Otto Preminger

Otto Ludwig Preminger(/ˈprɛmɪndʒər/PREM-in-jər;German:[ˈɔtoːˈpreːmɪŋɐ];5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986)was an Austrian-American theatre and film director, film producer, and actor. He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the theatre. He first gained attention forfilm noirmysteries such asLaura(1944) andFallen Angel(1945), while in the 1950s and 1960s, he directed high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works. Several of these later films pushed the boundaries of censorship by dealing with themes which were thentabooin Hollywood, such as drug addiction (The Man with the Golden Arm,1955), rape (Anatomy of a Murder,1959) and homosexuality (Advise & Consent,1962). He was twice nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Director.He also had several acting roles.

Otto Preminger
Preminger in 1976, photographed byAllan Warren
Born	Otto Ludwig Preminger (1905-12-05)5 December 1905 Wischnitz,Duchy of Bukovina,Austria-Hungary
Died	23 April 1986(1986-04-23)(aged 80) New York City, U.S.
Education	University of Vienna
Occupations	Director producer actor
Years active	1924–1979
Spouses	Marion Mill ​ ​ (m.1932;div.1949)​ Mary Gardner ​ ​ (m.1951;div.1960)​ Hope Bryce ​ (m.1971)​
Children	3, includingErik

Early life

Preminger was born in1905in Wischnitz,Bukovina,Austria-Hungary(present-dayVyzhnytsia,Ukraine), into aJewishfamily. His parents were Josefa (née Fraenkel) and Markus Preminger.The couple provided a stable home life for Preminger and his younger brotherIngwald, known as "Ingo",later the producer of the original film version ofM*A*S*H(1970).

After the assassination in 1914 ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand,which led tothe Great War,Russia entered the war on the Serbian side. Bukovina was invaded by the Russian Army and the Preminger family fled. His father secured a position as public prosecutor inGraz,capital ofStyria.When the Preminger family relocated, Otto was nearly nine, and was enrolled in a school where instruction in Catholicism was mandatory and Jewish history and religion had no place on thesyllabus.Ingo, not yet four, remained at home.

After a year in Graz, Markus Preminger claims he was summoned toViennaand offered an eminent position (roughly equivalent to that of theUnited States Attorney General), but was told that the position would be his only if he converted to Catholicism, which he refused to do. The next year, he relocated his family to Vienna, where Otto later claimed to have been born.

In 1928, Preminger earned a law degree from theUniversity of Vienna.

Career

Theater

Preminger's first theatrical ambition was to become an actor. In his early teens, he was able to recite from memory many of the great monologues from the international classic repertory, and, never shy, he demanded an audience. Preminger's most successful performance in the National Library rotunda wasMark Antony's funeral oration fromJulius Caesar.As he read, watched, and after a fashion began to produce plays, he began to miss more and more classes in school.

When the war came to an end, Markus formed his own law practice. He instilled in both his sons a sense of fair play as well as respect for those with opposing viewpoints. As his father's practice continued to thrive in postwar Vienna, Otto began seriously contemplating a career in the theater. In 1923, when Preminger was 17, his soon-to-be mentor,Max Reinhardt,the renowned Viennese-born director, announced plans to establish a theatrical company in Vienna. Reinhardt's announcement was seen as a call of destiny to Preminger. He began writing to Reinhardt weekly, requesting an audition. After a few months, Preminger, frustrated, gave up, and stopped his daily visit to the post office to check for a response. Unbeknownst to him, a letter was waiting with a date for an audition which Preminger had already missed by two days.

He juggled a commitment to university (attendance of which his parents insisted upon) and to his new position as a Reinhardt apprentice. The two developed a mentor-and-protege relationship, becoming both a confidant and teacher. When the theater opened, on 1 April 1924, Preminger appeared as a furniture mover in Reinhardt's comedic staging ofCarlo Goldoni'sThe Servant of Two Masters.His next appearance came the next month withWilliam Dieterle(who would later move to Hollywood) inThe Merchant of Venice.Other notablealumniwith whom Preminger would work the same year wereMady Christians,who died of a stroke after having beenblacklistedduring the McCarthy era, andNora Gregor,who was to star inJean Renoir'sLa Règle du jeu(1939).

