Plastic bulletcan refer to:
- Plastic baton round: a large, blunt, low-velocity projectile fired from a specialized gun, intended as aless-lethalweapon for riot control.[6][7]
- Plastic bullet: a conventionally sized and shaped bullet made from a composite material including plastic, fired from a conventional rifle and capable of penetrating human tissue, intended as a less lethal weapon for riot control.[8][9]
- Plastic bullet (target shooting): a blunt, lightweight handgun bullet intended for short-range target practice, not intended for use as a weapon.[10]
Both types of plastic bullet intended for riot control have caused deaths.[11][12]
Plastic bullets are generally used forriot control.Some plastic bullets are intended to be skip fired, hitting the ground and ricocheting into the intended target; while others were designed to be fired directly into the target.[citation needed]
Plastic baton rounds were invented by British researchers to provide a more accurate alternative torubber bullets,and were intended to be fired directly at rioters inNorthern IrelandduringThe Troubles.[7][13]
An unrelated blunt, low velocity, small-calibre handgun bullet made of hollow plastic is sometimes used for short-range target practice (seerecreational use).
History
editThe plastic baton round was developed in the UK byPorton Downscientists and intended for use against rioters in Northern Ireland duringThe Troubles,first used there in 1973.[7][14][15]
The first version was the L5 Plastic Baton Round (PBR, commonly called plastic bullet).[16]It was created to replace rubber baton rounds (rubber bullets), which had been used in Northern Ireland since 1970 and which were withdrawn by the end of 1975. Rubber bullets were meant to be fired at the legs of rioters or the ground in front of them. However, they were often fired directly at people from close range and sometimes at the totally innocent. The use of rubber bullets in Northern Ireland resulted in at least three people being killed and many more badly injured.[7][15]
The plastic bullet could be fired directly at people and at longer ranges. It was intended to be a projectile of similar effect on its target as the rubber bullet. Officially, its advantage over the rubber bullet was claimed to be greater accuracy.[7][13]
The first plastic bullet was made of PVC (some sources say polyurethane),[13][17][18]weighed 135 g (4.75 oz), was 38 mm (1.5 in) diameter and 'rather over' 102 mm (4 in) long. The new plastic bullet was a similar size to but lighter than the 149 g (5.25 oz) rubber bullet, but the considerably longer range of the plastic bullet—33–66 m (36–72 yd) against 23–46 m (25–50 yd)—implies an appreciably higher muzzle velocity. An analysis made in 1976 concluded that the plastic bullet would prove to be more dangerous than the rubber bullet it replaced, especially if used abusively at short distances.[7][14]
InNorthern Irelandbetween their first use in February 1973 and February 1983, plastic bullets killed four times as many people round for round as the rubber bullets they replaced.[14]
The final variant of the L5 plastic bullet—the L5A7—was introduced in 1994.[citation needed]The L5 was replaced by the L21A1 in 2001. The L21 plastic bullet was fired from a new launcher, theHKL104A1riot gun,a rifled weapon which gives greater accuracy when used with an optical sight than the smooth bore weapons used to fire the earlier L5 rounds.[16]
A 2003 study for theNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commissionfound that the new L21 round was 'potentially more lethal' since it was inaccurate and 2.5 times more likely to penetrate body tissue than the older L5 round. One in three L21 rounds missed their target, while 10% of the L21 rounds fired caused injury compared to 1.14% of the L5 rounds.[17]: 8-9 TheDefence Scientific Advisory Councilfound that the L21 round hitting end on could penetrate a human skull and lodge in the brain, killing the victim; also that the L21 round posed more risk to innocent bystanders than the L5 due to its greater potential ricochet.[17]: 8
The L21 was replaced by the L60A1 Attenuated Energy Projectile in June 2005 due to tests showing that the L21 was more dangerous than earlier rounds especially when striking the head.[19][20]
Usage—plastic baton rounds
editUse in Northern Ireland
edit| Year | Rubber bullets | Plastic bullets |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 238 | |
| 1971 | 16,752 | |
| 1972 | 23,363 | |
| 1973 | 12,724 | 42 |
| 1974 | 2,612 | 216 |
| 1975 | 145 | 3,556 |
| 1976 | 3,464 | |
| 1977 | 1,490 | |
| 1978 | 1,734 | |
| 1979 | 1,271 | |
| 1980 | 1,231 | |
| 1981 | 29,665 | |
| Sub-total | 55,834 | 42,669 |
| Total | 98,503 | |
The British Army in Northern Ireland was issued with plastic bullets in August 1972, the intention being to replace the use of rubber bullets, and first used them in February 1973;[7]while theRoyal Ulster Constabulary(RUC) first 'tried out' the new round during a riot on 12 August 1973.[23]Shortly after their introduction it was discovered plastic bullets were lethal at certain ranges.[24]Rubber bullets had been withdrawn from Northern Ireland by the end of 1975.[7]
Fourteen people were killed by plastic bullet impacts; half of them were children and all but one were from the Catholic community. The deaths occurred over 14 years, from 1975 to 1989.[11] Most of the deaths were allegedly[25][26][27]caused by the British security forces misusing the weapon, firing at close range and at chest or head level rather than targeting below the waist.
