities:

Kobe MEA

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A map of Kobe metropolitan employment area as of 2015

The Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2015) of 2,565,501[11]and consists of the following cities:

Himeji MEA

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A map of Himeji metropolitan employment area as of 2010

The Himeji Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2015) of 773,389[11]and consists of the following cities:

Wakayama MEA

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A map of Wakayama metropolitan employment area as of 2010

The Wakayama Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2015) of 569,758[11]and consists of the following cities:

  • Core cities:Wakayama
  • Outlying cities
    • Wakayama Prefecture (northwestern part):Kainan

Historical demographics of Keihanshin

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Per Japanese census data, Keihanshin, also known as Greater Osaka, has had continuous population throughout the 20th century. From 1960 to 2010 the population nearly doubled from 10.6 million to 19.3 million.[12][13]Beginning at around 2010, Keihanshin has experienced a small population decline.

Keihanshin[12][13]
Year Population
1950 7,005,000
1960 10,615,000
1970 15,272,000
1980 17,028,000
1990 18,389,000
2000 18,660,180
2010 19,341,976
2020 19,223,980

Cities

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Sakai

Core cities

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The core cities formed Keihanshin aregovernment ordinance cities.These cities designated the three largest cities as special cities with Tokyo in 1889. Kobe designated the six largest cities as special cities in 1922, and adopted the ward system in 1931. Following World War II, the six largest cities was replaced by the government designated city system in 1956. Afterwards, Sakai became a government designated city in 2006.

The core cities of Keihanshin are:[14]

  • Osaka(population 2.75 million)
  • Kobe(population 1.53 million)
  • Kyoto(population 1.46 million)
  • Sakai(population 826,447)

Other cities within the area

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Himeji
Ōtsu
Nara
Wakayama

The other cities in the prefectures of Osaka, Hyōgo, Kyoto and Nara include:

Additional cities

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In the major metropolitan area (MMA) definition used by the Japanese Statistics Bureau, the following cities in the prefectures ofMie,Shiga,Nara,Wakayamaare included:

Mie Prefecture

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Shiga Prefecture

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Nara Prefecture

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Wakayama Prefecture

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Transportation

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Main article:Transportation in Keihanshin
Kansai International Airport
JR CentralTōkaidō Shinkansenarriving at Kyoto Station
TheAkashi Kaikyō Bridgeextends fromKobetoAwaji Island.

Air

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There are two major airports. The fairly centrally locatedOsaka International Airport,laid over the border between the cities ofItamiandToyonaka,serves primarily domestic routes.

Kansai International Airportopened in 1994 and is now the main internationalairportfor the region. It sits on anartificial islandwell off-shore inOsaka Baytowards theWakayamaoutlet.Kansaiis the geographical term for the area of western Honshū surrounding Osaka. The airport island link to the mainland via theSky Gate Bridge R,containing a six lane expressway and theKansai Airport Line,a rail link connecting to theHanwa Line,which connectsWakayamatoOsaka.Limited express trains offer non-stop service to Osaka and onward to Kyoto. Local connections are made to other areas. Highway buses also offer service to many areas.

Kobe Airport,built on a reclaimed island south ofPort Islandopened in 2006, offering domestic flights.

Rail

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Keihanshin has a very extensive network of railway lines, comparable to that of Greater Tokyo. Main rail terminals in the cities include,Umeda/Osaka,Namba,Tennoji,Sannomiya,andKyoto.

High speed rail

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Main articles:Shin-Ōsaka Station,Tōkaidō Shinkansen,andSanyō Shinkansen
See also:Central Japan Railway CompanyandWest Japan Railway Company

JR CentralandJR Westoperatehigh-speed trainson theTōkaidō-Sanyō Shinkansenline.Shin-Ōsaka Stationacts as theShinkansenterminal station, though the two lines are physically joined, and many trains offer through service. This station is connected toŌsaka StationatUmedaby theJR Kyoto Lineand the subwayMidōsuji Line.Shin-Osaka Stationis the busiest high-speed station. The smaller stations ofKyoto Station,Shin-Kobe Station,Nishi-Akashi Station,Himeji Station,andAioi Stationalso are within the Keihanshin area.

All trains on the twoShinkansenlines stop at Shin-Ōsaka Station and provide connections to other major cities in Japan. TheTokaido Shinkansenoffers service to the east, stopping in such cities asKyoto,Nagoya,YokohamaandTokyo.FromTokyoconnections can be made to otherShinkansenservicing areas north ofTokyo.TheSanyo Shinkansenoffers service to the west, stopping in such cities asKobe,Okayama,Hiroshima,andFukuoka.Through service is also offered to theKyushu Shinkansenextending service to such cities asKumamotoandKagoshima.

There are also numerous Limited Express services which operate on conventional lines, but are designed for comfortable long-distance travel. Many of these trains operate at speeds that most other countries would consider "high-speed". FromOsakaandKyoto,Limited Express services connect most major cities within the Keihanshin area and beyond, and are more popular than theShinkansenfor connections within the area due to service to more areas and more centrally located and well connected stations in areas also serviced byShinkansen.Lower ticket prices also encourages usage, though they are more expensive than the regular/commuter trains which operate on the same lines.