The following summer, a frustrated Preminger was no longer content to occupy the place of a subordinate and he decided to leave the Reinhardt fold. His status as a Reinhardt muse gave him an edge over much of his competition when it came to joining German-speaking theater. His first theater assignments as a director inAussigwere plays ranging from the sexually provocativeWedekindLuluplays, to the Berlin-tried, melodramatic,Sergei TretyakovplayRoar China!.

In 1930, a wealthy industrialist from Graz approached Otto with an offer to direct a film calledDie große Liebe(The Great Love). Preminger did not have the same passion for the medium as he had for theater. He accepted the assignment nonetheless. The film premiered at the Emperor Theater inViennaon 21 December 1931, to strong reviews and business. From 1931 to 1935, he directed twenty-six shows.

On 3 August 1931, he wed a Hungarian woman,Marion Mill.The couple married only thirty minutes after her divorce from her first husband had been finalized.

Hollywood

Preminger (sitting) with (left to right)Liane Haid,Oskar Karlweis,Paul Abraham,Tibor Halmay,andRosy Barsonyin 1934.

In April 1935, as Preminger was rehearsing a boulevard farce,The King with an Umbrella,he received a summons from American film producerJoseph Schenckto a five o'clock meeting at the Imperial Hotel. Schenck and partner,Darryl F. Zanuck,co-founders ofTwentieth Century-Fox,were on the lookout for new talent. Within a half-hour of meeting Schenck, Preminger accepted an invitation to work for Fox in Los Angeles.

Preminger's first assignment was to direct a vehicle forLawrence Tibbett.Preminger worked efficiently, completing the film well within the budget and well before the scheduled shooting deadline. The film opened to tepid notices in November 1936. Zanuck gave Preminger the task of directing another B-picturescrewball comedy filmDanger – Love at Work.Simone Simonwas cast but later fired by Zanuck and replaced withAnn Sothern.The premise was that eight members of an eccentric, wealthy family have inherited their grandfather's land, and the protagonist is a lawyer tasked with persuading the family to hand the land over to a corporation that believes there is oil on the property. One of the female members of the wealthy family provides the romantic interest.

In November 1937, Zanuck's perennial emissaryGregory Ratoffbrought Preminger the news that Zanuck had selected him to directKidnapped,which was to be the most expensive feature to date for Twentieth Century-Fox. Zanuck himself had adapted theRobert Louis Stevensonnovel. After reading Zanuck's script, Preminger knew he was in trouble since he would be a foreign director directing in a foreign setting. During the shooting ofKidnapped,while screening footage of the film with Zanuck, the studio head accused Preminger of making changes in a scene; in particular, one with child actorFreddie Bartholomewand a dog. Preminger, composed at first, explained, claiming he shot the scene exactly as written.

Zanuck insisted that he knew his own script. The confrontation escalated and ended with Preminger exiting the office and slamming the door. Days later, the lock to Preminger's office was changed, and his name was removed from the door. Later, a representative of Zanuck offered Preminger a buyout deal which he rejected: Preminger wanted to be paid for the remaining eleven months of his two-year contract. He searched for work at other studios, but received no offers – only two years after his arrival in Hollywood, he was unemployed in the film industry. He returned to New York, and began to re-focus on the stage. Success came quickly on Broadway for Preminger, with long-running productions, includingOutward BoundwithLaurette TaylorandVincent Price,My Dear ChildrenwithJohn and Elaine BarrymoreandMargin for Error,in which Preminger played a shiny-domed villainous Nazi. Preminger was offered a teaching position at theYale School of Dramaand began commuting twice a week to Connecticut to lecture on directing and acting.

20th Century Fox purchased the screen rights ofMargin for Errorfor approximately $25,000 in the spring of 1941, andWilliam Goetz,who was running Fox in Zanuck's absence, was soon impressed with Preminger and offered him a new seven-year contract calling on his services as both a director and actor. Preminger took full measure of the temporary studio czar, and accepted. He completed production on schedule, although with a slightly increased budget, by November 1942. Critics were dismissive upon the film's release the following February, noting the bad timing of the release, coinciding with the war. Before his next assignment with Fox, Preminger was asked by movie mogulSamuel Goldwynto appear as a Nazi once more, this time in aBob Hopecomedy,They Got Me Covered.