The first person to be killed by a plastic bullet was 10-year-old Stephen Geddis, who died on 30 August 1975 in hospital, two days after being shot by the British Army in west Belfast.[11]The last person killed was Dominic Marron who was struck in the head in 1981 when he was 14-years-old, and caused him to suffer a fatal heart attack 23 years later on 7 August 2004 at 38-years-old.[28]One of the most high-profile plastic bullet victims was 12-year-old Carol Ann Kelly from west Belfast, who died in hospital on 22 May 1981 after being shot in the head by a member of theRoyal Regiment of Fusilierson 19 May 1981.[29][30]
In 1982, theEuropean Parliamentcalled on member states to ban the use of plastic bullets.[31]However, they continued to be used by the British security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1984 theUnited Campaign Against Plastic Bulletswas founded, calling for plastic bullets to be banned in Northern Ireland. One of its founders,Emma Groves,had been permanently blinded in 1971 when a British soldier shot her in the face with a rubber bullet. Duringrioting in July 1997,a 14-year-old boy was struck in the head by a plastic bullet and spent three days in acoma.[32]
From 1973 to 1981, just over 42,600 plastic bullets were fired in Northern Ireland. By 2005, 125,000 baton rounds had been fired, most of them plastic bullets.[16]
Use elsewhere
editDuring the weekend of 20 April 2001, at the anti-FTAA protest in Quebec City, Canada, plastic bullets were used by police forces against protesters attempting to breach the security fences. Plastic bullets were used against protesters at a protest againstglobalizationinQuebecin 2001, where one individual reportedly underwent an emergency tracheotomy after being hit in the throat.[33][34]
Plastic bullets were approved for policing in England and Wales in June 2001.[citation needed]Plastic bullets were also authorized for G8 summit protests in Gleneagles, Scotland in July 2005.[35]A plastic bullet was successfully used to disarm a hostage taker armed with amacheteinDorchester,England in November 2002.[36]
In September 2004, seven picketing shipbuilders were injured in a tear-gas and plastic bullet assault in Cadiz, Spain.[37]
In 1990, Kenyanriot policeraided a room at theUniversity of Nairobibeating students with batons. A fleeing female student was shot in the stomach with a plastic bullet.[38]
Venezuelan police and soldiers fired plastic bullets at student protesters in Caracas in December 2010.[39]
Foam-tipped plastic bullets were employed byU.S. Marinesin a trial in theIraq Warbut were determined to be ineffectual.[40]
Usage—penetrating plastic bullets
editUse in Israel
editIsraeli plastic bullets are not baton rounds and are capable of penetrating all body tissue.[8][41]
In August 1988, theIsraeli armybegan using plastic bullets for crowd control by themilitary administrationof theWest BankandGaza Strip.Israeli Defense MinisterYitzhak Rabinexplained the plastic bullets were intended to cause more injuries to Palestinian rioters. Army commanders hoped that their use would reduce Palestinian stone-throwing, however this did not happen during the first month of their use in which Israeli plastic bullets killed eight Palestinians.[12]
In March 1990, an army report - "Uprising Data" - found 128 "local residents" had been killed by plastic bullets. According to the armyrules of engagementthe use of plastic bullets is permitted in case of a "violentriot",defined as:" a disturbance with the participation of three or more persons, including stone throwing, erection of a barrier or barricade, burning a tire. " Some of the instructions under Rules of Engagement include:
- Plastic bullet only to be fired under order from commanding officer
- Not to be fired at a range of less than 70 metres
- Aimed below knee
- "Avoid aiming fire at children below the age of 14 and at women."
