Wikipedia

Plessey

This article is about the British company. For the decision by the United States Supreme Court, seePlessy v. Ferguson.

The Plessey Company plcwas a British electronics, defence and telecommunications company. It originated in 1917, growing and diversifying into electronics. It expanded afterWorld War IIby acquisition of companies and formed overseas companies. It was listed on theLondon Stock Exchangeand was a constituent of theFTSE 100 Index.In 1989, it was taken over by a consortium formed byGECandSiemenswhich split the assets of the Plessey group.

Plessey
Company typePublic company
IndustryElectronics,defenceandtelecommunications
Founded1917
Defunct1989
FateAcquired
(in 1989 by GEC/Siemens joint holding company – GEC Siemens)
SuccessorGEC
(1989–1999)
Siemens Plessey
(1989–1997)
Marconi Communications
(1998–2006)
Siemens Communications
(1998–2006)
BAE Systems
(1999 till date)
Plessey Semiconductors
(2010 till date)
HeadquartersIlford,Greater London, England
Key people
Sir John Clark(chairman)

The majority of Plessey's defence assets were amalgamated intoBAE Systemsin 1999 whenBritish Aerospacemerged with the defence arm of GEC,Marconi Electronic Systems(MES). The Plessey Microsystems division was the subject of a management buyout in 1988[1][2]becomingRadstone Technology,which survives today as part ofAbaco Systemsbased inTowcester,Northamptonshire.The bulk of Plessey's telecommunications assets were acquired byEricssonthrough its 2005 acquisition ofMarconi Communications,a successor company of GEC.

History

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Early history

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The Plessey company was founded in 1917 inMarylebone,central London. The original shareholders were Thomas Hurst Hodgson, C. H. Whitaker, Raymond Parker and his brother Plessey Parker.[3]A talented German engineer, William Oscar Heyne, was employed by the company. Heyne later became the managing director and chairman of Plessey and was one of the key figures in the development of Plessey during the 1920s and 1930s.[3]The company moved to Cottenham Road inIlfordearly in 1919.[3]In 1925, the original company was wound up and a new one was formed with a greater share capital. Most of the early work carried out by the company was in mechanical engineering.

The Clark connection

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An early customer of Plessey was agalvanisingcompany called British Electro Chemists. One of that company's shareholders was Byron G. Clark, an American, who was also a business associate of T. H. Hodgson, one of the founders of Plessey. The Clark family would eventually dominate the management of Plessey for most of its history. Byron's sonAllen George Clarkjoined the company in 1921, and went on to become a driving force behind the development of Plessey,[3]followed later by his sonsJohn Allen Clark,and Michael William Clark,[4]both of whom rose to prominent positions in the company.

Electrical manufacturing

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During the 1920s Plessey began to diversify into electrical manufacturing. Important contracts included the manufacture of early radios[3]forMarconiand the production of telephones for theGeneral Post Office.In order to increase production, Plessey moved to Vicarage Lane,Ilford,in 1923.[3]In 1929, the television pioneerJohn Logie Bairdhad his first production televisions made by Plessey.[3]The company also produced the first British-made portable radio in the same year.

The manufacture of electrical components became an area of growth for Plessey. A vast array of components was manufactured, many under licence from overseas companies. Plessey became one of the largest manufacturers in this field as the radio and television industries grew. In 1936/7, turnover was more than £1 million and Plessey became a public company on 17 March 1937.

Aircraft components

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Aircraft components was another market into which the company diversified. In 1936, Plessey obtained a number of important manufacturing licences from American companies such as Breeze Corporation for aircraft multi-pinelectrical connectors,Federal Laboratories forCoffman starters(an explosive cartridge device used to start aircraft engines), and Pump Engineering Services Corporation for the manufacture of Pescofuel pumps.Plessey went on to produce large numbers of these fuel pumps forRolls-Royce Merlinengines, and in 1940 the fuel pump for Britain's first jet engine was also supplied by Plessey.

R1155receiver on top of T1154 transmitter

World War II

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DuringWorld War II,Plessey produced a vast array of components and equipment for the war effort, including shell cases, aircraft parts, and radio equipment such as theR1155(receiver), and T1154 (transmitter). In all, 161,500 pieces of wartime electronic equipment were produced.

To allow greater production, Plessey converted five miles of twin tunnel, built for anew extensionto theLondon UndergroundCentral linefromLeytonstonetoNewbury Park,into a factory.[3]The company also built a new factory atSwindonin Wiltshire, and opened several other shadow factories around the country to produce munitions.Caswell,Northamptonshire became the site of Plessey's first dedicated research centre in 1940. The wartime workforce of Plessey grew to over 10,000.

