Wikipedia

P. Chidambaram

In thisIndian name,the namePalaniappanis apatronymic,and the person should be referred to by thegiven name,Chidambaram.

Palaniappan Chidambaram(born 16 September 1945),[1]better known asP. Chidambaram,is an Indianpoliticianandlawyerwho currently serves asMember of Parliament, Rajya Sabha.[2]He served as the Chairman of theParliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairsfrom 2017 to 2018.[3][4]He also served as Interim Deputy Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 2022 to 2023 underMallikarjun Kharge.

P. Chidambaram
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
Incumbent
Assumed office
10 June 2022
Preceded byA. Navaneethakrishnan
ConstituencyTamil Nadu
In office
5 July 2016 – 16 June 2022
Preceded byVijay J. Darda
Succeeded byImran Pratapgarhi
ConstituencyMaharashtra
23rdUnion Minister of Home Affairs
In office
29 November 2008 – 31 July 2012
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byShivraj Patil
Succeeded bySushilkumar Shinde
22ndUnion Minister of Finance
In office
31 July 2012 – 26 May 2014
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byPranab Mukherjee
Succeeded byArun Jaitley
In office
22 May 2004 – 30 November 2008
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byJaswant Singh
Succeeded byPranab Mukherjee
In office
1 May 1997 – 19 March 1998
Prime MinisterI. K. Gujral
Preceded byI. K. Gujral
Succeeded byYashwant Sinha
In office
1 June 1996 – 21 April 1997
Prime MinisterH. D. Deve Gowda
Preceded byJaswant Singh
Succeeded byI. K. Gujral
20thUnion Minister of Corporate Affairs
In office
1 June 1996 – 21 April 1997
Prime MinisterH. D. Deve Gowda
Preceded byJaswant Singh
Succeeded byInder Kumar Gujral
25thUnion Minister of Law and Justice
In office
1 June 1996 – 29 June 1996
Prime MinisterH. D. Deve Gowda
Preceded byRam Jethmalani
Succeeded byRamakant Khalap
29thUnion Minister of Commerce & Industry
In office
10 February 1995 – 3 April 1996
Prime MinisterP. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded byPranab Mukherjee
Succeeded byP. V. Narasimha Rao
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office
17 May 2004 – 18 May 2014
Preceded byE. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan
Succeeded byP. R. Senthilnathan
ConstituencySivaganga
In office
31 December 1984 – 26 April 1999
Preceded byR. Swaminathan
Succeeded byE. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan
ConstituencySivaganga
Personal details
Born(1945-09-16)16 September 1945(age 79)
Kandanur,Madras Province,British India
(now inTamil Nadu,India)
Political partyIndian National Congress(1972–1996), (2004–present)
Other political
affiliations		Tamil Maanila Congress(1996–2001)
Congress Jananayaka Peravai(2001–2004)
SpouseNalini Chidambaram
ChildrenKarti Chidambaram(son)
Alma materUniversity of Madras(BSc,LLB)
Harvard University(MBA)
Loyola College(MA)
ProfessionSenior Advocate Politician

Chidambaram has served as the UnionMinister of Financefour times.[5]Most recently, he held the role for the entirety of theUnited Progressive Alliancegovernment from 2004 to 2014, except for a three-year period as Minister of Home Affairs, during which he oversaw India's domestic security response to the26/11 terrorist attackin Mumbai. Chidambaram returned as Finance Minister in July 2012, succeedingPranab Mukherjee,who resigned to become thePresident of India.He was included inTime100list in 2013.[6]He was also the head ofCongressManifesto Committee for2019 Lok Sabha Electionsand2024 Indian General Elections.[7][8]

Early life and education

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Chidambaram was born to Kandanur L. Ct. L. PalaniappaChettiarand Lakshmi Achi atKanadukathanin theSivaganga districtofTamil Nadu.His maternal grandfather was Raja SirAnnamalai Chettiar,a wealthy merchant and banker fromChettinad.[9]

Chidambaram did his schooling at theMadras Christian College Higher Secondary School,Chennai.[10]He then passed the one-year Pre-university course fromLoyola College, Chennai.After graduating with a BSc degree in Statistics from thePresidency College, Chennai,he completed hisBachelor of Lawsfrom the Madras Law College (Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College) and hisMBAfromHarvard Business Schoolin the class of 1968. He also holds a Master's degree fromLoyola College, Chennai.[11]

During this time, his politics inclined to the left and in 1969 he joinedN. Ram,later an editor ofThe Hindu,and the women's activistMythili Sivaramanin starting a journal called theRadical Review.[12]

Chidambaram has two brothers and one sister.[1]His father's business interests covered textiles, trading and plantations in India. He chose to concentrate on his legal practice and stayed away from the family business.[13]

Chidambaram enrolled as a lawyer in theMadras High Court,becoming a senior advocate in 1984. He had offices inDelhiandChennaiand practiced in theSupreme Courtand various high courts of India.