From April to May 1989, during the early stages of theFirst Intifada,five young people were killed by plastic bullets fired byIsraeli soldiers,four of whom were under 14 years old.[41]
Following a visit to a Nablus Hospital a group of four Israeli doctors reported: "The plastic bullet can penetrate all tissue. Even if the wound caused by the plastic is less severe than that caused by conventional bullets, it is still a very severe wound. The bullet is capable of striking internal organs, and as occurred in cases that were hospitalised in al-Ittihad hospital, the bullet struck the liver, intestines, spleen and blood vessels. It is superfluous to add that such a wound can be fatal."[41]
Use in Jammu and Kashmir
editIndia's Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory in Chandigarh has developed plastic bullets designed to be fired from conventional rifles as an alternative to usingpellet gunsfor crowd control.[9]
These plastic bullets—not baton rounds—can be fired fromAK-47andINSAS riflesand have been used by Indian security forces forcrowd control in Jammu and Kashmirin India. They are used along with otherriot control agentssuch astear gas,chili grenades,and pellet guns (riot shotgunsthat fire pellet cartridges) by security forces againststone peltingprotesters during violent clashes inJammu and Kashmir.[42]
According to Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) officials, the plastic bullets can only be fired in single shot mode and not inburst mode.[42]The bullets are claimed to penetrate 20mm into human targets.[9]
21,000rounds of plastic bullets were sent to Kashmir in 2018 for riot control.[43]A anonymous source at the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs claimed that the use of plastic bullets is based on the list of non-lethal weapons approved by theUnited Nations peacekeepingstandards for crowd control.[44]
Design
editThe original UK plastic bullet deployed in 1972 weighs around 135 g (4.75 oz) and was intended to be effective at a range of 33 to 66 m (36 to 72 yd).[7]
Recreational use
editA type of reusable plastic bullet intended for short-range target practice using conventionalhandgunsis available, designed to be propelled purely by an ordinarycartridgeprimer.
Speer plastic bullets, the only widely available brand, are flat-nosed hollow plastic cylinders, are available in.357/.38/9 mm,.44, and.45calibers, and are designed for use primarily inrevolvers,as the flat nose of the bullet does not feed well in most magazine fed actions. The slow moving plastic bullets may be captured undamaged and reused numerous times if a suitable backstop is used. For use in revolvers,.38 Specialand.44 Specialversions also include plastic cases, which can be primed and de-primed by hand with minimal tools. For other calibers, standardbrasscases are used.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Nick Lewer (2002).Advanced Book Search The future of non-lethal weapons: technologies, operations, ethics and law.Taylor & Francis.ISBN0-7146-8265-9.
- ^"Written Answers to Questions [7 Jun 2004]".7 June 2004.Retrieved22 December2010.
- ^Chris Talbot (26 June 2001)."Sectarian riots in Northern Ireland".World Socialist Web Site.Retrieved17 December2010.
who retaliated by firing rounds of a new type of plastic bullets, L21 A1,
- ^"A Draft Chronology of the Conflict -2001".Retrieved17 December2010.
During the riots the RUC fired a number of the new 'L21 A1' plastic baton rounds.
- ^LAURA FRIEL (11 July 2002)."Victims and their families take action".Retrieved22 December2010.
- ^Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights.Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1989. p. 133.ISBN0-7923-0207-9.
- ^abcdefghiRosenhead, Jonathan (16 December 1976)."A new look at 'less lethal' weapons".New Scientist.Vol. 72, no. 1031. Reed Business Information.ISSN0262-4079.Archivedfrom the original on 14 March 2023.Retrieved14 March2023.
Thirteen year old Brian Stewart died in October from a fractured skull after being hit by a plastic bullet fired by the Army.
- ^abYellin, Alon; Golan, Michael; Klein, Ehud; Avigad, Hamar; Rosenman, Judith; Lieberman, Yair (February 1992)."Penetrating thoracic wounds caused by plastic bullets"(pdf).Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.103(2): 381–385.doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35042-1.PMID1736005.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2023.Retrieved15 March2023.