Post World War II

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With the end of the war the company's orders dropped from £5 million in 1944/5 to £263,000 in 1946 and the workforce fell to less than 6,000. Radio and television sales were the main area of activity until the renewed demand for defence products with the onset of theKorean War.From a turnover of £5 million in 1949/50, there was an increase to £32 million in 1959/60.

In 1951, the Electronics Division was started by Michael Clark. By 1955, this had expanded to become the Electronics and Equipment Group with 5,000 staff. The following year theRoke Manorresearch facility was set up under the direction of H. J. Finden nearRomsey,Hampshire. Plessey produced an earlyintegrated circuitmodel in 1957, before the patents ofJack St. Clair KilbyofTexas InstrumentsandRobert Noyceof Fairchild.[5][6][7]In the 1960s the Group continued to expand, setting up facilities at places such as West Leigh (Havant,Hampshire) andTemplecombe,Somerset.

Plessey Electronics logo

In 1961 Plessey merged withEricsson TelephonesandAutomatic Telephone Manufacturing Companyof Liverpool, to become Britain's largest manufacturer oftelecommunicationsequipment, including the majority of the country'scrossbar switches.[3]Alongside the Telecommunications Division, three other businesses were set up: Plessey Avionics and Communications, Plessey Radar and Plessey Marine. In 1967 or 1968,English Electricwas subject to a takeover bid by Plessey, but chose instead to accept an offer fromGEC.In 1970, the Command and Control unit was set up atChristchurch, Dorset,which became the centre of the Plessey Defence Systems business. In 1979, a major subsidiary was set up, Plessey Electronic Systems, which incorporated the three businesses and by 1986 achieved sales of over £500 million and employed 15,000.

Plessey were partners in the development of theAtlas Computerin 1962 and in the development of digital telephone systems, includingSystem X,from the late 1970s.[3]In 1988, Plessey's Telecommunications Division merged with that of GEC to becomeGEC Plessey Telecommunications.Plessey Naval Systems was formed in 1986 by the merger of Plessey Marine with Plessey Displays, which had been part of Plessey Radar. Plessey were among the first firms to use computers. Their Training Department developed an interactive management game (PITDEX) usingTeleTypeprinter/keyboards to link to LEASCO computers in the United States via standard telephones andacoustic couplers.

Plessey PDRM82F geiger counter

Plessey also pioneered the gathering and consolidation of accounting information from around the world using in-house software. Each of their 140 management reporting entities used HP125s with DIVAT (data input, validation and transmission) software. Nearly 450 validation rules ensured accuracy within and between various reports. The data were then transmitted toIlfordwhere aHP 3000ranFortransoftware for consolidation and reporting—also on HP125s.[8]By 1972, Plessey designed the first industrialcapability-based securitycomputer, a fault-tolerant multiprocessor system calledPlessey System 250.Plessey was also the lead contractor for thePtarmigancommunications system supplied to theBritish Army,which adopted the System 250 architecture.[3]

A division focused on microcomputing, Plessey Microsystems, was founded in 1975, having licensed the 16-bit Miproc processor architecture developed by theNorwegian Defence Research Establishmentand Aksjeselskapet Mikro-Elektronikk.[9]In contrast to the existing implementation, announced with a 200ns cycle time,[10]Plessey introduced Miproc with a 350ns cycle time as part of a development system costing $5,000.[11]During the 1970s and early 1980s, Plessey manufactured a series of computer systems and peripherals compatible withDigital Equipment Corporation'sPDP-11,some based on the Miproc product which was itself revised to operate with a faster 250ns cycle time.[12]The company would eventually expand its Miproc range to include the Miproc RTS, running the RTX real-time operating system, alongside Plessey's other product lines featuring semiconductor and bubble memory, and microprocessor-based data terminals.[13]

Plessey Controls, from 1982 to the mid-1980s, also manufactured a type of geiger counter known as the Portable Dose Rate Meter (PDRM). It gave highly accurate readings, using the Gray system of measurement and used standard torch batteries. They were built for civil defence, but also used by the British Army. Most ended up in the hands of the Royal Observer Corps and manufacture would discontinue by the late 1980s.

UK air defence

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In 1959 AT&E, later Plessey, became the prime contractor for a new UK air defence system, known by the company under the name Plan Ahead and, from 1961, asProject Linesman.[14]To enable the system to be designed and built without too much information becoming public knowledge, a new factory called "Exchange Works" was built in Cheapside in Liverpool city centre, where young employees were granted exemption from conscription.