Preminger hoped to find possible properties he could develop before Zanuck's return, one of which wasVera Caspary's suspense novelLaura.Before production would begin onLaura,Preminger was given the green light to produce and directArmy Wives,another B-picture morale booster for a country at war. Its focus was on showing the sacrifices made by women as they send their husbands off to the front.

Laura

Zanuck returned from the armed services with his grudge against Preminger intact. Preminger was not granted permission to directLaura,only to serve as producer.Rouben Mamoulianwas selected to direct. Mamoulian began ignoring Preminger and started to rewrite the script. Although Preminger had no complaints about the casting of the relatively unknownGene TierneyandDana Andrews,he balked at their choice for the film's villain, Waldo, actorLaird Cregar.Preminger explained to Zanuck that audiences would immediately identify Cregar as a villain, especially after Cregar's role asJack the RipperinThe Lodger.

Preminger wanted stage actorClifton Webbto play Waldo and persuaded his boss to give Webb a screen test. Webb was cast and Mamoulian was fired for creative differences, which also included Preminger wanting Dana Andrews to be a more classy detective instead of a gumshoe detective.Laurastarted filming on 27 April 1944, with a projected budget of $849,000. After Preminger took over, the film continued shooting well into late June. When released, the film was an instant hit with audiences and critics alike, earning Preminger his first Academy Award nomination for direction.

Peak years

Preminger expected acclaim forLaurawould promote him to work on better pictures, but his professional fate was in the hands of Zanuck, who had Preminger take over for the ailingErnst LubitschonA Royal Scandal,a remake of Lubitsch's own silentForbidden Paradise(1924), starringPola NegriasCatherine the Great.Before he suffered a heart attack, Lubitsch had spent months in preparation, and had already cast the film. Preminger castTallulah Bankhead,whom he had known since 1938 when he was directing on Broadway.

Bankhead learned that Preminger's family would be barred from emigrating to the U.S. due toimmigration quotas,and she asked herfather(who wasSpeaker of the House) to intervene to save them from the Nazis. He did, which earned Bankhead Preminger's loyalty. Thus when Lubitsch wanted to make the film into a vehicle forGreta Garbo,Preminger, although he would have been eager to direct the film that brought Garbo out of retirement, refused to betray Bankhead. They became good friends and got along well during filming. The film received generally lackluster reviews as theRuritanian romancegenre had become outdated, and it failed to earn back its cost of production.

Fallen Angel(1945) was exactly what Preminger had been anticipating. InFallen Angel,a con man and womanizer ends up by chance in a small California town, where he romances a sultry waitress and a well-to-do spinster. When the waitress is found killed, the drifter, played byDana Andrews,becomes the prime suspect.Linda Darnellplayed the doomed waitress.Centennial Summer(1946), Preminger's next film, would be his first shot entirely in color. The reviews and box office draw were tepid when the film was released in July 1946, but by the end of that year Preminger had one of the most sumptuous contracts on the lot, earning $7,500 a week.

Forever Amber,based onKathleen Winsor's internationally popular novelForever Amber,published in 1944, was Zanuck's next investment in adaptation. Preminger had read the book and disliked it immensely. Preminger had another bestseller aimed at a female audience in mind,Daisy Kenyon.Zanuck pledged that if Preminger didForever Amberfirst, he could makeDaisy Kenyonafterwards.Forever Amberhad already been shooting for nearly six weeks when Preminger replaced directorJohn Stahl.Zanuck had already spent nearly $2 million on the production.

Only after turning to his revised script did Preminger learn Zanuck had recast starPeggy Cumminswith Linda Darnell. Zanuck was convinced that whoever played Amber would become a big star, and he wanted that woman to be one of the studio's own.Zanuck had bought the book because he believed its scandalous reputation promised big box-office returns, and he was not surprised when theCatholic Legion of Decencycondemned the film for glamorizing a promiscuous heroine who has a child out ofwedlock;they successfully lobbied20th Century Foxto make changes to the film.Forever Amberopened to big business in October 1947 and garnered decent reviews. Preminger called the film "the most expensive picture I ever made and it was also the worst".