Commuter rail

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See also:Keihan Electric Railway,Hankyu Railway,Hanshin Electric Railway,Kintetsu Railway,andNankai Electric Railway

BothJR Westand private lines connect Keihanshin and its suburbs. The commuter rail network of JR West is called theUrban Network.Major stations on the JROsaka Loop LineincludeOsaka (Umeda),Tennōji,Tsuruhashi,andKyōbashi.JR West competes with such private rail operators asKeihan Electric Railway,Hankyu Railway,Hanshin Railway,Kintetsu Railway,andNankai Electric Railway.TheKeihanandHankyulines connect Osaka and Kyoto; theHanshinandHankyulines connect Osaka and Kobe; theKintetsulines connect toNara,Yoshino,IseandNagoya;and theNankailines connect to Osaka's southern suburbs andKansai International Airportas well asWakayamaandMt. Koya.Many lines in Keihanshin accept eitherICOCAorPiTaPacontactlesssmart cardsfor payment.[15]

Municipal subway

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Main articles:Osaka Metro,Kyoto Municipal Subway,andKobe Municipal Subway

Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe each have municipal subway systems. The Osaka Municipal Subway was privatized in 2018 and is now operated byOsaka Metro.[16] Other rapid transit systems in the region includeKobe New Transitwhich serves the artificial islands off the coast of Kobe including Kobe Airport, as well asOsaka Monorailthat connects municipalities in Osaka Prefecture to Osaka International Airport.

Economy

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GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015

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Umeda Sky Building

Compared with other urban regions of the world, the agglomeration of Osaka-Kobe is the ninth largest economy, in terms of gross metropolitan product atpurchasing power parity (PPP),in 2015 according to a study by theBrookings Institution.[17]

Rank Metro area Country GDP(PPP)
(in billion US$)
1 Tokyo Japan
1,624
2 New York United States
1,492
3 Los Angeles United States
927.6
4 Seoul-Incheon South Korea
903.5
5 London United Kingdom
831.1
6 Paris France
818.5
7 Shanghai China
809.5
8 Moscow Russia
749.7
9 Osaka-Kobe Japan
681.0
10 Beijing China
663.6

Metropolitan employment areas

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GDP based on PPP (in billion US$)[18][19]
Area 1980 1985 1990 1995 2010
OsakaMEA 119.5 162.5 235.7 272.2 406.3
Kyoto MEA 23.7 34.0 45.7 53.9 90.6
KobeMEA 22.0 31.0 44.0 48.7 75.5
HimejiMEA 7.3 10.1 13.7 17.3 26.4
WakayamaMEA 5.7 7.6 8.6 9.7 19.3

Prefectures

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Osaka Bayat night
Prefecture Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion yen)[21] 		Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion US$)
Osaka
37,934
358
Hyōgo
19,788
187
Kyoto
10,054
95
Shiga
5,846
55
Wakayama
3,579
34
Nara
3,541
33
Kansai Region
80,741
762

GDP (nominal) 2014

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Kansai region and Top 20 Countries.[22]

Rank Country GDP (in US$)
1 United States
17.43 trillion
2 China
10.53 trillion
3 Japan
4.85 trillion
･･･
15 Mexico
1.30 trillion
16 Turkey
934.1 billion
17 Indonesia
891.1 billion
18 Netherlands
881.0 billion
(Kansai Region)
762.1 billion
19 Saudi Arabia
756.4 billion
20 Switzerland
709.3 billion

See also

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References

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  1. ^Statistical Handbook of Japan.Statistics Bureau of Japan
  2. ^ab"Huyện nội tổng sinh sản ( sinh sản trắc, thật chất: Liên tỏa phương thức ) ※ chi xuất trắc も đồng じ－ bình thành 27 lịch niên liên tỏa 価 cách".www.esri.cao.go.jp.
  3. ^abJapan Statistics Bureau- "2015 Census", retrieved June 27, 2021
  4. ^Brookings Institution report 2015,retrieved August 23, 2015
  5. ^Mastercard Worldwide- "Worldwide Centers of CommerceIndex 2008 "page 8 and 22, retrieved June 11, 2008
  6. ^NationMaster.com
  7. ^Japan Statistics Bureau- Definition of Major Metropolitan Area
  8. ^Japan Statistics Bureau - Basic Figures for Range of Distance
  9. ^"What are UEA?".Center for Spatial Information Science, the University of Tokyo.RetrievedJanuary 25,2019.
  10. ^abKanemoto, Yoshitsugu."Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data".Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.RetrievedJanuary 25,2019.
  11. ^abcdefKanemoto, Yoshitsugu."Urban Employment Area (UEA) Code Table".Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.RetrievedJanuary 25,2019.
  12. ^ab"Greater Osaka population".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-08-13.Retrieved2019-08-13.
  13. ^ab"Keihanshin population".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-07-27.Retrieved2020-07-27.
  14. ^https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/file-download?statInfId=000031652963&fileKind=2[bare URL PDF]
  15. ^JR West."JRおでかけネット - きっぷ・サービス án nội - ご lợi dụng khả năng エリア cận kỳ quyển エリア"(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon 2009-02-23.Retrieved2008-02-25.
  16. ^"Hội xã khái yếu ｜Osaka Metro".Osaka Metro(in Japanese).Retrieved2023-01-05.
  17. ^Redefining Global Cities
  18. ^Yoshitsugu Kanemoto."Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data".Center for Spatial Information Science, TheUniversity of Tokyo.
  19. ^Conversion rates - Exchange rates- OECD Data
  20. ^Yearly average currency exchange rates
  21. ^"Gross Prefecture Product 2014"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-17.Retrieved2015-08-23.
  22. ^World Economic Outlook Database October 2017
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