Wikipedia

List of skin conditions

(Redirected fromPigmented lesions)

This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.

Manyskin conditionsaffect the humanintegumentary system—theorgan systemcovering the entire surface of thebodyand composed ofskin,hair,nails,and relatedmuscleandglands.[1]The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.[2]The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: theepidermis,dermis,andsubcutaneous tissue.[1]The two main types of human skin are:glabrous skin,the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.[3]Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures calledpilosebaceous units,each withhair follicle,sebaceous gland,and associatedarrector pilimuscle.[4]In the embryo,the epidermis, hair, and glands form from theectoderm,which is chemically influenced by the underlyingmesodermthat forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.[5][6][7]

Young child with a red rash covering face, chest, shoulders, and arms
Rashdue tomeasles

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, asquamous epitheliumwith severalstrata:thestratum corneum,stratum lucidum,stratum granulosum,stratum spinosum,andstratum basale.[8]Nourishment is provided to these layers bydiffusionfrom the dermis since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types:keratinocytes,melanocytes,Langerhans cells,andMerkel cells.Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis.[3]This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface.[3]In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.[9]

The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, thepapillary dermisand thereticular dermis.[10]The superficial papillary dermisinterdigitateswith the overlyingrete ridgesof the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.[10]Structural components of the dermis arecollagen,elastic fibers,andground substance.[10]Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and theeccrineandapocrine glands.[8]The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.[8][11]The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.[12][13]

The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlyingfascia.[14]This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, orpanniculus adiposus,and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, thepanniculus carnosus.[3]The main cellular component of this tissue is theadipocyte,or fat cell.[14]The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) andlobularcompartments, which differ in microscopic appearance.[8]Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.[14]

Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known asdermatoses,as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances,melanonychiaandracquet nails).[15][16]While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to thephysician,thousands of skin conditions have been described.[14]Classification of these conditions often presents manynosologicalchallenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known.[17][18]Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example,conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.[19][20]Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presentingskin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus,pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules,papules,vesicles), andcolor(red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow).[21]Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires askin biopsywhich yieldshistologicinformation[22][23]that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.[24][25][26]

Acneiform eruptions

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See also:Category:Acneiform eruptions
Acne vulgaris
Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
Rhinophyma

Acneiform eruptionsare caused by changes in thepilosebaceous unit.[27][28]

Autoinflammatory syndromes

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See also:Category:Autoinflammatory syndromes

Autoinflammatory syndromesare a group of inherited disorders characterized by bouts ofinflammatoryskin lesionsand periodicfevers.[29][30]

Chronic blistering

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See also:Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions

Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present withvesiclesandbullae.[31][32][33]

Conditions of the mucous membranes

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See also:Category:Conditions of the mucous membranes

Conditions of themucous membranesinvolve the moist linings of the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, and anus.[34]

Conditions of the skin appendages

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See also:Category:Conditions of the skin appendages

Conditions of theskin appendagesare those affecting the glands of the skin,hair,nails,andarrector pilimuscles.[1][35]

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat

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See also:Category:Conditions of the subcutaneous fat

Conditions of thesubcutaneous fatare those affecting the layer ofadipose tissuethat lies between thedermisand underlyingfascia.[36][37][38][39]

Congenital anomalies

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See also:Category:Cutaneous congenital anomalies

Cutaneous congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders that result from faultymorphogenesis,the biological process that forms the shape of ahuman body.[35][40][41]

Connective tissue diseases

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See also:Category:Connective tissue diseases

Connective tissue diseases are caused by a complex array ofautoimmuneresponses that target or affectcollagenorground substance.[35][43]

Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue

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See also:Category:Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue
Striae distensae

Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue are caused by problems in the regulation ofcollagensynthesis or degradation.[35][44]

Dermal and subcutaneous growths

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See also:Category:Dermal and subcutaneous growths

Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive orneoplasticproliferation of cellular components of thedermisorsubcutaneous tissue,or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.[1][35]

Dermatitis

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See also:Category:Dermatitis

Dermatitisis a general term for "inflammationof the skin ".[45]

Atopic

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See also:Category:Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitisis achronicdermatitisassociated with a hereditary tendency to developallergiesto food and inhalant substances.[46][47][48]

