Pachinko

This article is about the mechanical game popular in Japan. For other uses, seePachinko (disambiguation).

Not to be confused withPanchiko.

Pachinko(パチンコ)is a mechanical game originating inJapanthat is used as anarcade game,and much more frequently forgambling.Pachinko fills a niche inJapanese gamblingcomparable to that of theslot machinein the West as a form of low-stakes, low-strategy gambling.

A modernpachinkomachine

Apachinkoparlor in Tokyo

Pachinko parlors are widespread in Japan, and usually also feature a number of slot machines (calledpachisloor pachislots) so these venues look and operate similarly tocasinos.Modern pachinko machines have both mechanical and electrical components.

Gambling for cash is illegal in Japan, but the widespread popularity of low-stakes pachinko in Japanese society has enabled a specificlegal loopholeallowing it to exist. Pachinko balls won from games cannot be exchanged directly for money in the parlor, nor can they be removed from the premises or exchanged with other parlors. However, they can be legally traded to the parlor for so-called "special prize" tokens ( đặc thù cảnh phẩmtokushu keihin), which can in turn be "sold" for cash to a separate vendor off-premises. These vendors (ostensibly independent from, but often owned by, the parlor owner) then sell the tokens back to the parlor at the same price paid for them—plus a small commission, creating a cash profit—without technically violating the law.

By 1994, the pachinko market in Japan was valued at¥30 trillion(nearly$300 billion).In 1999, sales and revenue from pachinko parlors contributed 5.6% of Japan's¥500 trillionGDP, and they employed over 330,000 people, 0.52% of all those employed in Japan.However, the sales amount of these pachinko parlors is calculated based on the total amount that customers rented pachinko balls from pachinko parlors. It is said that on average, about 85% of the money spent by customers in pachinko parlors is returned to the customers, so the sales of pachinko parlors are said to be about 15% of the statistical amount.As of 2015, Japan's pachinko market generates more gambling revenue than that ofMacau,Las Vegas,andSingaporecombined.Pachinko gambling'sgrey marketnature and tremendous profit historically resulted in considerable infiltration byyakuza,who used it as a vehicle formoney launderingandracketeering.

Since the 1990s, however, this has been less of an issue due to police crackdowns.There were over 7 million pachinkos around the world in 2018 with more than half of them being in Japan.In recent years, the pachinko market (the total amount of pachinko balls rented by customers from pachinko parlors) and the number of pachinko parlors in Japan have continued to decline. The market size in 2022 was 14.6 trillion yen, less than half of the 35 trillion yen in 2005 when the market was at its peak, and the number of pachinko parlors in 2022 was 7665, less than half of the 18244 in 1997 when the number of parlors was the largest.

Following a number of years of decline of parlours and machines, the number of pachinko machines in Japan dropped to around 2.5 million by the end of 2019.

Description

A pachinko machine resembles a verticalpinballmachine, but is different from Western pinball in several ways. It uses small (11 mm diameter) steel balls, which the owner (usually a "pachinko parlor", featuring many individual games in rows) rents to the player, while pinball games use a larger, captive ball.

The player loads one or more balls into the machine, then presses and releases a spring-loaded handle, which is attached to a padded hammer inside the machine, launching the ball(s) into a metal track. The track guides the ball over the top of the playing field; then when it loses momentum, it falls into the playing field. Some pachinko machines have a bumper to bounce the ball as it reaches the top, while others allow it to travel all the way around the field, to fall the second time it reaches the top.

The playing field is populated by numerous brass pins, several small cups into which the player hopes the ball will fall (each catcher is barely the width of the ball), and a hole at the bottom into which the ball falls if it does not enter a catcher. The ball bounces from pin to pin, both slowing its descent and deflecting it laterally across the field. A ball that enters a catcher triggers a payout, in which a number of balls are dropped into a tray at the front of the machine.

Many games made since the 1960s feature "tulip" catchers, which have small flippers that open to expand the width of the catcher. They are controlled by the machine, and may open and close randomly or in a pattern; expert players try to launch a ball so it reaches the catcher when its flippers are open.