Preminger maintained a busy schedule, working with writers on scripts for two planned projects,Daisy Kenyon(1947) andThe Dark Wood;the latter was not produced.Joan Crawfordstarred inDaisy KenyonalongsideDana Andrews,Ruth WarrickandHenry Fonda.Varietyproclaimed the film "high powered melodrama surefire for the femme market". After the modest success ofDaisy Kenyon,Preminger sawThat Lady in Ermineas a further opportunity.Betty Grablewas cast oppositeDouglas Fairbanks, Jr.The film had previously been another Lubitsch project, but after Lubitsch's sudden death in November 1947, Preminger took over. His next film was a period piece based onLady Windermere's Fan.Over the spring and early summer of 1948 Preminger turnedOscar Wilde's play intoThe Fan(1949), which starredMadeleine Carroll;the film opened to poor notices.

Challenging taboos and censorship

Preminger and authorJohn D. Voelkerin thetrailerforAnatomy of a Murder

Several of his films in this period dealt with controversial and taboo themes, thereby challenging both theMotion Picture Association of America'sProduction Codeof censorship and theHollywood blacklist.The CatholicLegion of Decencycondemned the comedyThe Moon Is Blue(1953) on the grounds of moral standards. The film was based on a Broadway play which had inspired mass protests for its use of the words "virgin" and "pregnant". Refusing to remove the offending words, Preminger had the film released without the Production Code Seal of Approval. Based on the novel byNelson Algren,The Man with the Golden Arm(1955) was one of the first Hollywood films to deal with heroin addiction.

Later,Anatomy of a Murder(1959), with its frank courtroom discussions of rape and sexual intercourse led to the censors objecting to the use of words such as "rape", "sperm", "sexual climax" and "penetration". Preminger made but one concession (substituting "violation" for "penetration" ) and the picture was released with MPAA approval, marking the beginning of the end of the Production Code. WithExodus(1960) Preminger struck a first major blow against the Hollywood blacklist by acknowledging banned screenwriterDalton Trumbo.The film is an adaptation of theLeon Urisbestseller about the founding of the state of Israel. Preminger also acted in a few movies including the World War II Luft-Stalag Commandant, Oberst von Scherbach of the German POW campStalag 17(1953), directed byBilly Wilder.

From the mid-1950s, most of Preminger's films used animated titles designed bySaul Bass,and many had jazz scores. At theNew York City Opera,in October 1953, Preminger directed the American premiere (in English translation) ofGottfried von Einem's operaDer Prozeß,based onFranz Kafka's novelThe Trial.SopranoPhyllis Curtinheaded the cast. Preminger also adapted two operas for the screen during the decade.Carmen Jones(1954) is a reworking of theBizetoperaCarmento a wartime African-American setting whilePorgy and Bess(1959) is based on theGeorge Gershwinopera. His two films of the early 1960s wereAdvise & Consent(1962), a political drama from theAllen Drurybestseller with a homosexual subtheme, andThe Cardinal(1963), a drama set in the Vatican hierarchy for which Preminger received his second Best Director Academy Award nomination.

Later career

Beginning in 1965, Preminger made a string of films in which he attempted to make stories that were fresh and distinctive, but the films he made, includingIn Harm's Way(1965) andTell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon(1970), became both critical and financial flops. One exception wasSuch Good Friends(1971), which earned aGolden Globenomination for its starDyan Cannon.

Preminger made a guest appearance as "Mr. Freeze"on theBatmantelevision series, succeedingGeorge Sandersand precedingEli Wallachin the role of the supervillain.

Preminger'sHurry Sundown(1967) is a lengthy drama set in theU.S. Southand was partly intended to break cinematic racial and sexual taboos. However, the film was poorly received and ridiculed for a heavy-handed approach, and for the dubious casting ofMichael Caineas an American Southerner. It was followed by several other films which were critical and commercial failures,includingSkidoo(1968), a failed attempt at a hip sixties comedy (andGroucho Marx's last film), andRosebud(1975), a terrorism thriller which was also widely ridiculed. Several publicized disputes with leading actors did further damage to Preminger's reputation. His last film, an adaptation of theGraham Greeneespionage novelThe Human Factor(1979), had financial problems and was barely released.