  • Atopic dermatitis(atopic eczema, disseminated neurodermatitis, flexural eczema, infantile eczema, prurigo diathsique)

Contact

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See also:Category:Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitisis caused by certain substances coming in contact with the skin.[49][50][51]

Eczema

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See also:Category:Eczema

Eczemarefers to a broad range of conditions that begin asspongioticdermatitisand may progress to alichenifiedstage.[26][52]

Dyshidrosis

Pustular

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See also:Category:Pustular dermatitis

Pustular dermatitis is aninflammationof the skin that presents withpustularlesions.[26][53]

Seborrheic

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See also:Category:Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitisis achronic,superficial,inflammatorydisease characterized byscalingon anerythematousbase.[54]

Disturbances of pigmentation

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See also:Category:Disturbances of human pigmentation

Disturbances of human pigmentation, either loss or reduction, may be related to loss ofmelanocytesor the inability of melanocytes to producemelaninor transportmelanosomescorrectly.[55][56][57]

Drug eruptions

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See also:Category:Drug eruptions

Drug eruptions areadverse drug reactionsthat present with cutaneous manifestations.[58][59][60]

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See also:Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions

Endocrine conditions often present with cutaneous findings as theskininteracts with theendocrine systemin many ways.[61][62]

Eosinophilic

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See also:Category:Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions

Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions encompass a wide variety of diseases that are characterized histologically by the presence ofeosinophilsin the inflammatory infiltrate, or evidence of eosinophildegranulation.[63][64]

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts

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See also:Category:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts

Epidermalnevi,neoplasms,andcystsareskin lesionsthat develop from theepidermal layerof the skin.[8][26]

Erythemas

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Erythema migrans
See also:Category:Erythemas

Erythemasare reactive skin conditions in which there isblanchableredness.[1][9]

Genodermatoses

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See also:Category:Genodermatoses

Genodermatosesareinheritedgenetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories:chromosomal,singlegene,andpolygenetic.[67][68]

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See also:Category:Infection-related cutaneous conditionsandSkin and skin structure infection

Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused bybacteria,fungi,yeast,viruses,orparasites.[26][69]

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See also:Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditionsandBacterial skin infection

Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinctmorphologiccharacteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.[69][70]

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See also:Category:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions are caused byMycobacteriuminfections.[69][71]

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See also:Category:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditionsandFungal skin infection

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused byfungioryeasts,and may present as either a superficial or deepinfectionof the skin, hair, or nails.[69]

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites

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See also:Category:Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the followingphyla:Annelida,Arthropoda,Bryozoa,Chordata,Cnidaria,Cyanobacteria,Echinodermata,Nemathelminthes,Platyhelminthes,andProtozoa.[69][72]

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See also:Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditionsandViral skin infections

Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups ofviruses–DNAandRNAtypes–both of which areobligatoryintracellularparasites.[69][73]

Lichenoid eruptions

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See also:Category:Lichenoid eruptions

Lichenoid eruptions aredermatosesrelated to the unique, commoninflammatorydisorderlichen planus,which affects the skin,mucous membranes,nails, and hair.[74][75][76]

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See also:Category:Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions

Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions are a group of disorders characterized by collections oflymphocytecells within the skin.[77]

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms

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See also:Category:Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms are caused by either a proliferation of (1)melanocytes,or (2)nevus cells,a form of melanocyte that lack dendritic processes.[78][79]

Melanoma

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See also:Category:Melanoma

Melanomais amalignantproliferation of melanocytes and the most aggressive type of skin cancer.[80][81][82]

Monocyte- and macrophage-related

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See also:Category:Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions

Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions are characterizedhistologicallybyinfiltrationof the skin bymonocyteormacrophagecells,[10]often divided into several categories, includinggranulomatous disease,[83]histiocytoses,[84]andsarcoidosis.[85]

Mucinoses

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See also:Category:Mucinoses

Mucinosesare a group of conditions caused bydermalfibroblastsproducing abnormally large amounts ofmucopolysaccharides.[34]

Neurocutaneous

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See also:Category:Neurocutaneous conditions

Neurocutaneous conditions are dueorganicnervous systemdisease or arepsychiatricinetiology.[86][87]

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See also:Category:Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions

Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused byT-cellorB-celldysfunction.[88][89]

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See also:Category:Malnutrition

Nutrition-related cutaneous conditions are caused bymalnutritiondue to an improper or inadequatediet.[90][91]

Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic

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See also:Category:Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions

Papulosquamoushyperkeratoticcutaneous conditions are those that present withpapulesandscalescaused by a thickening of thestratum corneum.[9]

Pityriasis rosea

Palmoplantar keratodermas

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See also:Category:Palmoplantar keratodermas

Palmoplantar keratodermasare a diverse group of hereditary and acquiredkeratodermasin which there ishyperkeratosisof the skin of the palms and soles.[92]

Palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa(keratoelastoidosis marginalis)
  • Aquagenic keratoderma(acquired aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma, aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma)
  • Bart–Pumphrey syndrome(palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pads and leukonychia and deafness)
  • Camisa disease
  • Carvajal syndrome(striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy)
  • Corneodermatoosseous syndrome(CDO syndrome)
  • Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma(palmoplantar keratoderma cum degeneratione granulosa Vörner, Vörner's epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, Vörner keratoderma)
  • Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma(diffuse orthohyperkeratotic keratoderma, hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris diffusa circumscripta, tylosis, Unna–Thost disease, Unna–Thost keratoderma)
  • Erythrokeratodermia variabilis(erythrokeratodermia figurata variabilis, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Mendes da Costa syndrome, Mendes da Costa type erythrokeratodermia, progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma)
  • Focal acral hyperkeratosis(acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides, degenerative collagenous plaques of the hand)
  • Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis
  • Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis(focal epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, hereditary painful callosities, hereditary painful callosity syndrome, keratosis follicularis, keratosis palmoplantaris nummularis, nummular epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Haim–Munk syndrome(palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis and arachnodactyly and acro-osteolysis)
  • Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia(alopecia congenita with keratosis palmoplantaris, Clouston syndrome, Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Fischer–Jacobsen–Clouston syndrome, keratosis palmaris with drumstick fingers, palmoplantar keratoderma and clubbing)
  • Howel–Evans syndrome(familial keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type III, palmoplantar keratoderma associated with esophageal cancer, tylosis, tylosis–esophageal carcinoma)
  • Hystrix-like ichthyosis–deafness syndrome(HID syndrome)
  • Keratoderma climactericum(acquired plantar keratoderma, climacteric keratoderma, Haxthausen's disease)
  • Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris(Buschke–Fischer–Brauer disease, Davis Colley disease, keratoderma disseminatum palmaris et plantaris, keratosis papulosa, keratoderma punctatum, keratodermia punctata, keratoma hereditarium dissipatum palmare et plantare, palmar and plantar seed dermatoses, palmar keratoses, papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma, punctate keratoderma, punctate keratoses of the palms and soles, maculosa disseminata)
  • Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome(erythrokeratodermia progressiva Burns, ichthyosiform erythroderma with corneal involvement and deafness, KID syndrome)
  • Mal de Meleda(acral keratoderma, Gamborg–Nielsen keratoderma, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma of the Gamborg–Nielsen type, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII, palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type)
  • Naxos syndrome(diffuse non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy of Naxos, Naxos disease)
  • Olmsted syndrome(mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial keratotic plaques, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial plaques, polykeratosis of Touraine)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type I(Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type II(Jackson–Lawler pachyonychia congenita, Jackson–Sertoli syndrome)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia(Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease with palmoplantar keratoderma and nail dystrophy)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert(Greither palmoplantar keratoderma, Greither syndrome, keratosis extremitatum hereditaria progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Sybert keratoderma, transgrediens and progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome(palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis)
  • Porokeratosis plantaris discreta
  • Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome(eyelid cysts with palmoplantar keratoderma and hypodontia and hypotrichosis)
  • Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez(Huriez syndrome, palmoplantar keratoderma with scleroatrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma with sclerodactyly, scleroatrophic and keratotic dermatosis of the limbs, sclerotylosis)
  • Striate palmoplantar keratoderma(acral keratoderma, Brünauer–Fuhs–Siemens type of palmoplantar keratoderma, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis palmoplantaris varians, palmoplantar keratoderma areata, palmoplantar keratoderma striata, Wachter keratoderma, Wachters palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Spiny keratoderma(porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, punctate keratoderma, punctate porokeratosis of the palms and soles)
  • Tyrosinemia type II(oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, Richner–Hanhart syndrome)
  • Vohwinkel syndrome(keratoderma hereditaria mutilans, keratoma hereditaria mutilans, mutilating keratoderma of Vohwinkel, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma)
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Linea nigra
See also:Category:Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions

Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions are a group of skin changes observed duringpregnancy.[93][94]

Pruritic

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See also:Category:Pruritic skin conditions

Pruritus,commonly known as itchiness, is a sensation exclusive to the skin, and characteristic of many skin conditions.[95][96]

Psoriasis

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See also:Category:Psoriasis

Psoriasisis a common, chronic, and recurrentinflammatorydisease of the skin characterized by circumscribed,erythematous,dry, scalingplaques.[97][98][99]

Psoriasis vulgaris

Reactive neutrophilic

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See also:Category:Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions

Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditionsconstitute a spectrum of disease mediated byneutrophils,and typically associated with underlying diseases, such asinflammatory bowel diseaseandhematologicmalignancy.[100][101]

Pyoderma gangrenosum

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions

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See also:Category:Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions are skin conditions of thepalmsandsoleswhich are resistant to treatment.[34]

  • Dermatitis repens(acrodermatitis continua, acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau, acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau, acrodermatitis perstans, dermatitis repens Crocker, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua, pustular acrodermatitis)
  • Infantile acropustulosis(acropustulosis of infancy)
  • Palmoplantar pustulosis(persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, pustular psoriasis of the Barber type, pustular psoriasis of the extremities, pustulosis of palms and soles, pustulosis palmaris et plantaris)
  • Pustular bacterid

Resulting from errors in metabolism

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See also:Category:Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism

Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism are caused byenzymaticdefects that lead to an accumulation or deficiency of various cellular components, including, but not limited to,amino acids,carbohydrates,andlipids.[16]

Resulting from physical factors

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See also:Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures,friction,andmoisture.[34][102][103]

Ionizing radiation-induced

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See also:Category:Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions

Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions result from exposure toionizing radiation.[104]

Urticaria and angioedema

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See also:Category:Urticaria and angioedema

Urticariais a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance ofwheals,which are firm, elevated swellings of the skin.[105]Angioedema,which can occur alone or with urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, or upper airway.[106]

Acute urticaria
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See also:Category:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of thebloodorblood vesselsin the dermis, orlymphaticsin thesubcutaneous tissues.[9][107][108]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^Any given cutaneous condition is only included once within this list.
  2. ^Parentheticalsare used to indicate other names by which a condition is known. If there are multiple alternative names for a condition, they are separated by commas within the parenthetical.
  3. ^Citations for any given condition name and/or alternative name(s) may be found within the condition's respective article.
  4. ^This list uses American English; therefore, the symbolsæandœ,which are common to British English, are not used, but, rather, simplified to a singlee.For example, the spelling ofnevusis favored overnævus,edemaoverœdema,and so forth. For more information, seeAmerican and British English differences.
  5. ^Non-Englishnames are included within this list when those terms are found in Englishmedical literature.Inclusion ofacne excoriée des jeunes filles(French),Frambösie(German), andparangi(Malay) represent examples of thisconvention.
  6. ^Abbreviations for condition names commonly described in medical literature with anacronym or initialismare included within this list.
  7. ^Within this list, the termimmunoglobulinis abbreviated toIgwhen used as a prefix to a specificantibody isotype(i.e.IgA,IgD,IgE,IgG,andIgM).
  8. ^Within this list, the terms human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are abbreviated toHIVandAIDS,respectively.

References

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  3. ^abcdBurns, Tony;et al.(2006)Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM.Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN1-4051-3130-6.
  4. ^Paus R, Cotsarelis G (1999). "The biology of hair follicles".N Engl J Med.341(7): 491–7.doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410706.PMID10441606.S2CID35532108.
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  18. ^Lambert WC, Everett MA (October 1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis".J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.5(4): 373–95.doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70100-2.PMID7026622.
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