The game's object is to win as many balls as possible, which can be exchanged for prizes. Pachinko machines were originally strictly mechanical, but have since incorporated extensive electronics, becoming similar tovideo slot machines.Another type of machine often found in pachinko parlors, called a "pachislot", does not involve steel balls, but areloaded with tokensor coins and trigger reels comparable to those of a traditionalslot machine.Online casinos also offer "pachislot" games to tailor their product to the Japanese market.

History

Pachinko machines were first built during the 1920s as a children's toy called the "Corinth game"(コリントゲーム,korinto gēmu),based on and named after the American "Corinthianbagatelle".Another likely inspiration was theBillard japonais,'Japanese billiards', invented in Western Europe during the 18th century. It emerged as an adult pastime inNagoyaaround 1930, and spread from there.

All of Japan's pachinko parlors were closed down during World War II but re-emerged in the late 1940s. Pachinko has remained popular since; the first commercial parlor was opened in Nagoya in 1948.As a country influenced by Japan during its occupation,Taiwanhas many pachinko establishments.

An estimated 80 percent of pachinko parlors in Japan are owned byethnic Koreans.In 2001, British company BS Group bought a stake in Tokyo Plaza, which was running almost 20 parlors in all of Japan, and had also looked into opening parlors in the United Kingdom.

Until the 1980s, pachinko machines were mechanical devices,using bells to indicate different states of the machine. Electricity was used only to flash lights and to indicate problems, such as a machine emptied of its balls.Balls were launched using a flipper; their speed was controlled by pulling the flipper down to different levels. Manufacturers in this period included Nishijin andSankyo;most of these machines available on online auction sites today date to the 1970s.After that time, pachinko machines incorporated more electronic features, thus requiring electricity for operation.

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  Billard japonais,Southern Germany/Alsacec. 1750–70
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  A pre-war pachinko machine
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  A mechanical pachinko machine from the 1970s
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  A modern, electronic pachinko machine in aTokyoparlor

Mechanisms

The entrance to a pachinko parlor inShibuya,Tokyo, Japan

To play pachinko, players get a number of metal balls by inserting cash or cards directly into the machine they want to use. They then shoot the balls into the machine. Older pachinko machines use a spring-loaded lever for shooting balls individually; while later ones use a round knob, controlling the strength of a mechanically fired plunger that shoots the balls. The balls fall vertically through an array of pins, levers, cups, traps and obstacles until they enter a payoff target or reach the bottom of the playfield.

The player has a chance to get more balls if a launched ball lands in one of certain places as it falls. Having more balls is considered a benefit because it allows the player to remain in the game longer, and ultimately creates a larger winning chance.

Newer "pachislot" machines have a digitalslot machinedisplay on a large screen, where the objective is to get three numbers or symbols in a row for a jackpot.When fired, the balls drop through an array of pins, similar to a pachinko machine. Some fall into a center gate and activate the slot-machine display.

Every ball that goes into the center gate results in one spin, but there is a limit on the number of spins at one time because of the possibility of balls passing through the center gate while a spin is still in progress. Each spin pays out a small number of balls, but the objective is to hit the jackpot. The machine's programming decides the outcome of each spin.

Design

Pachinko machines vary in several aspects—including decorative mechanics, sound, gimmicks, modes, and gates. The playing field is usually a wooden board with a transparent acrylic overlay containing artwork. Most modern machines have an LCD screen over the main start pocket. The game is played by keeping the stream of balls to the left of the screen, but many models have their optimized ball stream. Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy, with most having a specific center area containing win pockets.

Payout mode

The inside workings of a pachinko machine being pulled out of a parlor

If the first two numbers, letters, or symbols of the spin match up, the digital program will display many animations before the third reel stops spinning, to give the player an added excitement. This is called a reach (or rīchi) and sometimes longer animations are played called super reaches. Pachinko machines offer different odds in hitting a jackpot; if the player manages to obtain a jackpot, the machine will enter into payout mode.

The payout mode lasts for a number of rounds. During each round, amidst more animations and movies playing on the center screen, a large payout gate opens up at the bottom of the machine layout and the player must try to shoot balls into it. Each ball that successfully enters into this gate results in many balls being dropped into a separate tray at the bottom of the machine, which can then be placed into a ball bucket.