Directing style and personality

As noted above, both as a director and (later in his career) as the producer of his own films, Preminger repeatedly broke new ground, by challenging long-established norms and taboos in Hollywood films. He was also known for his efficiency as a filmmaker—for most of his career he routinely completed his films on time and on budget. He frequently favoured long takes, often filmed dialogue in two-shots, rather than intercutting, and preferred minimal cuts. John Ford was also known for similar techniques, filming as few takes as possible, and "cutting in the camera", and it is likely that Preminger preferred these methods for the same reasons as Ford, who had learned from hard experience that shooting as little footage as possible reduced costs, while also minimising the ability of studio executives to recut their films against their wishes.

However, despite his liberal social outlook, Preminger became notorious for his domineering and abrasive personality, his explosive temper, and his dictatorial manner on set, which earned him nicknames like "Otto the Terrible" and "Otto the Ogre" —although it has been speculated that (like his contemporaryJohn Ford) Preminger's tyrannical persona and abusive behaviour were to some extent a calculated pose, intended to garner publicity, keep his cast and crew under his control, and keep interfering studio executives at bay.

Preminger evidently had relatively few conflicts with the major stars with whom he worked, although there were notable exceptions.Lana Turner(originally cast in the role that subsequently went toLee Remick) quitAnatomy of a Murdera month before filming was due to start, over a dispute about her wardrobe, with Turner telling the press that she couldn't deal with Preminger's domineering personality,and renowned British actorPaul Scofieldreportedly quitSaint Joanafter he got into a heated argument with Preminger during the first cast read-through of the script.

Laurence Olivier,who played a police inspector in the psychological thrillerBunny Lake Is Missing(1965), shot in England, recalled in his autobiographyConfessions of an Actorthat he found Preminger a "bully".Adam West,who portrayed the lead in the 1960sBatmantelevision series, echoed Olivier's opinion. He remembered Preminger as being rude and unpleasant, especially when he disregarded the typical thespian etiquette of subtly cooperating when being helped to his feet, in a scene by West andBurt Ward.

Preminger became notorious for his abusive and bullying behaviour towards his crews, and he was especially intolerant of less experienced actors—he reputedly completely memorised every line of each script before shooting began, and would fly into a rage at any actor who struggled to remember their lines. He is said to have grabbed one nervous young actor by the shoulders and screamed in his face "Relax! Relax!" ComposerElmer Bernstein,who scoredThe Man with the Golden Armrecalled, "He was a scary character. I thought he was going to throw me out of the office when I told him that what I had in mind was to do a jazz-based score. But he said that that was what I had been hired for, and that was what I should go away and do."

Linda Darnellwas another famous target of Preminger's temper—he reportedly screamed at her almost every day for two months during the filming ofForever Amber.She came to loathe him, and the combination of the long hours of filming, heavy dieting and Preminger's constant harangues caused Darnell to collapse twice on set, and she was ordered to take ten days off by a doctor. During rehearsals for the Herman Wouk play "A Modern Primitive", Preminger screamed so violently at an actor who struggled to remember his lines that the man allegedly suffered a nervous breakdown, and one witness later commented, "I had never seen such terrifying rage in anyone," describing the director as having "veins standing out on his forehead" and "literally foaming at the mouth".

One of the most infamous examples of his mistreatment of inexperienced actors wasJean Seberg,whom he plucked from obscurity and directed inSaint JoanandBonjour Tristesse.Seberg later commented: "With him, I became a nervous wreck, crying and jumping when the phone started ringing, incapable of walking calmly across a room." Preminger imposed an intense, constant and minute level of control over Seberg throughout their association, and her co-starRichard Widmarklater characterised Preminger's behaviour towards her as "sadistic".Tom Tryon,the star of Preminger's 1963 featureThe Cardinal,received similar treatment—Preminger would scream at him, zoom in on his shaking hands, and repeatedly fired and rehired him, with the result that Tryon was hospitalised with a body rash and peeling skin, due to nerves. Interviewed some 30 years later, Tryon admitted that he still hated talking about the experience, and his brother Bill Tryon told the same interviewer: "I'll never watch that movie again the rest of my life, knowing what Tom went through."