Political career

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Chidambaram in his office after taking over the charge of the Union Minister of Finance in 2012

Chidambaram was elected to theLok Sabha(lower house) of theIndian Parliamentfrom theSivagangaconstituency ofTamil Naduin general elections held in 1984. He was a union leader for MRF and worked his way up in the Congress party. He was the Tamil NaduYouth Congresspresident and then the general secretary of theTamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committeeunit. He was inducted into the Union (Indian federal) Council of Ministers in the government headed by Prime MinisterRajiv Gandhion 21 September 1985 as a Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Commerce and then in the Ministry of Personnel. His main actions during his tenure in this period was to control the price of tea and he has been criticized by theGovernment of Sri Lankafor destroying the Sri Lankan tea trade by fixing the prices of the commodity in India using state power. He was elevated to the rank of Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions in January 1986. In October of the same year, he was appointed to the Ministry of Home Affairs as Minister of State for Internal Security. He continued to hold both offices until general elections were called in 1989. TheIndian National Congressgovernment was defeated in the general elections of 1989.

Chidambaram in his office after taking over the charge of the Union Minister of Home in 2008

In June 1991, Chidambaram was inducted as a Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce, by the then Prime Minister Mr P V Narasimha Rao; a post he held till July 1992. He was later re-appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce in February 1995 and held the post until April 1996. He made some radical changes in India's export-import (EXIM) policy, while at the Ministry of Commerce.[14][15]

In 1996, Chidambaram quit the Congress party and joined a breakaway faction of theTamil Nadustate unit of theCongress partycalled theTamil Maanila Congress(TMC). In the general elections held in 1996, TMC along with a few national and regional level opposition parties, formed a coalition government. The coalition government came as a big break for Chidambaram, who was given the key cabinet portfolio of Finance. His 1997 budget is still remembered as the dream budget[16]for the Indian economy. The coalition government was a short-lived one (it fell in 1998), but he was reappointed to the same portfolio in the government formed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2004.

In 1998, theBharatiya Janata Party(BJP) took the reins of the government for the first time and it was not until May 2004 that Chidambaram would be back in government. Chidambaram became Minister of Finance again in the Congress party ledUnited Progressive Alliancegovernment on 24 May 2004. During the intervening period Chidambaram made some experiments in his political career, leaving the TMC in 2001 and forming his own party, theCongress Jananayaka Peravai,largely focused on the regional politics of Tamil Nadu. The party failed to take off into mainstream Tamil Nadu or national politics. After the elections of 2004, when the Congress won the election he was inducted into the Council of Ministers under the new Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as cabinet Minister of Finance and he merged his party with the mainstream Congress party.[17]

On 30 November 2008, he was appointed the UnionHome Ministerfollowing the resignation ofShivraj Patilwho had come under intense pressure to tender his resignation following a series of terror attacks in India, including theMumbai attackson 26 November 2008.

He has been credited with taking the bold decision of prioritising elections above corporate demands to deploy security for the2009 Indian Premier League.[18]

In 2009, Chidambaram was re-elected from theSivagangaLok Sabha constituency in the Congress and retained the Home ministry.[19]He was one of the representatives of the central government when a tri-party agreement was signed with the Gorkha Hill Council and theGovernment of West Bengal,an agreement which was a result ofMamata Banerjee's effort to end a decade long unrest in the hills ofDarjeeling.[20]

The Indian National Congress appointed P. Chidambaram as one of thirteen senior spokespersons on 15 September 2014.[21] He ceded his seat to his son Karti in 2014, which resulted in electoral defeat for his son.[22][23][24][25]In 2016, he was elected as an MP of theRajya Sabha,the upper house of Indian parliament from the state ofMaharashtra.

