Pangasinan language

Pangasinan(Pangasinense) is anAustronesian language,and one of the eight majorlanguages of the Philippines.It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province ofPangasinanand northernTarlac,on the northern part ofLuzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to thePangasinanethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwesternLa Union,as well as in the municipalities ofBenguet,Nueva Vizcaya,Nueva Ecija,andZambalesthat border Pangasinan. A fewAetagroups and mostSambalin Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.

Pangasinan
Pangasinense
Salitan Pangasinan
Pronunciation	[paŋɡasiˈnan]
Native to	Philippines
Region	Ilocos Region(entirety ofPangasinan,southwesternLa Union) Central Luzon(northernTarlac,northwesternNueva Ecija,northernZambales) Cordilleras(southwesternBenguet) Cagayan Valley(southwesternNueva Vizcaya)
Ethnicity	Pangasinan
Native speakers	1.8 million (2010) 8th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Northern Luzon Meso-Cordilleran Southern Cordilleran West Southern Cordilleran Pangasinan
Writing system	Latin(Pangasinan alphabet) Historically written in:Kurítan
Official status
Official language in	Pangasinan
Recognised minority language in	Philippines (Regional language)
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pag
ISO 639-3	pag
Glottolog	pang1290
Linguasphere	31-CGA-f
Areas where Pangasinan is spoken in the Philippines.

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to theMalayo-Polynesian languagesbranch of theAustronesian languagesfamily. Pangasinan is similar to other closely relatedPhilippine languages,MalayinMalaysia(asMalaysian),Indonesia(asIndonesian),Brunei,andSingapore,HawaiianinHawaiiandMalagasyinMadagascar.The Pangasinan language is very closely related to theIbaloi languagespoken in the neighboring province ofBenguet,located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages.

The other Pangasinic languages are:

• Ibaloi
• Karao
• Iwaak
• Kalanguya/Kallahan

Geographic distribution

Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island ofLuzonalongLingayen Gulf.The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. As of 2020, Pangasinan is ranked tenth on the leading languages generally spoken at home in the Philippines with only 334,759 households still speaking the language.Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces ofBenguet,La Union,Nueva Ecija,Tarlac,Zambales,andNueva Vizcaya,and has varying speakers inMetro Manila,Cagayan,Isabela,Bulacan,Bataan,Aurora,Quezon,Cavite,Laguna,Mindoro,PalawanandMindanaoespecially inSoccsksargen,Davao Region,Caraga,BukidnonandMisamis Oriental.

History

Austronesian speakerssettled inMaritime Southeast Asiaduringprehistorictimes, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistorichuman migrationthat is widely believed to have originated fromSouthern ChinaviaTaiwanbetween 10 and 6 thousand years ago.

The wordPangasinanmeans 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root wordasin,the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan.Pangasinancould also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Literature

Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wroteSipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas(Revolución Filipina),a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wroteImpanbilay na Manoc a Tortola,a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)

Juan Villamil translatedJosé Rizal's "Mi último adiós"in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia editedTunong,a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wroteBilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal,a biography of Rizal. Magsano publishedSilew,a literary magazine. Magsano also wroteSamban Agnabenegan,a romance novel.Pangasinan Courierpublished articles and literary works in Pangasinan.Pioneer HeraldpublishedSinag,a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient inEnglish,Filipino,andIlocano.However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation ofPangasinan Wikipediawas proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.

Phonology

Vowels

Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open-Mid	(ɛ)		(ɔ)
Open		a

In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as [i ~ ɪ ~ ɛ] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ]. The close variants [i]/[u] are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants [ɛ]/[ɔ] occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants [ɪ]/[ʊ] occur in all other environments.

Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s	ʃ		h
Flap			ɾ
Approximant			l	j	w

Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where [d] is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & [ɾ] is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, [ɾ] is infree variationwithtrill[r]. In Spanish loanwords, [d] and [ɾ] contrast in all word positions.

All consonantal phonemes except/h,ʔ/may be a syllableonsetorcoda.The phoneme/h/rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish wordreloj'clock' would have been heard as[re.loh],the final/h/is dropped resulting in/re.lo/.However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced/re.loʒ/,with thejpronounced as inFrench,resulting in/re.los/in Pangasinan. As a result, both/re.lo/and/re.los/occur.

The glottal stop/ʔ/is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop/ʔ/sometimesoccurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.

Grammar

Sentence structure

Like otherMalayo-Polynesian languages,Pangasinan has averb–subject–objectword order. Pangasinan is anagglutinativelanguage.

