Wikipedia

Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorusis a species offlowering plantin the familyAsteraceae.It is native to theAmerican tropics.[1]Common names includeSanta-Maria,[2]Santa Maria feverfew,[3]whitetop weed,[4]andfamine weed.[5]In India, it is locally known ascarrot grass,congress grass[6]orgajar ghasordhanura.[7]It is a commoninvasive species[8]in India,[9]Australia, and parts of Africa.[5]

Parthenium hysterophorus
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Parthenium
Species:
P. hysterophorus
Binomial name
Parthenium hysterophorus
Pollen grains ofParthenium hysterophorus

Invasive species

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Parthenium hysterophorusinvades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such asfamine weed.[10][11][12][13][14]In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production, and human health.[15][16]

The plant producesallelopathic chemicalsthat suppress crop and pasture plants, and allergens that affect humans and livestock. It also frequently causes pollen allergies.[17]A study published in 2021 further showed that the plant could promotemalariaby supplying much appreciated food and shelter to mosquitoes in Eastern Africa.[18]

It is being investigated as a means of removing heavy metals and dyes from the environment, control of aquatic weeds, commercial enzyme production, an additive in manure forbiogasproduction, as a biopesticide, and as green manure and compost.[19]

The species has been listed as an invasive alien species of Union Concern. This means it is illegal to import or sell this species in the whole of the European Union.[20]

Toxicity

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Partheninis a major toxic chemical inParthenium hysterophorus

Contact with the plant causes dermatitis and respiratory malfunction in humans, and dermatitis in cattle and domestic animals. The main substance responsible isparthenin,which is dangerously toxic.[21][22][23]It also is responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when their fodder is contaminated withPartheniumleaves.[24]Side effects after ingestion of any part of plants that encumber the trichomes and pollen are eczema skin inflammation, hay fever, asthma, burning and blisters, breathlessness and choking, allergic rhinitis, black spots, diarrhoea, severe erythematous eruptions[25]

Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the presence ofPartheniumpollen grains inhibits fruit set in tomato,brinjal,beans, and a number of other crop plants.

Control

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PartheniuminAchanakmar Tiger Reserve
Parthenium hysterophoruson open land in Hawaii

Light infestations ofParthenium hysterophorusin cultivated fields may be hoed or weeded by hand if labour is available at acceptable cost.

Generally the application of herbicides is expensive and often harmful;Paraquatsprays may be applied while the weeds are young.Glyphosateis not effective against this species.

The most satisfactory and promising means of practical long-term control are biological. Several species that feed on the weed are variously in use or on trial in various countries. The best-established control organism so far is a beetle native to Mexico,Calligrapha bicolorata(Mexican beetle), which was first introduced to India in 1984. It since has become widespread and well-established on the subcontinent. It defoliates and often kills the weed, and its damage to the young flowering tops reduces seed production.[citation needed]

In various countries, such as Australia and South Africa, several otherbiocontrolagents have been released or are under evaluation. These include at least two more species of beetles that have been released in South Africa, a stem boring weevilListronotus setosipennis,and a seed weevilSmicronyx lutulentus.[26]

Also in South Africa, rust fungi have been of some use: the winter rustPuccinia abruptavar.partheniicolaplus the summer rustPuccinia xanthii[26]

In Australia, apart from the foregoing, yet other biocontrol agents have been employed or evaluated onParthenium hysterophorus,to a total of 11 species since 1980. Of those eleven, nine appear to have established in various regions. The two with the greatest effect seem to be the Parthenium beetleCalligrapha bicolorataand a stem-galling mothEpiblema strenuana.However, other species that appear to have established usefully include a leaf-mining moth,Bucculatrix parthenica;a stem-galling weevil,Conotrachelus albocinereus;and a root-boring mothCarmenta ithacae.[27]