Chidambaram with the Home Minister of Nepal, Bhim Bahadur Rawal, in New Delhi on 18 January 2010
Parliamentary Committee assignments

Elections Contested

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Lok Sabha Elections Contested

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Elections Constituency Party Result Vote percentage Opposition Candidate Opposition Party Opposition vote percentage
1984 Indian general election Sivaganga INC Won 68.10 Tha. Kiruttinan DMK 51.60
1989 Indian general election Sivaganga INC Won 65.86 A. Ganesan DMK 32.26
1991 Indian general election Sivaganga INC Won 67.49 V. Kasinathan DMK 29.12
1996 Indian general election Sivaganga TMC(M) Won 64.79 M. Gowri Shankaran INC 26.53
1998 Indian general election Sivaganga TMC(M) Won 51.15 K. Kalimuthu AIADMK 41.19
1999 Indian general election Sivaganga TMC(M) Lost 20.85 E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan INC 40.23
2004 Indian general election Sivaganga INC Won 60.01 S. P. Karuppiah AIADMK 35.62
2009 Indian general election Sivaganga INC Won 43.17 Raja Kannappan AIADMK 42.74

Positions Held

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Positions Held
Position Duration
Member, All India Congress Committee (A.I.C.C.) 1972
President, Youth Congress, Tamil Nadu 1973-1976
General-Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee (P.C.C.), Tamil Nadu 1976-1977
Member, Eighth Lok Sabha (first term) 1984
Joint Secretary, All India Congress Committee (Indira) [A.I.C.C. (I)] 1985
Union Deputy Minister, Commerce Sept. 1985
Union Deputy Minister, Personnel, Administrative Reforms, Training, Public Grievances and Pensions 1985-1986
Union Minister of State, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions 1986-1989
Union Minister of State, Home Affairs (Internal Security) 1989
Member, Ninth Lok Sabha (second term) 1990
Member, Committee to review Lok Sabha Secretariat Rules, 1955 1990-1991
Member, Consultative Committee constituted under the Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1987 1991
Member, Public Accounts Committee 1991
Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Finance 1991
Member, Tenth Lok Sabha (third term) 1991-1992
Union Minister of State, Commerce (Independent Charge) 1995-1996
Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha (fourth term) 1996
Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (fifth term) 1996-1998
Member, Committee of Privileges 1998
Member, Committee on Finance 1998-1999
Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of External Affairs 2004
Member, Fourteenth Lok Sabha (sixth term) 2009
Union Cabinet Minister, Finance May 2004 - Nov. 2008
Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs Dec. 2008 - May 2009
Member, Fifteenth Lok Sabha (seventh term) 2009
Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs May 2009 - July 2012
Union Cabinet Minister, Finance Aug. 2012 - May 2014
Union Cabinet Minister, Finance (with additional charge of Law, Justice and Company Affairs) July 2016
Elected to Rajya Sabha Resigned w.e.f. 16 June 2022
Chairman, Committee on Home Affairs Sept. 2016 - May 2019
Member, General Purposes Committee March 2017 - Nov. 2019
Member, Committee on External Affairs Sept. 2019 - June 2022
Elected to Rajya Sabha (second term) June 2022
Member, Committee on Finance Sept. 2022 - Sept. 2023
Member, Committee on Home Affairs Aug. 2023 - June 2024

Family and personal life

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Chidambaram's mother, Lakshmi Acchi, was the daughter ofSir Annamalai Chettiar,a banker and merchant, and was granted the title ofRajabyBritish.Annamalai Chettiar was the founder ofAnnamalai UniversityandUnited India Insurance CompanyLimited. His brother,Ramaswami Chettiar,was the founder of theIndian Bankand the co-founder of another major bank, theIndian Overseas Bank.[27][28][29][30][31]

He is married to Nalini Chidambaram, daughter of Justice (Retd.)Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam,of the Supreme Court, and Mrs. Soundra Kailasam, a renowned Tamil poet and author. Nalini Chidambaram is a senior advocate practising in theMadras High Courtand theSupreme Court of India.He has a son, Karti P. Chidambaram, who graduated with aBBAdegree from theUniversity of Texas, Austin,and aMasters in Lawfrom theUniversity of Cambridge.Karti, a member of the Congress Party's AICC, is active inTamil Nadustate politics. Karti is married to Dr. Srinidhi Rangarajan, a well-knownBharathanatyamdancer and medical doctor, working with the Apollo Group of Hospitals inChennai.Karti and Srinidhi have a daughter, Aditi Nalini Chidambaram.