The plastic bullet (Fig. I) is a 5.62 mm missile, 1.5 cm long, weighing 0.85 gm, and composed of metal particles sustained in a plastic (polyvinylchloride) substance. The bullet is shot by conventional military weapons, usually the M-16 rifle.
- ^abcRay, Kalyan (4 January 2019)."Plastic Bullet to replace the pellets in Kashmir valley".National/North and Central.Deccan Herald.Bangalore, India: The Printers Mysore. Archived fromthe originalon 4 January 2019.Retrieved15 March2023.
The bullets with plastic tips can pierce the skin up to 20 mm
- ^ab"SPEER Specialty Products".Speer. Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2008.Retrieved29 May2008.
- ^abcMelaugh, Martin."List of People Killed by 'Rubber' and 'Plastic' Bullets".CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet).Ulster University.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2022.Retrieved15 March2023.
- ^ab"Israel Defends Plastic Bullets in Face of Growing Criticism".Jewish Telegraphic Agency.30 September 1988.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2023.Retrieved15 March2023.
eight Palestinians have been killed by plastic bullets in the month since they were first employed
- ^abcMr Hugh Jenkins, MP for Wandsworth Putney (30 December 1976)."Bullets".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).Vol. 921. UK: House of Commons. col. 78W–79W. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2023.
The rubber baton round was withdrawn from Northern Ireland towards the end of 1975 by which time it had been replaced by the plastic (PVC) round which is inherently more accurate, particularly at longer ranges.
- ^abcVines, Gail (3 February 1983)."New plastic bullets squirts noxious chemicals".New Scientist.Vol. 97, no. 1343. Reed Business Information.ISSN0262-4079.Archivedfrom the original on 14 March 2023.Retrieved14 March2023.
Plastic bullets were invented by Porton Down scientists for use in Northern Ireland.
- ^abMelaugh, Martin."A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1970".CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet).Ulster University. Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2022.Retrieved14 March2023.
The rounds were intended to be fired at the legs of rioters or the ground in front of rioters [...] Often the weapons were fired directly at people [...] These weapons were to result in a number of deaths and serious injuries.
- ^abcAnthony G Williams."Less-lethal Ammunition".Archived fromthe originalon 3 September 2009.
- ^abcOmega Foundation (March 2003).Baton Rounds(PDF).Temple Court, Belfast, BT1 1NA, UK: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.ISBN1-903681-33-2.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 September 2021.
A review of the human rights implications of the introduction and use of the L21A1 baton round in Northern Ireland and proposed alternatives to the baton round
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link) - ^Williams, Anthony G. (2 August 2022)."British 37 mm baton rounds".Small Arms Review.Chipotle Publishing.Archivedfrom the original on 25 March 2023.Retrieved25 March2023.
The obvious difference is that the baton is flat-nosed and made from polyurethane polymer. The L5 remained in service for a long time and went through several marks, the last being the L5A7. The baton is 98mm long, weighs 131g and is fired at 63 m/s.
- ^"Appendix 1".The work of the Committee in 2005, Second Report of Session 2005–06(PDF)(Report). HC 928. London: House of Commons: Northern Ireland Affairs Committee. 28 February 2006. p. 10.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 February 2017.Retrieved15 March2023.
The Attenuated Energy Projectile (AEP) became operational on 21 June 2005 and replaced the previous L21 Baton Round.
{{cite report}}:CS1 maint: others (link) - ^Hallett, Edward (13 January 2020)."L21A1 Baton Round Cartridge".Tales from the Supply Depot; Collecting British Militaria.hatchfive.Archivedfrom the original on 30 September 2022.Retrieved23 March2023.
The L21A1 round only lasted in service for a very short time. The Defence Scientific Advisory Committee tested the round and concluded that whilst it had similar kinetic impact energies to its predecessors, it could be slightly more dangerous if it struck someone in the head.
- ^TheRoyal Ulster Constabularyacquired plastic bullets in 1978, but the figures for 1978, 1979 and 1980 refer only to the number of plastic bullets fired by the British Army. The 1981 figures include plastic bullets fired by the RUC
- ^They Shoot Children: The use of rubber and plastic bullets in the north of Ireland.Ivor Place, London: Information on Ireland. 1982.ISBN0-9507381-2-3.
