Wikipedia

Plaistow, Newham

Not to be confused withPlaistow (UK Parliament constituency)orPlaistow, New Hampshire.
For other places called Plaistow, seePlaistow.

Plaistow(/ˈplɑːstoʊ/ⓘPLAHST-ohor/ˈplæstoʊ/PLAST-oh)[1][2]is a inner city area ofEast London,England, within theLondon Borough of Newham.It adjoinsUpton Parkto the north,East Hamto the east,Becktonto the south,Canning Townto the south-west andWest Hamto the west.

Plaistow
Plaistow Underground station
Greengate Street, Plaistow
Plaistow is located in Greater London
Plaistow
Plaistow
Location withinGreater London
Population31,874 (2011 Census. Plaistow North and South Wards)
OS grid referenceTQ405825
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtE13
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°31′27″N0°01′28″E/ 51.5243°N 0.0245°E/51.5243; 0.0245

It was originally a ward in the parish of West Ham,hundred of Becontree,and part of thehistoric countyofEssex.Since 1965,Plaistow has been part of the London Borough of Newham, alocal government districtof Greater London. The area forms the majority of theLondon E13postcode district. Plaistow North and Plaistow South are two of the tenelectoral wardsmaking up the UK parliamentary constituency ofWest Ham.

The main roads are theA112;Prince Regent Lane, Greengate Street, The Broadway, High Street and Plaistow Road, which is a formerRoman road;and theA124(Barking Road), which passes south west/ north east through Plaistow and past the formerWest Ham Unitedfootball ground.Commercial and retail premises are on the A112 at Greengate Street leading north and Prince Regent Lane south, leading 0.3 miles (0.5 km) toNewham Sixth Form Collegeand along the A124.

Toponymy

edit

The namePlaistowis believed by some to come from Sir Hugh de Plaiz or Plaitz[3][4]who, in 1065, married Philippade Montfitchet,of theMountfitchet Castlefamily, who owned the district. It is she who is reputed to have named it the Manor of Plaiz.[5]

However, in his bookWhat's in a Name?,first published in 1977, author Cyril M. Harris states that c. 1200 Plaistow was recorded as Plagestoue, derived from the Old Englishpleg,meaning 'sport' or 'playing', andstowe'place'. It was a place wheremiracle playswere performed so it was a 'playing place'.[6]While the book concentrates on the names of London railway stations, Harris could have confused Plaistow inEssex(and later London) with the Plaistow nearCrichinDerbyshire,which is recorded as Plagestoue in theDarley Chartersof 1200.[7]Nevertheless, the derivation frompleg+stowecould apply equally to all places named Plaistow, Plaister, etc.[7]

Plaistow in Essex is reported as appearing as Playstowe in the county'sPatent Rollsof 1414.[7]This is also quoted by James Kemble, another who cites the derivation frompleg+stowe– a 'place for playing'.[8]

The bookFifty Years a Borough, 1886-1936, The Story of West Ham,compiled by Donald McDougall on behalf of West Ham County Borough Council, leans towards the derivation from Hugh de Plaiz, as Lord of the Manor, and that Plaistow was the Stow or village of the de Plaiz family.[9]

History

edit

Medieval and Tudor

edit

Hugh de Balun was a property-owner in the area in the 12th century and belonged to the same family asHamelin de Balun.[10][11]Known asBalostretin the 1371Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous,Balaam/ˈbeɪləm/Street is one of the oldest roads in Plaistow and is probably named after de Balun, though some argue its namesake is in fact a Walter Balame.[8]

In 1353, Sir Richard de Playz gave the manor of Plaistow to the abbot ofStratford-Langthorne.[12]When this abbey wasdissolvedthe manor was appropriated by the Crown, and granted to SirRoger Cholmeleyin 1553.[12]

18th century

edit

Daniel Defoe's 1724 work,"Tour of the Eastern Counties"(part of hisA Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain), mentions Plaistow as a town in which there had been much new building as well as repairs to existing houses since theGlorious Revolution.[13]Plaistow is connected with the legend of notorioushighwaymanDick Turpin(born 1705; executed 1739). Several stories state that among Turpin’s first crimes was the theft of two oxen from his employer, a Mr Giles of Plaistow,[14][15][16]in 1730.[17]Turpin is alleged to also have run a smuggling gang which operated between Plaistow andSouthend.[14]

Plaistow ward of West Ham Civil Parish in 1867.