Pronouns

Personal

			Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique
			Independent	Enclitic
1st person	singular		siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
	dual		sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
	plural	inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
		exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person	singular		siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
	plural		sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person	singular		sikató	-, -a	to	ed sikato
	plural		sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

Noun affixes

Benton (1971)lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" (affixes attached directly to nouns) and "nominalizing"(affixes which turn other parts of speech into nouns). Benton also describes" non-productive affixes ", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived fromSpanish.

Writing system

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of thebasic Latin alphabetand the Pangasinan digraphng:

Majuscule Forms(also calleduppercaseorcapital letters)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

NG

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Minuscule Forms(also calledlowercaseorsmall letters)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

ng

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to theTagalogBaybayinscript, was derived from theJavaneseKawi scriptofIndonesiaand theVatteluttuorPallavascript ofSouth India.

TheLatin scriptwas introduced during theSpanishcolonialperiod. Pangasinanliterature,using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish andAmericancolonial period. Pangasinan acquired manySpanishandEnglishwords, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Loanwords

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan areSpanish,as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples arelugar('place'),podir(frompoder,'power, care'),kontra(fromcontra,'against'),birdi(verde,'green'),ispiritu(espíritu,'spirit'), andsanto('holy, saint').

Examples

Malinac ya Labi(original by Julian Velasco).

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day kogip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen

Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay

Modern Pangasinan with English translation

Malinak lay Labi
Oras la’y mareen
Mapalpalna’y dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit da’y kugip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Lapu’d say limgas mo
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
Lalo la bilay
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
Napunas lan amin
So ermen ya akbibiten
No nanonotan
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Ag ta ka nalingwanan
Angga’d kauyos na bilay

A night of calm
An hour of peace
A gentle breeze
Along with it is the dew
So sweet is my dream
Suddenly I awake
Because of your beauty
You are the only one I will love
Best of all, my life
When it's you that I see
All are wiped away
The sorrows that I bear
When I remember
Of your sweet kindness
I will not forget you
Until life is gone

Words

1. I –siak,ak
2. you (singular) –sika,ka
3. he –sikato(he/she),kato
4. we –sikami,kami,mi,sikatayo,tayo,sikata,ta
5. you (plural) –sikayo,kayo,yo
6. they –sikara(sika ira)
7. this –aya
8. that –atan,aman
9. here –dia
10. there –diman,ditan
11. who –siopa,sio,si
12. what –anto
13. where –iner
14. when –kapigan,pigan
15. how –pano,panonto
16. not –ag,andi,aleg,aliwa
17. all –amin
18. many –amayamay,dakel
19. some –pigara(piga ira)
20. few –daiset
21. other –arom
22. one –isa,sakey
23. two –dua,duara(dua ira)
24. three –talo,talora(talo ira)
25. four –apat,apatira(apat ira)
26. five –lima,limara(lima ira)
27. big –baleg
28. long –andokey
29. wide –maawang,malapar
30. thick –makapal
31. heavy –ambelat
32. small –melag,melanting,tingot,daiset
33. short –melag,melanting,tingot,antikey,kulang,abeba
34. narrow –mainget
35. thin –mabeng,maimpis
36. woman –bii
37. man –laki,bolog
38. human –too
39. child –ogaw
40. wife –asawa,kaamong(spouse)
41. husband –asawa,kaamong(spouse)
42. mother –ina
43. father –ama
44. animal –ayep
45. fish –sira,ikan
46. bird –manok,siwsiw(chick)
47. dog –aso
48. louse –koto
49. snake –oleg
50. worm –bigis(germ),alumbayar(earthworm)
51. tree –kiew,tanem(plant)
52. forest –kakiewan,katakelan
53. stick –bislak,sanga
54. fruit –bunga
55. seed –bokel
56. leaf –bolong
57. root –lamot
58. bark –obak
59. flower –bulaklak,rosas
60. grass –dika
61. rope –singer,lubir,taker
62. skin –baog,katat
63. meat –laman
64. blood –dala
65. bone –pukel
66. fat (n.) –mataba,taba
67. egg –iknol
68. horn –saklor
69. tail –ikol
70. place –kulaan
71. go –laen
72. nothing –anggapo

