Phlebotominae

Sand flies; Temporal range: Barremian–Recent
	Phlebotomus papatasi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Psychodidae
Subfamily:	Phlebotominae; Rondani,1840

ThePhlebotominaeare a subfamily of the familyPsychodidae.In several countries, their common name issandfly,but that name is also applied to otherflies.The Phlebotominae include manygeneraof blood-feeding (hematophagous) flies, including the primaryvectorsofleishmaniasis,bartonellosisandpappataci fever.

Sand flies are small; a body size of about 3 mm in length is typical for many species, which aids them in escaping notice. Their bite is not always felt, but leaves a small round, reddish bump that starts itching hours or days later. Use of insect repellent is recommended in areas where sand flies are present.

Diet and reproduction

Phlebotomine sandflies have a diet that includes both blood and plant-derived sugar meals. Phlebotomine females, and only females, suck blood from variousmammals,reptilesandbirds,while both sexes consume sugary substances like nectar, honeydew, and phloem sap from plants.^[2]

Somespeciesare selective about their hosts, whereas others bite any suitablehostthey find. Some species can produce one clutch of eggs before their first blood meal; such females are said to practise autogenous or partly autogenous reproduction. Other species need a blood meal before they can produce any eggs at all; they are said to practiseanautogenousreproduction. As far as is known, all species need a blood meal for every following clutch of eggs.Proteinsand othernutrientsin the blood they eat enable the female to produce the proteins and fats necessary for them to produce eggs after using up their bodily food stores.^[3]In feeding on blood, the flies use their mouthparts to initiate bleeding from the host. They then suck up the exposed blood. Like practically all blood-feeding parasites, they inject biochemicals that inhibit blood clotting, plus some that stimulate hostmast cellsto producehistamine;this distendscapillary vessels,thereby promoting blood flow.

One blood meal can support the production of about 100 eggs. Females lay their eggs in humid soil rich in organic matter. Laboratory colonies of various phlebotomine sand fly species have been established for experimental study.^[4]

A 2018 study showed that several sandfly species in different parts of the world displayed a notable preference forCannabis sativaas part of their plant-derived diet, suggesting it might be highly attractive to them.^[2]

Health concerns

Lutzomyia longipalpisfeeding on human blood.

As sand fly females suck blood fromvertebrates,includinghumans,they can transmitleishmaniasis,arbovirusesandbartonellosis.^[2]In theNew World,leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies in the genusLutzomyia,which commonly live in caves, where their main hosts arebats.^{[citation needed]}In theOld World,sand flies in the genusPhlebotomusspread leishmaniasis.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

Phlebotomine sand flies can be found between the latitudes 50°N and 40°S, but are absent from New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.^[5]

Genera

AustralophlebotomusTheodor,1948
BichromomyiaArtemiev, 1991
BrumptomyiaFrança & Parrot, 1921(Mexico to South America)
ChiniusLeng, 1985(2 species: China, Thailand)
DampfomyiaAddis, 1945
†DatziaStebneret al.2015(Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
DeanemyiaGalati, 1995^[6]
EvandromyiaMangabeira, 1941^[7]
EdentomyiaGalati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003(Brazil)
ExpapillataGalati, 1995^[6]
HertigiaFairchild,1949
IdiophlebotomusQuate &Fairchild,1961
†LibanophlebotomusAzar et al. 1999^[8]Lebanese amber,Barremian
LutzomyiaFrança, 1924(North and South America)
†MandalayiaStebneret al.2015(Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
MartinsmyiaGalati, 1995^[6]
†MesophlebotomitesAzar et al. 1999Lebanese amber, Barremian
MicropygomyiaBarretto, 1962^[9]
MigonemyiaGalati, 1995^[6]
NyssomyiaBarretto, 1962^[9]
OligodontomyiaGalati, 1995^[6]
†PalaeomyiaPoinar 2004Burmese amber, Albian^[10]
†PhlebotomitesStebneret al.2015Lebanese amber, Barremian,Burmese amber,Cenomanian
†PhlebotoiellaSolórzano Kraemer and Wagner 2009Cambay amber,India, Eocene
PhlebotomusRondani,1995 & Berté, 1840(Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
PintomyiaCosta Lima, 1932
PressatiaMangabeira, 1942
†ProtopsychodinaeStebneret al.2015
†ProtopsychodaAzar et al. 1999Lebanese amber, Barremian
PsathyromyiaBarretto, 1962^[9]
PsychodopygusMangabeira, 1941^[11]
SciopemyiaBarretto, 1962^[9]
SergentomyiaFrança & Parrot, 1920(Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
TrichophoromyiaBarretto, 1962^[9]
ViannamyiaMangabeira, 1941^[12]
WarileyaHertig, 1948(Central and South America)

Gallery: anatomy of Phlebotominae

Head
Head
Mouth parts
Mouth parts
Mouth parts
Mouth parts
Mouth parts
Mouth parts
Thorax
Thorax
Thorax
Thorax
Wing
Abdomen
Abdomen
Abdomen
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia
Genitalia