InAaron Hill'stime there (1738–1750) Plaistow was a rural village described as a day's coach journey from Westminster,[18]despite it being a distance of only some 8 miles (13 km). The Black Lion public house in the High Street is one of the oldest landmarks in Plaistow and is reputed to date back to at least 1742.[19]

19th century

edit

Newly-appointed as pastor to a Congregationalist church in Plaistow,John Curwenopened the Plaistow Public School in 1844.[20][21]That year also saw Plaistow become a chapelry as well as an Anglican parish in its own right, split off fromAll Saints Church, West Ham;Plaistow'schapel of easeSt Mary'sbecame the new parish's church. Curwen also started a printing business in Plaistow in 1863.[22]

In the 1870s,John Marius Wilsondescribed it in hisImperial Gazetteer of England and Walesas a village, a chapelry and a ward in the Parish of West Ham in Essex.[23]The population of the chapelry was recorded as 11,214 in 1861.[23]James Thorne, in his 1876 work"Handbook to the Environs of London",mentions Plaistow, Essex, as a village and ecclesiastical district of West Ham parish with a population of 6,699.[24]Thorne recounts the changes to the old village of Plaistow, with the gentry, merchants and others of renown having gone and the occupations of the residents changed from agricultural and pastoral to manufacturing. In 1886 Plaistow became part of the newCounty Borough of West Ham.

The area gained several new Anglican churches in the second half of the 19th century –St Philip'sin 1860,St Andrew'sin 1868,St Katherine'sin 1891,St Martin'sin 1894 andSt Thomas'sin 1898. Only St Martin's and St Andrew's survive; St Andrew's is mentioned in Thorne's work and, like its adjoining vicarage (1871), is a grade IIlisted building.[25][26]John Curwen's son, John Spencer Curwen (who founded the Stratford & East London Music Festival – the oldest English music festival – in 1882),[27]published a paper called“Old Plaistow”in 1891[28]describing houses of the area.[29]

1900–1995

edit

It was not until 1905 that Plaistow was connected to the telephone network,[17]though it became its ownUK Parliamentary constituencyin 1918, consisting of the Plaistow and Hudsons wards of theCounty Borough of West Ham,plus part of the Canning Town ward. That constituency was subsumed into the West Ham constituency in 1950.

TheMemorial Baptist Churchwas built in 1921 as a monument to the dead of the First World War.[30]Opened in 1922, it is now a grade II listed building.[31]Its ten Memorial Bells bear the names of more than 150 men who died in the fighting (the largest number of names on any set of bells in the world).[32]The bells were cleaned and restored using a National Heritage Lottery grant between February and August 2011[33]as part of a larger restoration project.[34]

Greengate House photographed in 2021

In 1921, theYMCAopened Greengate House on Greengate Street. Now a grade II listed building, it was once used as anArt collegeby theUniversity of East Londonand students includedJake and Dinos Chapman.[35]In 2010 the building was demolished but the grand and ornate façade was retained and modernised and a new block of flats built behind it.[36][37]

The area was heavily damaged duringthe Blitzin theSecond World War.[38]The Plaistow North area is largely made up of a local authority housing estate constructed in the 1960s on a bomb-damaged site. The estate used to include five 14-storey 1960s tower blocks but much has changed and the area has undergone a major redevelopment programme. The Black Lion public house was frequented byWest Ham Unitedfootball players especially such asBobby Moorein the 1960s and '70s[39]with several West Ham footballers spotted in the area since.

In 1965 Plaistow became part of the new London Borough of Newham, formed when West Ham joined with theCounty Borough of East Hamand small parts ofBarkingandWoolwich.[40]

1995–present

edit

Just before the end of the 1990s a £92 million regeneration programme known as the Forest Gate and Plaistow SRB5 got under way, with the aim of renewing and revitalising neighbourhoods, creating jobs, building new homes and improving many existing ones.[41]West Ham and Plaistow New Deal for Communities ( "NDC" ), part of a government programme designed to tackle social exclusion, community safety, unemployment and low educational attainment in areas of severe need throughout the country, was awarded £54.6 million to bring about improvements to the local area over a 10-year period to 2010,[42]with the intention of improving the quality of life and providing more opportunities for residents in the West Ham and Plaistow area.