1. feather –bago
2. hair –buek
3. head –olo
4. ear –layag
5. eye –mata
6. nose –eleng
7. mouth –sangi
8. tooth –ngipen
9. tongue –dila
10. fingernail –koko
11. foot –sali
12. leg –bikking
13. knee –pueg
14. hand –lima
15. wing –payak
16. belly –eges
17. guts –pait
18. neck –beklew
19. back –beneg
20. breast –pagew,suso
21. heart –puso
22. liver –altey
23. drink –inom
24. eat –mangan,akan,kamot
25. bite –ketket
26. suck –sepsep,suso
27. spit –lutda
28. vomit –uta
29. blow –sibok
30. breathe –engas,ingas,dongap,linawa,anges
31. laugh –elek
32. see –nengneng
33. hear –dengel
34. know –amta,kabat
35. think –nonot
36. smell –angob
37. fear –takot
38. sleep –ogip
39. live –bilay
40. die –onpatey,patey
41. kill –manpatey,patey
42. fight –laban,kolkol,bakal
43. hunt –managnop,anop,manpana,manerel(catch)
44. hit –tira,nakna,pekpek
45. cut –tegteg,sugat
46. split –pisag,puter,paldua(half)
47. stab –saksak,doyok
48. scratch –gugo,gorgor,korkor
49. dig –kotkot
50. swim –langoy
51. fly (v.) –tikyab
52. walk –akar
53. come –gala,gali,onsabi,sabi
54. lie –dokol(lie down),tila(tell a lie)
55. sit –yorong(i-orong)
56. stand –alagey
57. turn –liko,telek
58. fall –pelag(drop),tumba
59. give –iter,itdan(iteran)
60. hold –benben
61. squeeze –pespes
62. rub –kuskos,gorgor,poyok
63. wash –oras
64. wipe –ponas
65. pull –goyor
66. push –tolak
67. throw –topak
68. tie –singer
69. sew –dait

1. count –bilang
2. say –ibaga,ibagam
3. sing –togtog,kansiyon
4. play –galaw
5. float –letaw
6. flow –agos
7. freeze –kigtel
8. swell –larag
9. sun –agew,banua
10. moon –bulan
11. star –bitewen
12. water –danum
13. rain –uran
14. river –ilog,kalayan,patalan,angalakan
15. lake –look
16. sea –dayat,laot
17. salt –asin
18. stone –bato
19. sand –buer
20. dust –dabok
21. earth –dalin
22. cloud –lorem
23. fog –kelpa
24. sky –tawen
25. wind –dagem
26. snow –linew
27. ice –pakigtel
28. smoke –asewek
29. fire –apoy,pool(blaze),dalang(flame)
30. ashes –dapol
31. burn –pool,sinit
32. road –dalan,basbas(path)
33. mountain –palandey
34. red –ambalanga,pula
35. green –ampasiseng,pasiseng,birdi
36. yellow –duyaw
37. white –amputi,puti
38. black –andeket,deket
39. night –labi
40. day –agew
41. year –taon
42. hot –ampetang,petang
43. cold –ambetel,betel
44. full –napsel(napesel),napno(napano)
45. new –balo
46. old –daan
47. good –duga,maong,abig
48. bad –aliwa,maoges
49. rotten –abolok,bolok
50. dirty –maringot,dingot,marutak,dutak
51. straight –maptek,petek
52. round –malimpek,limpek,tibokel
53. sharp –matdem(matarem),tarem
54. dull –mangmang,epel
55. smooth –palanas,patad,patar
56. wet –ambasa,basa
57. dry –amaga,maga
58. correct –duga,tua(true)
59. near –asinger
60. far –arawi
61. right –kawanan
62. left –kawigi
63. at –ed
64. in –ed
65. with –iba
66. and –tan
67. if –no
68. because –ta,lapu ed
69. name –ngaran
70. smile –imis,ngiriyet
71. lolo –laki
72. lola –bai
73. beautiful –magana,masanting,marakep
74. true –tua,tod-tua
75. wrong –aliwa
76. odor –ambanget
77. delicious –masamit,mananam
78. I love you –inaro taka,inar-aro taka

1. Good day! -Maabig ya agew!
2. Good morning! -Maabig a kabuasan!
3. Good afternoon! -Maabig a ngarem!
4. Good evening! -Maabig a labi!

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten inEnglish,Tagalogand Pangasinan

English	Tagalog	Pangasinan
one	isa/ᜁᜐ	sakey/ᜐᜃᜒᜌ᜔
two	dalawa/ᜇᜎᜏ	duara,dua/ᜇᜓᜀᜇ᜵ᜇᜓᜀ
three	tatlo/ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ	talora,talo/ᜆᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜆᜎᜓ
four	apat/ᜀᜉᜆ᜔	apatira,apat/ᜀᜌᜆᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜉᜆ᜔
five	lima/ᜎᜒᜋ	limara,lima/ᜎᜒᜋᜇ᜵ᜎᜒᜋ
six	anim/ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔	anemira,anem/ᜀᜈᜒᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔
seven	pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓ	pitora,pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓᜇ᜵ᜉᜒᜆᜓ
eight	walo/ᜏᜎᜓ	walora,walo/ᜏᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜏᜎᜓ
nine	siyam/ᜐᜒᜌᜋ᜔	siamira,siam/ᜐᜒᜀᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜐᜒᜀᜋ᜔
ten	sampu/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓ	samplora,samplo/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓ

Cardinal numbers:

Pangasinan	English
isa,sakey,san-	one
dua,dua'ra(dua ira)	two
talo,-tlo,talo'ra(talo ira)	three
apat,-pat,apatira(apat ira)	four
lima,lima'ra(lima ira)	five
anem,-nem,anemira(anem ira)	six
pito,pito'ra(pito ira)	seven
walo,walo'ra(walo ira)	eight
siam,siamira(siam ira)	nine
polo,samplo(isa'n polo),samplo'ra(isa'n polo ira)	tens, ten
lasus,sanlasus(isa'n lasus)	hundreds, one hundred
libo,sakey libo	thousands, one thousand
laksa,sanlaksa(isa'n laksa),sakey a laksa	ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with the prefixkuma-(ka-plus infix-um). Example:kumadua,'second'.

Associative numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with the prefixka-.Example:katlo,'third of a group of three'.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with the prefixka-and an associative number. Example:kakatlo,'third part'.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with the prefixpi-and a cardinal number from two to four orpin-for other numbers except for number one. Example:kaisa,'first time';pidua,'second time';pinlima,'fifth time'.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixman-(mami-ormamin-for present or future tense, andami-oramin-for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example:aminsan,'once';amidua,'twice';mamitlo,'thrice'.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixessan-,tag-,ortunggaland a cardinal number. Example:sansakey,'one each';sanderua,'two each'.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with the prefixesmagsi-,tunggal,orbalangsakeyand a multiplicative cardinal number. Example:tunggal pamidua,'twice each';magsi-pamidua,'each twice'.

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

• Fernández Cosgaya, Lorenzo (1865).Diccionario pangasinan-español and Vocabulario Hispano-pangasinán.Colegio de Santo Tomás – via University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
• Macaraeg, Anastacio Austria (1898).Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán.
• Pellicer, Mariano (1904).Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan.
• Rayner, Ernest Adolphus (1923).Grammar and dictionary of the Pangasinan language / Gramatica tan diccionario na salitay Pangasinan.Manila, Philippines: Methodist Publishing House.
• Viray, Felixberto B. (1927).The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language.Manila: University of the Philippines.
• Corporación de PP. Dominicos (1951).Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo.U.S.T. Press.
• Schachter, Paul Morris (1960).A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan(Thesis). Los Angeles: University of California.OCLC500620511.
• Versoza, Paciencia E. (1977).Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English(Philippine Normal College thesis).OCLC4736102.
• Benton, Richard A. (1971).Pangasinan Dictionary.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.OCLC1123520882.
• Benton, Richard A. (1971).Pangasinan Reference Grammar.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.ISBN9780824879105.
• Benton, Richard A. (1971).Spoken Pangasinan.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.ISBN9780870220739.
• Benton, Richard A. (1972).Phonotactics of Pangasinan.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.OCLC16326646.
• Constantino, Ernesto (1975).English-Pangasinan Dictionary.
• Silverio, Julio F. (1976).New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary.Manila: National Book Store.OCLC3371251.
• Garcia, Alta Grace Q. (1981).Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs.Manila: Rex Book Store.OCLC989412334.
• Say Santa Biblia(in Pangasinan). Manila: Philippine Bible Society. 1982.ISBN9789712900228.
• Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo(in Pangasinan). Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies. 1983.OCLC54302118.
• Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2015).Balon Mundo a Patalos na Masanton Kasulatan.Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
• Tungol, Mario "Guese" (1993).Modern English-Filipino Pangasinan Dictionary.Manila:Merriam Webster.OCLC70045401.
• Church of Christ (n.d.).Say Cancanta.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: year (link)Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
• Jovellanos, Emiliano (2002).Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary.The compilation has 20,000 entries.
• Jovellanos, Mel V. (March 2007).Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary(in Pangasinan). Calasiao: Corpuz Press.
• Rosario, F. C. Jr. (2012)."The Vowel Space of Pangasinan".Frontiers of Language and Teaching.3.
• Malinak Lay Labi[Calm is the Night] (in Pangasinan).Traditional folk song.

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Malayo-Polynesian
• Pangasinan
• Tarlac
• La Union
• Pangasinan literature

External links

• Pangasinan as a dying language
• Bansa Pangasinan-English Dictionary
• Pangasinan Wiktionary
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Sunday Punch
• Sun Star Pangasinan
• Pangasinan Star
• Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature
• Globalization killing Pangasinan language
• Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)
• Dying languages
• Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary,by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.