Preservation

TheAcademy Film Archivehas preserved several of Otto Preminger's films, includingThe Man With the Golden Arm,The Moon is Blue,The CardinalandAdvise & Consent.

Personal life

Preminger and his wife Marion became increasingly estranged. He lived like a bachelor, as was the case when he met theburlesqueperformerGypsy Rose Leeand began an open relationship with her during the mid-1940s.

Lee had already attempted to break into movie roles, but she was not taken seriously as anything more than astripper.She acted mainly in very small roles inB pictures.Preminger's liaison with Lee produced a child,Erik.Lee rejected the idea of Preminger's helping to support the child and instead elicited a vow of silence from Preminger: he was not to reveal Erik's paternity to anyone, including Erik himself. Lee called the boy Erik Kirkland after her husband,Alexander Kirkland,from whom she was separated at the time. It was not until 1966, when Preminger was 60 years old and Erik was 22, that father and son finally met.

In May 1946, Marion asked for a divorce, after meeting a wealthy (and married) Swedish financier,Axel Wenner-Gren.The Premingers' divorce ended smoothly and speedily. Marion did not seek alimony, only personal belongings. Axel's wife, however, was unwilling to grant a divorce. Marion returned to Otto and resumed appearances as his wife, and nothing more. Preminger had begun dating Natalie Draper, a niece ofMarion Davies.

From 1951 to 1960, Preminger was married to model Mary Gardner.However, while filmingCarmen Jones(1954), Preminger began an affair with the film's star,Dorothy Dandridge,which lasted four years. During that period he advised her on career matters, including an offer made to Dandridge for the featured role of Tuptim inThe King and I(1956). Preminger advised her to turn it down, as he believed it unworthy of her. The role went toRita Morenoand the film was a smash hit, and Dandridge later regretted taking Preminger's advice.

In 1970, Preminger was a subject of ridicule inTom Wolfe'sessayRadical Chic: That Party at Lenny's,where he was portrayed verbally dueling withBlack PantherField MarshalDonald Cox.

In 1971, he married Hope Bryce, a costume designer, who remained his spouse until his death.They had two children: twins Mark William and Victoria Elizabeth.

Death

The niche of Otto Preminger inWoodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)

Preminger died in his home on theUpper East SideofManhattanin 1986,aged 80, from lung cancer. Some of Preminger's associates, including his son Erik, have claimed that he suffered fromAlzheimer's diseasein his final years, though Hope Bryce denied that Preminger was ever diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease when interviewed by Foster Hirsch.He was survived by his wife, Hope, and three children: his son, Erik, and twins Mark William and Victoria Elizabeth.Preminger was cremated and his ashes are in a niche in the Azalea Room of the Velma B. Woolworth Memorial Chapel atWoodlawn Cemeteryinthe Bronx.

Filmography

Films

Year	Title	Director	Producer
1931	Die große Liebe	Yes	No
1936	Under Your Spell	Yes	No
1937	Danger – Love at Work	Yes	No
1938	Kidnapped	Yes	No
1943	Margin for Error	Yes	No
1944	In the Meantime, Darling	Yes	Yes
	Laura	Yes	Yes
1945	A Royal Scandal	Yes	No
	Fallen Angel	Yes	Yes
1946	Centennial Summer	Yes	Yes
1947	Forever Amber	Yes	No
	Daisy Kenyon	Yes	Yes
1949	The Fan	Yes	Yes
1950	Whirlpool	Yes	Yes
	Where the Sidewalk Ends	Yes	Yes
1951	The 13th Letter	Yes	Yes
1953	Angel Face	Yes	Yes
	The Moon Is Blue	Yes	Yes
	Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach	Yes	Yes
1954	River of No Return	Yes	No
	Carmen Jones	Yes	Yes
1955	The Man with the Golden Arm	Yes	Yes
	The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell	Yes	No
1957	Saint Joan	Yes	Yes
1958	Bonjour Tristesse	Yes	Yes
1959	Porgy and Bess	Yes	No
	Anatomy of a Murder	Yes	Yes
1960	Exodus	Yes	Yes
1962	Advise and Consent	Yes	Yes
1963	The Cardinal	Yes	Yes
1965	In Harm's Way	Yes	Yes
	Bunny Lake Is Missing	Yes	Yes
1967	Hurry Sundown	Yes	Yes
1968	Skidoo	Yes	Yes
1970	Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon	Yes	Yes
1971	Such Good Friends	Yes	Yes
1975	Rosebud	Yes	Yes
1979	The Human Factor	Yes	Yes