In March 2010,[43]the NDC set up Newham New Deal Partnership ( "Newham NDP" ), aNot-for-Profit organisation,to continue providing community benefit to the NDC area and beyond, and continue the work carried out over the 10 years of the NDC Programme.[44]Newham NDP works in partnership with the East London Business Alliance, East Thames Group, London Borough of Newham and One Housing Group[45]to provide community benefits to the area either directly or in partnership with other stakeholders. In March 2011 the Memorial Community Church was awarded money by the Big Lottery Fund Reaching Communities programme, to improve community facilities there.[46]

On 10 December 2012, Plaistow South was named as one of fifty areas of England to share in a Big Lottery Scheme grant of £200 million.[47]Plaistow South received £1 million to fund locally-designed projects to improve the area.[48]In January 2013, councillors approved a new housing development of both private and affordable homes on the site of the old Plaistow Hospital. Construction began in March 2013 with completion of Phase 1 in 2015[49]and Phase 2 in 2016.

Amenities

edit

Places of interest in the area include the 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) Plaistow Park (known as Balaam Street Recreation Ground from its opening in 1894 to its renaming in 1999[50]), and the 10 acres (4 ha) Memorial Park which merges into theEast London Cemetery.There are several small parks in the area, with the largeWest Ham Park1 mile (1.6 km) north.

In Plaistow are Newham Leisure Centre, Balaam Street Leisure Centre andNewham University Hospital.Newham Sixth Form College's main campus is in the south-east, near the hospital.

The Terence McMillan Stadium, named for the firstmayor of Newham,Terence McMillan, who occupied the position 1965 to 1966, is located in Plaistow, close to the hospital and the college. It is the former home of theNewham and Essex Beaglestrack and field athletics club and part of the Newham Leisure Centre. East End Road Runners is a running club based at the Newham Leisure Centre and was the recipient of England Athletics' award for London Development Club of the Year in 2011.[51]Non-league football teamsAthletic Newham(formerly Lopes Tavares) andFire United Christianplay at the Terence McMillan Stadium,[52]which also became the home ground ofClapton,rivals of Athletic Newham in theEssex Senior League,in 2020.[53]

The West Ham Boys' Amateur Boxing Club is located at the rear of the Black Lion public house in High Street.[54]

The59 Club,a charitable motorcycle club, is based in Plaistow and located in the Swift Centre in Barking Road.[55]

Education

edit
Further information:List of schools in Newham

Nathan Kemp, assistant headteacher at Tollgate Primary School in Plaistow,[56]won Teacher of the Year in the 2012 annual national Teaching Awards, the first ever overall Teacher of the Year instead of there being separate awards for primary and secondary schools.[57]

Michael Patient of Tollgate was one of the winners of a Pearson teaching award in 2014, winning a silver award for outstanding new teacher of the year.[58]

edit

The location for the video shoot of "(Keep Feeling) Fascination"bythe Human Leaguewas a house, painted entirely in orange and surrounding terraced streets at the corner of First Avenue and Third Avenue in Plaistow. The area has since been redeveloped.[59]

"Plaistow Patricia" is a song from the highly acclaimed albumNew Boots and Panties!!byIan Dury and the Blockheadsreleased in 1977.

Radio

edit

Voice of Africa Radio(VOAR) was a multilanguage internet and local radio station broadcasting from Plaistow.[60][61]It was set up on 1 January 2000 and began as an unlicensed broadcaster, not obtaining a broadcast licence until 16 February 2006.[62]It was the first licensed African radio station in the UK but had its licence revoked by Ofcom on 4 March 2016 for persistent failure to broadcast.

Notable residents

edit
Further information:Category:People from Plaistow, Newham

Arts and entertainment

edit

Aaron Hill,writer and dramatist, lived at Hyde House[18]during his retirement and until his death in 1750.[63]William Holl the Younger,noted portrait and figure engraver, was born in Plaistow in 1807.[64]

SingersDavid Essex,Ronnie Lane,Sandra Kerr,Jade Ewen,Mumzy StrangerandAlison Hindswere born in Plaistow, as was comedian and folk singerRichard Digance.Singer and entertainerJoe Brownwas born inLincolnshirebut lived in Plaistow from the age of two. Record producerNorman Newellwas born in Plaistow.

A number of grime MCs and DJs have origins in Plaistow, includingGhetts,Durrty GoodzandCrazy Titch.Rapper21 Savagewas born in Plaistow and moved as a youth toAtlantain the United States.[65]

ActorTerence Stampattended Tollgate Primary School andPlaistow Grammar School.ActorHonor Blackmanwas born in Plaistow, as were actorsJimmy Akingbola,Ron PemberandRoberta Taylorand comedian, actor and playwrightAndi Osho.