At the heart of the system, installed in a huge building in the middle of a council housing estate inWest Drayton,was the computer room, occupying an area of around 300 by 150 feet (91 m × 46 m) and filled with around 1,000 7-foot-high (2.1 m) racks of electronics, including mainly the XL4 computer, based entirely on germanium transistors and using a computer language developed at Exchange Works in the 1950s and 1960s.[14]The secure status of the factory attracted many other secret contracts and led to it becoming one of the major designers and manufacturers of cryptographic equipment. Exchange Works is now luxury flats.

South Africa

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The South African roots of Plessey can be traced to the acquisition of AT&E and Ericsson in 1963, and aCape Townbased company, the Instrument Manufacturing Company (IMC), acquired in 1964.[3]

At the time, IMC was in the process of industrialising a unique South African invention, theTellurometer,the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement equipment.[15]The instrument was invented byDr. Trevor Lloyd Wadleyof the Telecommunications Research Laboratory of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), also responsible for theWadley loopreceiver, which allowed precision tuning over wide bands, a task that had previously required switching out multiple crystals.

South African insurance and investment companySanlambought 26% of Plessey South Africa in 1974, with first right of refusal to purchase more of the company.[16]These shares were later transferred to Sankorp, Sanlam's industrial holdings company. In 1989, when GEC-Siemens took control of the Plessey Company, Sankorp indicated its intention to purchase the remaining 74% of shares in the South African subsidiary.

Australia

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Plessey had a manufacturing plant at Meadowbank in Sydney, Australia[17]that made defense equipment and TVs. In the 1970s and 80s it produced Ericsson Crossbar Telephone Exchanges under licence for Telecom Australa and the PNG Post and Telegraphs department.[citation needed]

GEC takeover bid

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In December 1985,GEClaunched a takeover bid for the Plessey Company, valuing the group at £1.2 billion. Both Plessey and theMinistry of Defencewere against the merger, since GEC and Plessey were the two largest suppliers to the MoD and in many tenders the only competitors. In January 1986, the bid was referred to theMonopolies & Mergers Commission(MMC), whose report published in August advised against the merger. The government concurred and blocked GEC's bid.[18][19]

In 1988, Plessey and GEC merged their telecom units to formGEC Plessey Telecommunications(GPT), at the time the UK's leading telecommunications manufacturer.

GEC Siemens takeover

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In 1988, GEC andSiemensset up a jointholding company,GEC Siemens, to launch a hostile takeover of Plessey. Their initial offer was made on 23 December 1988, valuing Plessey at £1.7 billion. Again, Plessey rejected the offer and again it was referred to the MMC. The original proposal envisaged joint ownership of all of Plessey's defence businesses, with GPT and Plessey's North American businesses split in the ratios 60:40 and 51:49 respectively. The level of GEC's involvement in the Plessey defence businesses was not likely to meet with regulatory approval and in February 1989, GEC Siemens announced a new organisation. In an effort to head off the bid, Plessey announced in May 1989 the closure of itscompound semiconductorbusiness inTowcester,Plessey 3-5. The takeover was completed in September 1989.[18][19][20]

Break-up of the business

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In April 1990, GEC and Siemens agreed a new structure of ownership of the Plessey businesses:[18][19][21]

GEC acquisitions

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  • In the UK
    • Plessey Aerospace
    • Plessey Avionics
    • Plessey Crypto
    • Plessey Materials
    • Plessey Naval Systems
    • Plessey Semiconductors
    • Plessey Research Caswell
    • Plessey Microsystems
    • Plessey Controls
  • In North America
    • Plessey Aero Precision Corp
    • Plessey Dynamics Corp
    • Plessey Electronic Systems Corp (including ES Marine Systems)
    • Sippican
    • Plessey Materials
    • Leigh Instruments

Siemens acquisitions

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  • Siemens Plessey Radar
  • Siemens Plessey Defence Systems
  • Siemens Plessey Controls
  • Siemens Plessey Australia
  • Siemens Plessey Assessment Services
  • Roke Manor Research

Jointly owned

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Disposals

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  • Birkby Plastics (1989-1990)[22]
  • Hoskyns Group
  • Plessey Valdarno S.p.A. (Italy), sold toMagnetekin 1991[23]
  • 51% share in Plessey Telenet acquired by minority partner in 1992
  • 74% share in Plessey South Africa acquired by minority partner Sankorp

Subsequent history

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UK

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In 1997,British AerospaceandDaimlerChrysler Aerospaceacquired the UK operations and the German part ofSiemens PlesseySystems, respectively.[24]

By 1997, the GPT name disappeared in the UK and the company was known as Siemens GEC Communication Systems (SGCS), which later becameSiemens Communications.In August 1998, GEC acquired Siemens' 40% stake in GPT (by now only existing as a legal entity) and merged GPT with the telecoms units of its other subsidiaries, namely Marconi SpA, GEC Hong Kong and ATC South Africa, to formMarconi Communications.In December 1999, GEC's defence armMarconi Electronic Systemswas amalgamated with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems.