Health Issues

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He suffers from a medical condition referred to asCrohn's disease.[32]

Controversies

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The Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) 1997, which he announced when he was Finance Minister with the United Front government, was condemned by the Controller and Auditor General of India as abusive because of the loopholes that made it possible to fudge data to the financial advantage of the confessor.[33]

Chidambaram was criticised for his ministry's failure to prevent the2011 Mumbai bombings,despite massive investments in security following the2008 Mumbai attacks.Three years after the 2008 attacks, security preparations were proven to be inadequate with channel breakdown and failures in modernising, procuring, and installing security equipment.[34]Chidambaram defended the agencies under his ministry against the charge of intelligence failure with the response which was later ridiculed by many people in India and its media:

Having no intelligence in this case, however, does not mean that there was a failure on part of the intelligence agencies.[35] There has been no intelligence failure. There was no intelligence warning about 13/7.[36]

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayaram Jayalalithaa wrote to the Chief Election Commissioner in 2011 that data entry operators at Sivaganga had transferred 3,400 votes polled by Kannappan from 11 polling stations in Chidambaram's favour. News reports suggest that on May 16, 2009, the AIADMK candidate Raja Kannappan was declared elected by 3555 votes at 12.30 pm, and the news was also broadcast on television. But in a dramatic reversal a few hours later, P Chidambaram was declared elected by 3354 votes at 4.30 pm, and was confirmed as the winner after a recount at 8.30 pm.[37]

On 7 April 2009, Chidambaram wasassaultedbySikhjournalistJarnail Singhduring a press conference inDelhion the issue of a "clean chit" toJagdish Tytler.Singh, who writes for theHindidaily newspaperDainik Jagaranwas dissatisfied with Chidamabaram's answer to a question on theCentral Bureau of Investigation's (CBI) "clean chit" regarding Jagdish Tytler's involvement in the1984 anti-Sikh riots.It was the first shoe throwing incident in India.[38][39]

Chidambaram was part of Vedanta's legal team and on its board before becoming finance minister in 2004 [42].[40]In 2002, a year before UK's Financial Services Authority allowed Sterlite to reconstitute itself as Vedanta Resources Plc, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) served a show-cause notice on three of Chairman Anil Agarwal's family. The notice was a demand that Sterlite directors answer allegations about using their holding companies-Volcan and Twinstar-to avoid paying taxes on forex transactions. It was a polite way of saying there was prima facie evidence, dating back to 1993, that the Agarwals were guilty of money laundering. For seven years the case dragged on in courts as Sterlite employed top lawyers to use every possible delaying tactic. P. Chidambaram argued in Sterlite's defence in a 2003 Bombay High Court case related to the ED's allegations. The following year, Chidambaram found himself appointed non-executive director on the board of Vedanta Resources Plc. And very soon, he became finance minister in UPA 1.

Former Union Minister and Senior Advocate Ram Jethmalani's letter to Chidambaram on 6 December 2013 accused him of acting in collusion with the NDTV and laundering Rs 5000 crores of money through Mauritius route back to India.[41]

INX Media, Aircel-Maxis case

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Main article:INX Media case

In 2006, political leader Dr. Subramanian Swamy alleged that a company controlled byKarti Chidambaram,the son ofMinister of FinanceP. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of₹40 billion paid byMaxis Communicationsfor the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheldForeign Investment Promotion Boardclearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company.[42]The issue was raised a number of times inParliamentby the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation.[43]Although Chidambaram and the then ruling Congress government denied the allegations,[44]The PioneerandIndia Todayreported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of theforeign direct investmentproposal by about seven months.[42][45][46]It was alleged that Chidambaram's son, Karti was a direct beneficiary of the2G spectrum case.His company, Advantage Strategic Consulting had a five per cent stake in Aircel Televentures, even as his father P Chidambaram, as Finance minister, was alleged to have offered FIPB clearance for the Aircel-Maxis deal only if his son's company, Advantage Strategic Consulting, got shares in Aircel Ventures.[47]The Enforcement Directorate iscurrentlyinvestigating his involvement in Aircel deal.[48]In 2012, and, subsequently, in 2016, information of wide-scale corruption by Chidambaram's sonKarti ChidambaramandRobert Vadra,with the help of his father's position, including through theAirtel–Maxisdeal and theUttar Pradesh NRHM scam,was unveiled in prominent newspapers and media in India.[49]Simultaneously, Chidambaram and his son Karti have been dogged with allegations of corruption, misuse of position, insider trading andmoney laundering.