Sports

edit

Multi-times Olympic athleteFred Alsopwas born in Plaistow in 1938.

England international footballersSol Campbell,Tony Cottee,Rob LeeandMartin Peterswere born in Plaistow.

England international speedway riderReg Fearmanwas from Plaistow. He managed England and Great Britain national teams, and was also Chairman of theBritish Speedway Promoters' Association.[66]

Edward Temme,born in Plaistow, was a member of the British Olympic Water Polo teams of 1928 and 1936 and was the first man to swim theEnglish Channelin both directions.[67]He is reputed to have swum non-stop in both directions and to have achieved this feat twice.[68]

Other

edit

Other famous residents have included:

Transport

edit

Rail

edit

PlaistowandUpton Parktube stations are in the district. Both are served by theLondon UndergroundDistrictandHammersmith & Citylines, which link the area directly to destinations inCentral London,includingthe City,King's Cross,St. Pancras International,Westminster,andPaddington.Both stations are inLondon fare zone 3.Eastbound trains run towardsBarking,Dagenham,andUpminster.

West Ham stationis less than one mile from High Street Plaistow, in London fare zones2and 3. The station is on theJubilee lineandDocklands Light Railway(DLR), which links the area directly to several key destinations and interchanges, includingStratford International,London City Airport(),London Bridge,andWaterloo.

Stratford stationis also nearby, to the north of the district, which is served by theCentraland Jubilee lines, DLR, andNational Railtrains. This links the area to destinations across North East London,Essex,andEast Anglia.Canning Town stationis to Plaistow's south-west on the Jubilee line and the DLR.[80]

Since 2022, the area has also been linked directly toLondon Heathrow AirportandReadingvia theElizabeth linefrom the nearbyCustom House station.[81]

Bus

edit

Plaistow is on theLondon Busesnetwork, served by routes:5,69,115,147,241,262,276,300,325,330,473,678,N15.Routes 69 and night bus N15 run overnight through Plaistow.[82][83]

Cycling

edit

TheGreenway,ashared-use path,runs through Plastow. The route runs unbroken fromHackney Wickto Plaistow via theQueen Elizabeth Olympic Park,Stratford,andWest Ham.Eastbound, the route runs towardsNewham University Hospital,East Ham,Beckton,andCycle Superhighway 3towards Barking. The Greenway runs atopJoseph Bazalgette'sNorthern Outfall Sewer.It is a part ofTransport for London(TfL)'s cycle network, numberedCycleway 22.

Cycle Superhighway 2(CS2) runs along the northern edge of Plaistow, through Stratford. The route runs non-stop and mostly traffic-free westbound towards the City, viaBow,Mile End,andWhitechapel.

Cycle Superhighway 3 (CS3) runs along the southern edge of Plaistow. The route runs non-stop and mostly traffic-free towards the City, viaCanning Town,Poplar,andLimehouse.The route continues beyond the City traffic-free toLancaster Gate(Hyde Park), viaWestminsterandBuckingham Palace,providing Plaistow with a direct, continuous cycle link to destinations in theWest End.Eastbound, CS3 runs to Barking.[84]

Road

edit

Plaistow is linked to other areas of London and South East England by road. Roads which run through Plaistow include:

The A13 runs along the southernmost edge of Plaistow. The road runs westbound towards theCity of London,passing Canning Town,Poplar,andCanary Wharfen route.Eastbound, the road carries traffic towards Barking,Dagenham,the M25 ,Tilbury,andSouthend-on-Sea.