References

^Azar, Nel, Solignac, Paicheler, Bouchet (1999). "New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon".Palaeontology.42(6): 1101.Bibcode:1999Palgy..42.1101A.doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00112.
^^a ^b ^cAbbasi, Ibrahim; Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz, Artur; Kirstein, Oscar David; Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed; Horwitz, Ben Zion; Hailu, Asrat; Salah, Ikram; Mota, Tiago Feitosa; Fraga, Deborah Bittencourt Mothé (13 November 2018)."Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer Cannabis sativa".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.115(46):11790–11795.Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511790A.doi:10.1073/pnas.1810435115.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC6243281.PMID 30373823.
^Braverman, Y. Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1994,13(4), 1175-1199
^Lawyer, Phillip; Killick-Kendrick, Mireille; Rowland, Tobin; Rowton, Edgar; Volf, Petr (2017)."Laboratory colonization and mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae)".Parasite.24:42.doi:10.1051/parasite/2017041.PMC5687099.PMID 29139377.
^Killick-Kendrick R. (1999). "The biology and control of Phlebotomine sand flies".Clinics in Dermatology.17(3):279–89.doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(99)00046-2.PMID 10384867.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGalati, E.A.B. (1995). "Phylogenetic systematics of Phlebotominae (Diptera) with emphasis on American groups".Boletín de Dirección de Malariologia y Ssaneamiento Ambiental.35(Suplemento 1):133–142.
^Mangabeira, O. (1941)."3a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Evandromyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36:215–233.doi:10.1590/S0074-02761941000200003.
^Azar, D.; Nel, A.; Solignac, M.; Paicheler, J.-C.; Bouchet, F. (1999). "New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon".Palaeontology.42(6):1101–1136.Bibcode:1999Palgy..42.1101A.doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00112.S2CID 84535813.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eBarretto, M.P. (1962). "Novos subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae)".Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.4:91–100.
^Poinar Jr, George. "Palaeomyia burmitis gen. n., sp. n.(Phlebotominidae: Diptera) a new genus of Cretaceous sandflies with evidence of blood sucking habits".Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
^Mangabeira, O. (1941)."4a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Psychodopygus n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36(3):237–250.doi:10.1590/S0074-02761941000300001.
^Mangabeira, O. (1941). "5a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Viannamyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36(251–262).

External links

Galati, Eunice A. B.; Galvis-Ovallos, Fredy; Lawyer, Phillip; Léger, Nicole; Depaquit, Jérôme (2017)."An illustrated guide for characters and terminology used in descriptions of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae)".Parasite.24:26.doi:10.1051/parasite/2017027.ISSN 1252-607X.PMC5520390.PMID 28730992.
Depaquit, Jérôme; Pesson, Bernard; Augot, Denis; Hamilton, James Gordon Campbell; Lawyer, Phillip; Léger, Nicole (2016)."Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies (ISOPS IX), Reims, France, June 28th–July 1st, 2016".Parasite.23:E1.doi:10.1051/parasite/2016051.PMC5047050.PMID 27677701.
CIPA Computer-aided Identification of Phlebotomine sand flies of America
Lutzomyia shannoni,a sand flyon theUF/IFASFeatured Creatures website

[1] Azar, Nel, Solignac, Paicheler, Bouchet (1999). "New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon".Palaeontology.42(6): 1101.Bibcode:1999Palgy..42.1101A.doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00112.

[:0-2] Abbasi, Ibrahim; Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz, Artur; Kirstein, Oscar David; Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed; Horwitz, Ben Zion; Hailu, Asrat; Salah, Ikram; Mota, Tiago Feitosa; Fraga, Deborah Bittencourt Mothé (13 November 2018)."Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer Cannabis sativa".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.115(46):11790–11795.Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511790A.doi:10.1073/pnas.1810435115.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC6243281.PMID 30373823.

[3] Braverman, Y. Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1994,13(4), 1175-1199

[LawyerKillick-Kendrick2017-4] Lawyer, Phillip; Killick-Kendrick, Mireille; Rowland, Tobin; Rowton, Edgar; Volf, Petr (2017)."Laboratory colonization and mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae)".Parasite.24:42.doi:10.1051/parasite/2017041.PMC5687099.PMID 29139377.

[Killick-Kendrick1999-5] Killick-Kendrick R. (1999). "The biology and control of Phlebotomine sand flies".Clinics in Dermatology.17(3):279–89.doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(99)00046-2.PMID 10384867.

[Galati1995-6] Galati, E.A.B. (1995). "Phylogenetic systematics of Phlebotominae (Diptera) with emphasis on American groups".Boletín de Dirección de Malariologia y Ssaneamiento Ambiental.35(Suplemento 1):133–142.

[Mangabeira1941a-7] Mangabeira, O. (1941)."3a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Evandromyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36:215–233.doi:10.1590/S0074-02761941000200003.

[AzarEtAl1999-8] Azar, D.; Nel, A.; Solignac, M.; Paicheler, J.-C.; Bouchet, F. (1999). "New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon".Palaeontology.42(6):1101–1136.Bibcode:1999Palgy..42.1101A.doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00112.S2CID 84535813.

[Barretto1962-9] Barretto, M.P. (1962). "Novos subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae)".Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.4:91–100.

[10] Poinar Jr, George. "Palaeomyia burmitis gen. n., sp. n.(Phlebotominidae: Diptera) a new genus of Cretaceous sandflies with evidence of blood sucking habits".Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.

[Mangabeira1941b-11] Mangabeira, O. (1941)."4a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Psychodopygus n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36(3):237–250.doi:10.1590/S0074-02761941000300001.

[Mangabeira1941c-12] Mangabeira, O. (1941). "5a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Viannamyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)".Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.36(251–262).

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