Hidden modes, hints, and instant wins

To enhance gameplay, modern machines have integrated several aspects not possible in vintage machines. A common one is the ability to switch between different play modes, including rare and hidden modes that can differ significantly from normal play. Two examples can be seen in theNeon Genesis Evangelionseries of pachinko machines, which include Mission Mode and Berserker Mode, ranging from having little effect on winning to being an almost guaranteed win.

Graphics in videos and light patterns can also give players a general idea of what these winning odds are. For example, a super reach may cause a change in animation, or show an introductory animation or picture. This adds excitement, with some changes having much more significance than others in terms of odds of winning on a given spin. Some machines feature instant wins. There are also second-chance wins, where a spin that appears to have lost, or to have a very low winning chance, gives the player three matching numbers and starts "fever mode".

Post-payout systems

After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ thekakuhen(Xác 変,short forkakuritsu hendō(Xác suất 変 động)meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the outcome. The probability of akakuhenoccurring is determined by arandom number generator.

Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of consecutive jackpots after the first "hard-earned" one, commonly referred to as "fever mode". Another type ofkakuhensystem is a special time or STkakuhen.With these machines, every jackpot earned results in akakuhen,but in order to earn a payout beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given number of spins.

When a jackpot does not result in akakuhencombination, the pachinko machine will enter intojitan(Thời đoản,short forjikan tanshuku(Thời gian đoản súc)meaning time-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins thankakuhen.Under the original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls to fall into it; this system is also present inkakuhen.

To compensate for the increase in the number of spins, the digital slot machine reveals the final outcome of each spin sooner. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine spins as inkakuhen.Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts to its original setting.

Koatari

Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese pachinko machines started to includekoatari(Tiểu đương たり,small jackpot) into their payout systems.Koatariis shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player receives no payout.Koatarijackpots can result in akakuhenas per normal operation, depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose ofkoatariis so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes thatappearto be largely favorable to customers, without losing any long-term profit.

In addition to being able to offer higherkakuhenpercentages, this made it possible for manufacturers to design battle-type machines. Unlike old-fashioned pachinko machines that offer a full payout or akakuhenfor any type of jackpot earned, these machines require players to hit akakuhenjackpot with a certain probability in order to get a full payout. This is orchestrated by the player entering into "battle", where the player, in accordance with the item that the machine is based on, must "defeat" a certain enemy or foe in order to earn anotherkakuhen.If the player loses, it means that a normalkoatarihas been hit and the machine enters intojitanmode.

Another reason for incorporating everykoatariis that they have made it possible for a machine to go intokakuhenmode without the player's knowledge. This is referred to assenpuku(Tiềm phục'hidden')kakuhenbecause it does not occur in any of the jackpot modes. A player sitting at a used pachinko machine offering the number 1 inxchance of hitting a jackpot in normal mode can hit it withinxspins easily because the previous player did not realize that the machine was insenpuku.This induces players to keep playing their machines, even though they may still be in normal mode. Japanese pachinko players have not shown significant signs of protest in response to the incorporation ofkoatari;on the contrary, battle-type pachinko machines have become a major part of most parlors.

Prizes

Pachinko balls

Winnings take the form of additional balls, which players may either use to keep playing or exchange for prizes (keihin(Cảnh phẩm)). When players wish to exchange their winnings, they must call a parlor staff member by using a call button located at the top of their station. The staff member will then carry the player's balls to an automated counter to see how many balls they have.

After recording the number of balls the player won and the number of the machine they used, the staff member will then give the player a voucher or card with the number of balls stored in it. Some modern machines can count the balls automatically, without the need for staff. The player then hands it in at the parlor's exchange center to get their prizes. Among the array of prizes available, there will invariably be an item known as the "special prize" (tokushu keihin(Đặc thù cảnh phẩm)typically a small silver or gold novelty item encased in plastic) that can be sold for cash at an outside establishment in the vicinity of the parlor.

Special prizes are awarded to the player in amounts corresponding to the number of balls won. For example, one special prize worth ¥1500 outside the parlor might be offered to a customer per 400 balls won, assuming each ball originally cost 4 yen. The vast majority of players opt for the maximum number of special prizes offered for their ball total, selecting other prizes only when they have a remaining total too small to receive a special prize.