Nearest places

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Wells, J. C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary,3rd edn, Harlow, UK: Longman
  2. ^Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, et al. (2011).Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary,18th edn, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  3. ^"Hugh de Plaiz".Geni.Retrieved7 January2012.
  4. ^"Hugh Plaitz".RootsWeb.Ancestry.com.Permira/CMGI.Retrieved7 January2012.
  5. ^"Sir Hugh de Plaiz".RootsWeb.Ancestry.com.Permira/CMGI.Retrieved7 January2012.
  6. ^Harris, Cyril M. (2001).What's in a Name?.Capital History / London Transport Museum.ISBN185414-241-0.
  7. ^abc"Plaister".The Internet Surname Database.Name Origin Research.Retrieved19 June2012.
  8. ^abKemble, James (2007).Essex Place-Names.Historical Publications.ISBN978-1-905286-21-8.
  9. ^McDougall, Donald (1936).Fifty Years a Borough, 1886-1936, The Story of West Ham.County Borough Council of West Ham. p. 57.ASINB000LFZWAC.
  10. ^"British History Online, West Ham, Manors and estates".University of London & History of Parliament Trust.Retrieved14 November2012.
  11. ^"Plaistow, E 13".The Estate of Lawrence Rigal.Retrieved14 November2012.
  12. ^ab"BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, WESTHAM, Manor of Playz".University of London & History of Parliament Trust.Retrieved2 October2012.
  13. ^"The Newham Story, Essex Journey".Newham London. 24 June 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 16 March 2013.Retrieved10 April2012.
  14. ^abc"History of Stratford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc".29 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2011.Retrieved2 November2012.
  15. ^"The Newgate Calendar, Richard Turpin".stand-and-deliver.org.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 31 October 2012.Retrieved2 November2012.
  16. ^"Dick Turpin".Probert Encyclopaedia. Archived fromthe originalon 19 November 2012.Retrieved2 November2012.
  17. ^ab"A Newham timeline".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2014.Retrieved3 November2012.
  18. ^ab"'Essex Man': Richardson and the Hill Family, 1738–1750 ".Oxford University Press. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved20 October2012.
  19. ^"The Newham Story".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 16 March 2013.Retrieved11 August2012.
  20. ^"British History Online, West Ham, Education, Elementary schools founded before 1871".University of London & History of Parliament Trust.Retrieved13 May2013.
  21. ^"The Enchiridion, Selected Obituaries and Biographies, John Curwen".Canamus. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2006.Retrieved1 October2012.
  22. ^"CURWEN PRESS, History".Curwen Press.Retrieved1 October2012.
  23. ^ab"A Vision of Britain Through Time".University of Portsmouth.Retrieved20 June2012.
  24. ^"Plaistow, Church Records".Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2012.Retrieved11 August2012.
  25. ^Historic England."Church of St Andrew (1080967)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved31 May2012.
  26. ^Historic England."St Andrew's Vicarage (1080968)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved31 May2012.
  27. ^"Stratford & East London Music Festival".Retrieved1 October2012.
  28. ^"Saffron Walden Town Library: museum bookcase (Entry 269)".Saffron Walden Town Library.Retrieved1 October2012.
  29. ^"History of Straford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc".29 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2011.Retrieved1 October2012.
  30. ^Historic England."Memorial Baptist Church (1246354)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved31 May2012.
  31. ^"History".Memorial Community Church. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2012.Retrieved27 July2012.
  32. ^"Rededication of the Memorial Bells".Memorial Community Church. 21 November 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2016.Retrieved10 December2012.
  33. ^"Lottery grant to restore Plaistow church bells".EDP24.1 February 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015.Retrieved10 December2012.
  34. ^"Plaistow church bells restored".The East of London Family History Society. 31 August 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 2 October 2011.Retrieved10 December2012.
  35. ^"Jake and Dinos Chapman at the White Cube in pictures".The Telegraph.London. 15 July 2011.Retrieved6 March2013.
  36. ^"Greengate House, Plaistow".Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers Ltd. Archived fromthe originalon 20 April 2013.Retrieved6 March2013.
  37. ^"Greengate House Apartments".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 15 March 2013.Retrieved6 March2013.
  38. ^"Plaistow, Green Street, Upton Park and West Ham".Newham Education Business Partnership. Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2011.Retrieved12 December2012.
  39. ^Henry Winter (27 February 2009)."Harry Redknapp still hungry for success with Tottenham".Daily Telegraph.London.Retrieved20 November2011.
  40. ^"NEWHAM, LONDON BOROUGH OF".Civic Heraldry of England and Wales.Retrieved9 August2012.
  41. ^"Forest Gate & Plaistow SRB5 Programme".Newham Education Business Partnership. Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2010.Retrieved12 December2012.
  42. ^"Ongoing projects".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 10 August 2012.Retrieved13 August2012.
  43. ^"Decision details: West Ham and Plaistow NDC Succession Strategy".Newham London. 11 March 2010.Retrieved13 August2012.
