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Plantaginaceae

Not to be confused withPlatanaceae.

Plantaginaceae,theplantain family,is a large, diversefamilyof flowering plants in the orderLamialesthat includes common flowers such assnapdragonandfoxglove.It is unrelated to thebanana-like fruitalso called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the orderPlantaginales,but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group,have demonstrated that this taxon should be included withinLamiales.

Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Juss.[1]
Type genus
Plantago
Tribes
Synonyms[2]
  • AntirrhinaceaePers.
  • AragoaceaeD.Don
  • CallitrichaceaeLinknom. cons.
  • ChelonaceaeMartinov
  • DigitalaceaeMartinov
  • EllisiophyllaceaeHonda
  • GlobulariaceaeDC.nom. cons.
  • GratiolaceaeMartinov
  • HippuridaceaeVestnom. cons.
  • LittorellaceaeGray
  • PsylliaceaeHoran.
  • SibthorpiaceaeD.Don
  • VeronicaceaeCassel

Overview

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The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera:Bougueria,Littorella,andPlantago.However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceaesensu stricto(in the strict sense) were nested withinScrophulariaceae(but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family,Scrophularia). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature(ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family includingPlantago.Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The nameAntirrhinaceaehas been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003)[3]chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym.

A group of genera includingLinderniahas now beensegregated[4][5]as the familyLinderniaceae,[6]which is recognized by Hastonet al.2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family".

Plantaginaceaesensu lato(in the broad sense) are a diverse,cosmopolitan family,occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists ofherbs,shrubsand also a fewaquatic plantswithroots(such as the genusCallitriche). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.[4]

Theleavesare spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of theglandularhairs.

The structure and form of theflowersis variable. Some genera are4-merous(i.e., with 4sepalsand 4petals), such asAragoa(but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such asSibthorpia.The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. Thecorollais often two-lipped. In some taxa, theandroeciumis formed before the corolla.

Thefruitis a loculicidalcapsule,dehiscingthrough the partitions between the cells.[7]

Genera

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Bacopa monnieriinHyderabad, India.
Matourea azureainKerala

The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 107 genera[8]and about 1,900 species.[9]The largest genus isVeronica,with about 450 species.Veronicaalso includes the generaHebe,ParahebeandSynthyris,formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included inScrophulariaceaeexcept where otherwise stated.

TribeAngelonieae
TribeAntirrhineae
TribeCallitricheae
TribeCheloneae
TribeDigitalideae
TribeGlobularieae
TribeGratioleae
TribeHemiphragmeae
TribePlantagineae
TribeRusselieae
TribeSibthorpieae
TribeVeroniceae
Tribe unknown

AlthoughGRINincludesLafuenteaLag.in the tribe Antirrhineae,[11]in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecoset al.(2013)[23]it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005).[4]For the time being it should be considered anoutgroup.

Excluded genera

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References

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  1. ^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"(PDF).Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161(2): 105–121.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.hdl:10654/18083.Retrieved2013-07-06.
  2. ^"Family:PlantaginaceaeJuss., nom. cons ".Germplasm Resources Information Network.2003-01-17. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-04.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  3. ^Olmstead, Richard G. (2002)."Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?"(PDF).Fremontia.30:13–22.
  4. ^abcAlbach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the" new "Plantaginaceae".American Journal of Botany.92(2): 297–315.doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297.PMID21652407.
  5. ^Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R. G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae".Taxon.54(2): 411–425.doi:10.2307/25065369.JSTOR25065369.
  6. ^Rahmanzadeh, R.; Müller, K.; Fischer, E.; Bartels, D.; Borsch, T. (2005). "The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)".Plant Biology.7(1): 67–78.Bibcode:2005PlBio...7...67R.doi:10.1055/s-2004-830444.PMID15666207.S2CID260252656.
  7. ^Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007)."A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families".Taxon.56(1): 7–12.doi:10.2307/25065731.JSTOR25065731.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^Plantaginaceae Juss.Plants of the World Online.Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  9. ^Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016)."The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase".Phytotaxa.261(3): 201–217.doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  10. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeAngelonieae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  11. ^ab"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeAntirrhineae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  12. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeCallitricheae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  13. ^Crosswhite, Frank S.; Kawano, Shoichi (1970)."Pennellianthus(Scrophulariaceae)--A New Genus of Japan and USSR ".The American Midland Naturalist.83(2): 358–367.doi:10.2307/2423949.JSTOR2423949.Retrieved11 November2021.
  14. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeCheloneae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  15. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeDigitalideae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  16. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeGlobularieae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  17. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeGratioleae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  18. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeHemiphragmeae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  19. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribePlantagineae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  20. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeRusselieae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  21. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeSipthorpieae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  22. ^"GRIN Genera ofPlantaginaceaetribeVeroniceae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2011-04-28.
  23. ^Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Vargas, Pablo (February 2013). "A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (LinariaMill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences ".International Journal of Plant Sciences.174(2): 234–249.doi:10.1086/668790.JSTOR10.1086/668790.S2CID85302392.
  24. ^"GRIN genera sometimes placed inPlantaginaceae".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Archived fromthe originalon 2004-11-18.Retrieved2011-04-28.

Bibliography

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