Acting roles

Year	Title	Role	Note
1942	The Pied Piper	Major Diessen
1943	Margin for Error	Karl Baumer
	They Got Me Covered	Fauscheim
1945	Where Do We Go from Here?	General Rahl	Uncredited
1953	Stalag 17	Oberst von Scherbach
	Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach	Voice
1954	Suspense	Captain von Weissenborn	Episode: "Operation: Barracuda"
1960	Exodus	Voice of opponent on the ship	Uncredited
1963	Jackie Gleason: American Scene Magazine	Himself/co-host	Episode: "The Many Worlds of Jackie Gleason"
1965	Bunny Lake Is Missing	On-screen trailer host and narrator	Uncredited
1966	Batman	Dr. Art Schivel / Mr. Freeze	2 episodes
1968	Skidoo	Voice	Uncredited
1968	Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In	Guest performer	4 episodes
1977	The Hobbit	Elvenking(voice)	Television film

Awards

Preminger'sAnatomy of a Murderwas nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Picture.As the producer of the film, he received the nomination. He was twice nominated forBest Director:forLauraand forThe Cardinal.He won the Bronze Berlin Bear award for the filmCarmen Jonesat the5th Berlin International Film Festival.

Further reading

Journals

• Denby, David(14 January 2008)."Balance Of Terror: How Otto Preminger made his movies".The New Yorker.New York, NY:Condé Nast Publications.Retrieved18 September2011.
• Rich, Nathaniel(6 November 2008)."The Deceptive Director".The New York Review of Books.55(17). New York, NY.Retrieved18 September2011.
• Bernhard Valentinitsch, Graham Greenes Roman 'The Human Factor'(1978) und Otto Premingers gleichnamige Verfilmung (1979).In:JIPSS(=Journal for Intelligence, Propaganda and Security Studies), p. 34-56.

Books

• Carluccio, Giulia; Cena, Linda (1990).Otto Preminger(in Italian). Firenze: Nuova Italia.OCLC24409124.
• Frischauer, Willi (1973).Behind the Scenes of Otto Preminger: An Unauthorised Biography.London, UK: Joseph.ISBN978-0-7181-1170-0.
• Fujiwara, Chris (2008).The World and Its Double: The Life and Work of Otto Preminger.New York:Faber and Faber.ISBN978-0-571-22370-1.
• Grob, Norbert; Aurich, Rolf; Jacobsen, Wolfgang (1999).Otto Preminger(in German). Berlin: Jovis.ISBN978-3-931321-59-8.
• Hirsch, Foster(2007).Otto Preminger: The Man Who Would Be King.New York:Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-0-375-41373-5.
• Legrand, Gérard; Lourcelles, Jacques; Mardore, Michel (1993).Otto Preminger(in French). Paris:Cinémathèque Française.ISBN978-2-87340-089-7.
• Lourcelles, Jacques (1965).Otto Preminger(in French). Paris: Seghers.OCLC2910388.
• Pratley, Gerald(1971).The Cinema of Otto Preminger.New York: A.S. Barnes & Co.ISBN978-0-498-07860-6.
• Preminger, Otto (1977).Preminger: An Autobiography.Garden City, NY:Doubleday.ISBN978-0-385-03480-7.

Interviews

• Preminger, Otto (10 April 1967)."Censorship and the Production Code: Otto Preminger".Firing Line(Interview). Interviewed byWilliam F. Buckley, Jr.New York, NY:WWOR-TV.Archived fromthe originalon 21 October 2013.Retrieved25 September2011.

External links

• Otto PremingeratIMDb
• Otto Premingerat theInternet Broadway Database
• Cinema Retro: Keir Dullea Recalls Starring in Preminger'sBunny Lake is Missing
• Literature on Otto Preminger,virtual-history.com; accessed 1 February 2017
• Otto Premingerinterview on BBC Radio 4Desert Island Discs,8 February 1980
• Otto Preminger(in German) from the archive of theÖsterreichische Mediathek