Imprisonment

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On 20 August 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed both anticipatory bail pleas of Chidambaram in connection with corruption charges in the INX Media case during his tenure as Finance minister in UPA Government.[49][50][33][51]On 21 August, he appeared at the Congress HQ and addressed a press conference stating that he was "not accused"; however, he left the place, and, later, he was arrested by theCentral Bureau of InvestigationandEnforcement Directorateat his home.[52][53][54]On 5 September 2019,Supreme Courtdismissed his appeal against rejection of anticipatory bail plea by Delhi High Court. The Special Court ordered Chidambaram to stay injudicial custodyinTihar Jailfor 14 days. On 4 December he was granted bail by the supreme court.[55]

Books, research papers and journals

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Chidambaram is a published author of several books.

Books

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  • Fearless in Opposition: Power and Accountability(Publisher: Rupa Publications India;ISBN978-8129145291)
  • The Watershed Year: Which Way Will India Go(Publisher: Bloomsbury India; ASIN B0CWB4X4JK)
  • Standing Guard: A Year in Opposition(Publisher: Rupa Publications India;ISBN978-8129139627)
  • Speaking Truth to Power: My Alternative View(Publisher: Rupa Publications India;ISBN978-8129151063)
  • Undaunted: Saving the Idea of India(Publisher: Rupa Publications India;ISBN978-9353333737)
  • A View from the Outside: Why Good Economics Works for Everyone(Publisher: Penguin India;ISBN978-0670081165)

Books featuring Chidambaram

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  • An Agenda for India's Growth: Essays in Honour of P. Chidambaram(Publisher: Academic Foundation;ISBN978-9332700093)