- ^Melaugh, Martin."A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1973".CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet).Ulster University. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2023.Retrieved14 March2023.
Sunday 12 August 1973 The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) tried out a new plastic baton round during a riot.
- ^Coker, Christopher (2008).Ethics and war in the 21st century.Routledge.p. 129.ISBN978-0-415-45282-3.
- ^"Dispute over plastic bullets use".BBC News.18 July 2001.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2002.Retrieved6 January2010.
Seventeen people have been killed by plastic bullets in Northern Ireland. Nine of those who died were children under the age of 18 - the youngest aged 10.
- ^McKittrick (1999)."Victims of Plastic and Rubber Bullets, Lost Lives (1999)".Archived fromthe originalon 16 May 2003.
Brian Stewart. Age 13. Shot October 10, 1976. Shot in the head by British Army from a distance of 10 yards. Non-riot situation
- ^"Plastic and Rubber Bullet Victims".Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2011.
John Downes, 23, from Andersonstown, west Belfast, killed in the most public fashion when he was struck on the chest at point blank range by an RUC plastic bullet in front of television cameras at a Republican rally
- ^"ANOTHER LIFE LOST TO PLASTIC BULLETS".republican-news.org.Retrieved22 October2024.
- ^"The Victims".Relatives for Justice.2009. Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2009.Retrieved25 March2023.
The coroner in his 'findings' said that Carol Ann Kelly was an innocent bystander when she was 'struck on the head by the second of two plastic bullets fired as she passed Aspen Park.'
- ^Human Rights in Northern Ireland.Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 159.ISBN978-0-300-05623-5.
- ^A Chronology of the Conflict - 1982.Conflict Archive on the Internet(CAIN).
- ^A Chronology of the Conflict - July 1997.Conflict Archive on the Internet(CAIN).
- ^KAREN W. ARENSON(28 December 2005)."When Scholarship and Politics Collided at Yale".The New York Times Company.Retrieved16 December2010.
- ^Mark Engler (22 April 2001)."Fortress Quebec: A Return to Tear Gas and Violence".Alternet.Retrieved4 September2014.
- ^Macdonell, Hamish; Gray, Louise (29 January 2005)."Ring of steel to protect city from G8 mayhem".The Scotsman.Edinburgh.Retrieved12 September2011.
- ^"Police plastic bullet ends siege by machete man".The Daily Telegraph.25 November 2002.Retrieved9 August2011.
- ^"Shipbuilders in Spain strike in privatisation protest".World Socialist Web Site. 17 September 2004.Retrieved5 February2011.
- ^"Kenya:Brutal Seventh".The Economist.17 July 1997.Retrieved4 February2011.
a female student was shot in the stomach with a plastic bullet as she tried to flee
- ^Sanchez, Fabiola (23 December 2010)."Venezuelan students protest against university law".boston.com.Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2023.Retrieved5 March2023.
Police and soldiers fired water cannons and plastic bullets as thousands of students protested against a law passed by Venezuela's congress that increases government powers over the country's universities.
- ^Nick LEWER and Neil DAVISON (2005)."Non-lethal technologies—an overview"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2011.Retrieved5 February2011.
- ^abcTalmor, Ronny (July 1990).The Use of Firearms by the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories(doc)(Report). Translated by Ralph Mandel. Jerusalem: B’Tselem – The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. p.14 introduction + definition of riot, p.15 Rules of Engagement, p.17 uprising data, pp. 75,81 MKYair Tsabanto defence ministersYitzhak Rabin&Yitzhak Shamir.pp.75-6,84 total young persons killed by plastic bullets April 1989.ISSN0792-4003.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2023.Retrieved15 March2023.
Between the start of the Intifada and the end of May 1990, 630 Palestinians, including 138 children under the age of 16, were shot to death by the Israeli security forces.
- ^abAhuja, Rajesh (20 June 2017)."Centre sends 1 lakh plastic bullets, chilli-filled PAVA shells to Kashmir Valley".Hindustan Times.Retrieved4 January2019.
- ^"CRPF sends 21000" less lethal "plastic bullets to Kashmir".The Economic Times.PTI. 14 July 2018.Retrieved4 January2019.
- ^Kaur, Kamaljit (18 April 2017)."Using plastic bullets in Kashmir drawn from UN peacekeeping standards for crowd control".India Today.Retrieved4 January2019.