References

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  1. ^ab"Parthenium hysterophorus".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Agricultural Research Service,United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved29 October2010.
  2. ^BSBI List 2007(xls).Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.Archived fromthe original(xls)on 2015-06-26.Retrieved17 October2014.
  3. ^NRCS."Parthenium hysterophorus".PLANTS Database.United States Department of Agriculture(USDA).Retrieved30 January2016.
  4. ^"Parthenium hysterophorus".Integrated Taxonomic Information System.Retrieved29 October2010.
  5. ^abMcConnachie AJ, Strathie LW, et al. Current and potential geographical distribution of the invasive plantParthenium hysterophorus(Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Africa. Weed Research. 2011 51(1) Fromhttp://www.farmersweekly.co.zaArchived2015-11-01 at theWayback Machine27 December 2013
  6. ^https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/parthenium-bad-for-soil-and-health-9320794/
  7. ^Oudhia, P., Tripathi, R. S., Choubey, N. K., & Lal, B. (2000).Parthenium hysterophorus:a curse for the bio-diversity of Chhattisgarh plains of MP. Crop Research (Hisar), 19(2), 221-224.
  8. ^"Parthenium hysterophorus(herb) ".Global Invasive Species Database.Invasive Species Specialist Group. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2012.Retrieved29 October2010.
  9. ^Oudhia, P. (2000).Parthenium hysterophorus:a new weed in upland rice fields of the Chhattisgarh Plains (India).International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).25.1:34.
  10. ^Oudhia, P (2000). "Allelopathic effects ofParthenium hysterophorusandAgeratum conyzoideson wheat var.Sujata ".Crop Research.20(3): 563–566.
  11. ^Oudhia, P (2000). "Positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects ofParthenium hysterophorusleaves on germination and seedling vigour of sunflower ".Crop Research.20(3): 560–562.
  12. ^Oudhia, P (2001). "Allelopathic effects of leachates and extracts of different parts of an obnoxious weedParthenium hysterophorusL. on germination and seedling vigour of selected crops ".Ecology, Environment and Conservation.7(4): 427–434.
  13. ^Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Allelopathic effects ofParthenium hysterophorusL. on Kodo, Mustard and problematic weeds. Proc. First International Conference onPartheniumManagement (Vol. II) UAS, Dharwad 6-8 Oct. 1997: 136-139.
  14. ^Oudhia, P.; Kolhe, S.S.; Tripathi, R.S. (1997). "Allelopathic effect ofParthenium hysterophorusL. on germination of Linseed ".Indian J. Plant Physiol.2(4): 327–329.
  15. ^Gebeyehu, Adane Kebede (2008).The distributions of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorusL. Asteraceae) and some of its socio-economic and ecological impacts in the Central Rift Valley, Adami Tulu-Jido Kombolcha Woreda; Ethiopia(PDF)(M.Sc. thesis). Addis Ababa University. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-10-07.Retrieved2009-03-13.
  16. ^"Deadly weed invaded Uganda".2009-03-13. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-03-16.Retrieved2009-03-13.
  17. ^Kher, Prateek (2008-09-25)."Transforming an obnoxious weed into gold!".Merinews.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-04.Retrieved2010-10-29.
  18. ^"Invasive weed could fuel malaria transmission".phys.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-02.Retrieved2021-09-02.
  19. ^Patel, S (2011)."Harmful and beneficial aspects ofParthenium hysterophorus:an update ".3 Biotech.1(1): 1–9.doi:10.1007/s13205-011-0007-7.PMC3339593.PMID22558530.
  20. ^"European Regulation on IAS".June 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-06.Retrieved2021-06-11.
  21. ^CID 442288fromPubChem
  22. ^Parthenium
  23. ^"Integrated weed management for parthenium".The Hindu.Chennai, India. 2003-12-04. Archived fromthe originalon 2003-12-06.
  24. ^"Campaign launched for biological control of a dangerous weed".The Hindu.September 4, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon December 9, 2006.
  25. ^Abid Aqsa, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, and Salman Majeed (December 2023)."Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance".Folia Horticulturae.35(2): 243–274.doi:10.2478/fhort-2023-0019.ISSN2083-5965.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^abARC-PPRI Fact Sheets on Invasive Alien Plants and their Control in South Africa|[1]Archived2018-02-05 at theWayback Machine
  27. ^CRC for Australian Weed Management: Best Practice Guide. Impact evaluation of weed biological control agents 2008|[2]Archived2018-03-28 at theWayback Machine
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