See also

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References

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  1. ^abP Chidambaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, historyArchived16 December 2016 at theWayback Machine.Elections.in. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.
  2. ^Piyush Goyal, Chidambaram, Suresh Prabhu, Sharad Yadav elected to Rajya Sabha – The Economic TimesArchived12 August 2017 at theWayback Machine.Economictimes.indiatimes.com (3 June 2016). Retrieved on 2016-08-18.
  3. ^"Parliament of India Rajya Sabha - 205th Report Action taken by Government in 203rd report on Border Security"(PDF).Parliament of India.Archived(PDF)from the original on 19 March 2022.Retrieved13 June2021.
  4. ^"Chidambaram to head Parliamentary panel on home affairs".Business Standard.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2024.Retrieved13 June2021.
  5. ^"Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy".The Economic Times.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2023.Retrieved5 July2024.
  6. ^Sharma, Ruchir (18 April 2013)."Palaniappan Chidambaram: The World's 100 Most Influential People".Time.ISSN0040-781X.Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2024.Retrieved5 July2024.
  7. ^Pandey, Neelam (6 April 2019)."Meet the young women and men who drafted Congress manifesto for Lok Sabha elections".ThePrint.Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2023.Retrieved5 July2024.
  8. ^"The overall theme of the Congress Manifesto is three powerful words- Work, Wealth, and Welfare".Indian National Congress.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2024.Retrieved5 July2024.
  9. ^Chidambaram, Wife Own Assets Worth Over Rs 20 Crore.news.outlookindia.com (23 April 2009). Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  10. ^"Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school".The Times of India.7 October 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2023.Retrieved7 October2018.
  11. ^Meg Berté (MBA '00) – December 2005 – Alumni Bulletin – Harvard Business SchoolArchived21 June 2010 at theWayback Machine.Alumni.hbs.edu. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  12. ^Kohli, Namita (11 October 2013)."With fire in her belly".The Hindu.Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2014.Retrieved11 March2014.
  13. ^"P.Chidambaram".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2019.Retrieved1 November2019.
  14. ^"Commitment, quick decisions in making of new trade policy".The Indian Express.13 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2020.Retrieved5 July2024.
  15. ^"Statement by Minster on Trade Policy".the1991project.com.Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2022.Retrieved5 July2024.
  16. ^"In fact: 18 years ago, a tax amnesty scheme that worked – and why".The Indian Express.2 October 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2018.Retrieved15 July2018.
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  19. ^"Chidambaram declared winner after 21 rounds of counting".The Hindu.17 May 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2009.
  20. ^"Historic pact paves way for peace in Darjeeling hills".The Times of India.Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  21. ^"13 spokespersons chosen by Congress".Zeenews.Zee Media Bureau. 21 January 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2014.Retrieved18 September2014.
  22. ^Priyamvatha P (13 March 2014)."Ahead of polls, Congress leaders want to retreat".India Today.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2018.Retrieved8 October2018.
  23. ^"Chidambaram wants his son to log in at Sivaganga".The Times of India.14 March 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2024.Retrieved8 October2018.
  24. ^V Mayilvaganan (22 March 2014)."Jaya tears into Chidambaram in his home turf".The Times of India.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2018.Retrieved8 October2018.
  25. ^V Mayilvaganan (17 May 2014)."Election results 2014: As P Chidambaram power fails Karti comes fourth".The Times of India.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2017.Retrieved8 October2018.
  26. ^"Committee on External Affairs: Loksabha".loksabhaph.nic.in.Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2022.Retrieved20 January2022.
  27. ^M.Ct.M Group Education and Business ActivitiesArchived31 December 2010 at theWayback Machine.Mctmib.org. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  28. ^Tamil Nadu / Sivaganga News: IOB founder’s birth centenary celebrated.The Hindu (4 August 2008). Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  29. ^Chennainagarathar.comArchived1 February 2011 at theWayback Machine.Chennainagarathar.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  30. ^Welcome to Annamalai UniversityArchived22 February 2014 at theWayback Machine.Annamalaiuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  31. ^Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar | Nagarathar Sangam of North AmericaArchived10 July 2012 atarchive.today.Achi.org. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  32. ^"Chidambaram suffers from Crohn's disease, needs specialised treatment: Report".29 October 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2021.Retrieved10 April2021.
  33. ^ab"Friend, father & philosopher of black money is Chidambaram".The Sunday Guardian. 27 October 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2016.Retrieved27 October2016.
  34. ^Bahree, Megha (16 July 2011)."Mumbai Response Points to Security Gaps".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2015.Retrieved26 July2011.
  35. ^"Mumbai blasts: Chidambaram denies intelligence failure".India Today.15 July 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2011.Retrieved26 July2011.
  36. ^"13/7 Mumbai blasts: Chidambaram rejects charges of intelligence failure".Yahoo! News. 14 July 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2012.Retrieved26 July2011.
  37. ^"Mr Recount Minister, here are the facts of Sivaganga poll | India News Analysis and Op-Ed Commentary | Politics | Governance | Economic Freedom | National Interest".Archived fromthe originalon 18 July 2014.Retrieved18 July2014.
  38. ^The Times of IndiaArchived11 April 2009 at theWayback Machine.Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.
  39. ^"Journalist hurls shoes at".Indian Express.Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2014.Retrieved12 March2014.
  40. ^"Chidambaram's 2007 flip-flop let Anil Agarwal's Vedanta take over Sesa Goa".www.indiatoday.in.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2024.Retrieved30 November2018.
  41. ^"Ram Jethmalani's letter to P. Chidambaram in NDTV money laundering matter | Indian Black Money | Money Laundering".Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2019.Retrieved19 June2018.
  42. ^ab"Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow".The Pioneer.8 May 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  43. ^"Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role".Outlook India.8 May 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2013.Retrieved10 May2012.
  44. ^"Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless".Outlook India.10 May 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  45. ^"Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months".India Today.8 May 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  46. ^"Govt trapped in own web of deceit".The Pioneer.9 May 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 11 May 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  47. ^"Chidambaram's son a direct beneficiary of 2G scam: Subramaniam Swamy".The Times of India.26 April 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2023.Retrieved11 June2018.
  48. ^"Chidambaram expected to appear before ED on Tuesday in Aircel-Maxis money laundering case".4 June 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2018.Retrieved11 June2018.
  49. ^abChidambaram, Narita (26 April 2012)."Subramanian Swamy exposes Chidambaram, son in corruption case".One India.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2016.Retrieved27 October2016.
  50. ^Verma, Gyan; Khanna, Pretika (4 March 2016)."Pioneer – the unlikely crusader".The Live Mint.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2016.Retrieved27 October2016.
  51. ^Correspondent, Special (21 December 2015)."ED searches Karti's office; Chidambaram alleges harassment".The Hindu.Archivedfrom the original on 5 July 2024.Retrieved27 October2016.{{cite news}}:|last1=has generic name (help)
  52. ^"Chidambaram arrested in INX Media case after high drama".The Hindu.21 August 2019.ISSN0971-751X.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2019.Retrieved22 August2019.
  53. ^"In 2nd Round of Interrogation, CBI Quizzes Chidambaram on Meeting With Indrani Mukerjea | LIVE Updates".News18.22 August 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2019.Retrieved22 August2019.
  54. ^"P Chidambaram's arrest: As it happened".India Today.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2019.Retrieved22 August2019.
  55. ^"INX Media case: Chidambaram lands in Tihar Jail that currently has 17,400 inmates".India Today.6 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 5 September 2019.Retrieved5 September2019– via Press Trust of India.
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