  44. ^"All About Newham NDP".Newham ndp. Archived fromthe originalon 30 July 2012.Retrieved13 August2012.
  45. ^"Partners".Newham ndp.Retrieved13 August2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^"Big Lottery Fund grant for better community facilities in Plaistow".Memorial Community Church. 22 March 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved10 December2012.
  47. ^"Lottery to give £200M to 'forgotten' communities".BBC News. 10 December 2012.Retrieved10 December2012.
  48. ^"London estates and areas get £1M lottery funding".BBC News. 10 December 2012.Retrieved10 December2012.
  49. ^"Major new housing development boosts Plaistow".Newham London. 22 January 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 23 April 2013.Retrieved5 March2013.
  50. ^"Plaistow Park".London Parks & Gardens Trust. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved23 August2012.
  51. ^"East End Road Runners".East End Road Runners.Retrieved3 December2012.
  52. ^"The Wycombe Wanderer: Fire United Christian - Terence McMillan Stadium".The Wycombe Wanderer.16 February 2019.Retrieved26 March2022.
  53. ^"Clapton secure new home ground in Plaistow".Newham Recorder. 21 July 2020.Retrieved23 August2021.
  54. ^"Boxing in Newham".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 8 August 2012.Retrieved11 August2012.
  55. ^"The 59 Club".Retrieved13 August2016.
  56. ^"Teaching Awards 2012 winner – UK Panel".Teaching Awards Trust. Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2013.Retrieved29 December2012.
  57. ^Garner, Richard (24 October 2012)."Why a man's place is in the classroom".The Independent.London.Retrieved29 December2012.
  58. ^"Plaistow teacher wins outstanding new teacher of the year award".Newham Recorder. 16 May 2014.Retrieved16 September2014.
  59. ^"The Human League - (Keep Feeling) Fascination".layersoflondon.humap.site. 1983.Retrieved12 February2022.
  60. ^"Our Success Story".voiceofafricaradio.com. 15 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2013.Retrieved26 January2013.
  61. ^"Contact VOAR 94FM".voiceofafricaradio.com. Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2013.Retrieved26 January2013.
  62. ^"About us".voiceofafricaradio.com. 13 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 10 March 2013.Retrieved26 January2013.
  63. ^Gerrard, Christine (2003)."Patriotism, Fame and Death, 1743–1750".Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183884.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-818388-4.Retrieved20 October2012.
  64. ^"William Holl the Younger".Edinburgh University Library.Retrieved18 February2013.
  65. ^Tobin, Olivia (5 February 2019)."21 Savage latest: Rapper could face 10-year-ban from the US, lawyer says".Evening Standard.Retrieved6 February2019.
  66. ^"Reg Fearman: Right of Reply".Speedway Plus. 12 January 2006.Retrieved2 February2013.
  67. ^"Edward Temme".Sports Reference LLC. Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2020.Retrieved20 October2012.
  68. ^"Feats of an almost-forgotten hero".Newsquest (Essex) Ltd. 22 October 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2008.Retrieved20 October2012.
  69. ^ab"BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, West Ham".University of London & History of Parliament Trust.Retrieved2 October2012.
  70. ^"Hyde House Plaistow".Newham London. Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2012.Retrieved25 September2012.
  71. ^Pewsey, Stephen (1996).Stratford, West Ham & The Royal Docks.Sutton Publishing. p. 35.ISBN0-7509-1417-3.
  72. ^"Press Release".Drayton Hall. 26 October 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2012.Retrieved20 October2012.
  73. ^"Biographical details, George Edwards".The British Museum.Retrieved20 October2012.
  74. ^"Luke Howard".eNotes. Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2013.Retrieved15 August2012.
  75. ^"A short history of Cinchona".Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived fromthe originalon 18 March 2013.Retrieved19 February2013.
  76. ^"Fellow details".The Royal Society.Retrieved19 February2013.
  77. ^"Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, Peptic Ulcer: Rise and Fall"(PDF).Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. November 2002.Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 August 2020.Retrieved1 February2013.
  78. ^Dockray, G. J. (1 November 1998)."Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society, Roderic Alfred Gregory, C.B.E."Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.44.Royal Society Publishing: 207–216.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0014.S2CID29047715.Retrieved1 February2013.
  79. ^"No. 61092".The London Gazette(Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N2.
  80. ^"London's Rail & Tube Services"(PDF).Transport for London.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2015.Retrieved2 April2020.
  81. ^Matters, Transport for London | Every Journey."Direct Elizabeth line services into central London from Reading, Heathrow, and Shenfield start today".Transport for London.Retrieved3 October2023.
  82. ^"Buses from Plaistow (Barking Road)"(PDF).Transport for London.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 February 2020.Retrieved2 April2020.
  83. ^"Buses from Plaistow Station"(PDF).Transport for London.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 February 2020.Retrieved2 April2020.
  84. ^"Cycle".Transport for London.Retrieved4 April2020.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toPlaistow, Newham.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaistow,_Newham&oldid=1247744130"