Besides the special prizes, prizes may be as simple as chocolate bars, pens or cigarette lighters, or as complicated as electronics, bicycles and other items. Under Japanese law, cash cannot be paid out directly for pachinko balls, but there is usually a small establishment located nearby, separate from the game parlor but sometimes in a separate unit as part of the same building, where players may sell special prizes for cash. This is tolerated by the police because the pachinko parlors that pay out goods and special prizes are nominally independent from the shops that buy back the special prizes.

Some pachinko parlors may even give out vouchers for groceries at a nearbysupermarket.Theyakuza(organized crime) were formerly often involved in prize exchange, but a great deal of police effort beginning in the 1960s and ramping up in the 1990s has largely done away with their influence.In Tokyo, the special prize exchange is handled exclusively by theTokyo Union Circulationcompany (known as TUC), which sells pachinko and slot parlors gold slivers in standardized plastic cases, which it buys back from winning customers at its "TUC Shop" windows.

The three-shop systemis a system employed by pachinko parlors to exchange for keihin (prizes), usually with items such as cigarette lighters or ball-point pens. These items are carried to a nearby shop and exchanged for cash as a way of circumventing gambling laws.

Recreational pachinko

Many arcades in Japan feature pachinko models from different times. They offer more playing time for the same amount of money, and have balls that can be exchanged only for game tokens to play other games in the establishment. As many of these arcades are smoke-free and gambling is removed, they are popular venues for casual players, newcomers, children, and those wanting to play in a more relaxed atmosphere.

In such arcades, thrifty gamblers may spend a small amount on a newly released pachinko model to get a feel for the machine before going to a real parlor. These machines can also be found in many stores, where they pay out capsules containing a prize coupon or store credit.

Regulations

Smoking

Smoking is allowed in pachinko parlors, although there are discussions in Japan to extend publicsmoking bansto them.

Crime

An anti-pachinko demonstration in Tokyo, Japan (2013)

Gambling is illegal in Japan,but pachinko is regarded as an exception and treated as an amusement activity.Although awarding direct money prizes for it is illegal, parlors may reward players with tokens which can then be sold for cash at nearby exchange centers. With growing public and political pressure in recent years, since passage of Japan's blanket anti-gambling law in the 1990s, police are more active in regulating parlors.

Retired police officers often work in the pachinko industry; critics have pointed out that while this has had a deterrent effect against organized crime, it also means these operators are in a strong position to influence police officers in their favor.

Police tolerate the level of gambling in pachinko parlors. For example, in May 2005, a parlor inKanagawa Prefecturereported to the local police that someone had counterfeited their tokens and made off with the equivalent of US$60,000 in cash by trading them in at their nearby exchange center. Even with such information proving that this parlor was illegally operating an exchange center, which by law must be independent of the parlor, the police did not shut them down, but tracked down the thief.

Ball designs

It is forbidden for pachinko balls to be removed from a parlor to be used elsewhere. To help prevent this, many parlors have a design or name engraved on each of their balls, inspiring some people to collect pachinko balls with various designs.

Addiction

See also:Gambling in Japan

A 2014 study showed that pathological gambling tendencies among Japanese adults was 9.04% in men and 1.6% in women, higher than the North American prevalence of 1.6%, particularly for men.In 1999, 29% of players thought of themselves as addicted and needing treatment. Another 30% said they exceeded their budgets and borrowed money to play.

Franchising

A number ofmedia franchises,mainly themedia mix—includingJapanese film,anime,manga,televisionandvideo game franchises—have generated significant revenue from sales of licensed pachinko and pachislot machines to pachinko parlors andamusement arcades.Sega Sammy HoldingsandKonamiare two major license holders for most media mix pachinko machines.

See also

• Bean machine
• Galton board
• Pachinko allocation
• Plinko,a game similar to pachinko, featured on the American game showThe Price Is Right
• Visual Pinball,a software game engine for creating computer game simulations of pachinko and pinball machines
• The Wall,an American game show, features a four-story-high pegboard wall similar to Plinko and Pachinko

External links

• History of PachinkoArchived13 January 2019 at theWayback Machine