The remainder of GEC was renamed to Marconi plc, and Marconi Communications became its principal subsidiary.[25]This company was affected by thedot-com bubbleand was restructured into Marconi Corporation in 2003, then collapsed in 2005. Most of it (including Marconi Communications) was bought byEricssonand the remainder becameTelent.

The part of GPT which evolved into Siemens Communications would eventually becomeSiemens Enterprise Communicationsin 2008.

Plessey Semiconductors factory at Cheney Manor, Swindon in 1982. The factory housed both bipolar and MOS lines. A small part of the canteen facilities (which had five grades of service) for all Plessey employees is visible on the right of the image, since demolished around 2010

GEC Plessey Semiconductors (GPS) was purchased byMitelSemiconductors of Canada in 1998.[26]After a number of downsizes, including the purchase of the power semiconductor andsilicon on sapphireoperation atLincoln, LincolnshirebyDynex Semiconductorin 2000, the company renamed itselfZarlinkSemiconductor in 2001.[27]The GPS fabrication plant inPlymouthwas acquired byXfab.

Plessey Semiconductors Ltd

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After the sale of theRoboroughsite inPlymouthtoXfab,the original Plessey Semiconductors site at Cheney Manor, Swindon continued to operate under the Zarlink Semiconductor name until it was sold to MHS Industries in early 2008. In February 2009, the UK business was forced into receivership following the collapse of the parent MHS Electronics business in France. After a subsequent management buyout the company traded as Plus-Semi Ltd.[28][29]

Plessey Semiconductors factory at Cheney Manor, Swindon, on 17 July 2012, undergoing demolition

The Roborough site ( 8 "and 6" lines) was re-acquired fromXfabon 1 January 2010 and the company renamed as Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. The new company transferred itsbipolarprocesses on silicon andSOIinto the 8 "Plymouth facility during 2010, exploiting the combined technology base in the development of new processes and products in a number of markets. The Swindon site on the Cheney Manor Industrial estate in the west of the town was demolished in July 2012. In 2011/2, Plessey acquired the rights to disruptive GaN-on-silicon technology by acquisition of CamGaN, a startup company, from Cambridge Enterprises.[30]

Using the GaN-on-silicon technology and semiconductor expertise, Plessey Semiconductors Ltd manufactured solid state lighting, horticultural lighting and medical sensing products. Their GaN-on-silicon i2LED high power LEDs and Stellar Orion Beam Forming modules, launched in autumn 2016, which enabled new form factors of lighting products and remove critical design constraints for lighting product designers. In horticulture, the Plessey Attis Growlight was at the forefront of an engineering approach to LED based plant grow lights which was then developed into a new brand, Hyperion Grow Lights.[31]The company's medical products were based on the EPIC sensor, which were used in the advanced portable ECG monitoring device, Impulse, and was also the basis of an R&D program, named Warden, to develop driver alertness monitoring devices in automotive and aeronautical applications.[32]

In 2017, Plessey pivoted the focus of the business to the R&D and manufacturing of microLEDs (micro light-emitting diodes) as a market disrupting display technology for a wide range of applications, including: Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, smartphones, televisions, smartwatches, head-up displays, head-mounted displays and more.[33]

Plessey Semiconductors headquarters inRoborough,Plymouthin August 2017

Plessey continues to operate in the Roborough site[34]with leading-edge 150mm and 200mm wafer processing facilities to undertake design, test and assembly of products, and a comprehensive suite of photonic characterisation and applications laboratories.

Their original microLED product was an illuminator for display light engines (DMD and LCOS), which offered a 40% reduction in light engine size whilst delivering higher energy efficiency. They have now upgraded to full-field emissive microLED displays that combine very high-density RGB pixel arrays with high-performance CMOS backplanes to produce very high-brightness, low-power and high-frame-rate image sources. These are innovative products that are widely recognised within the industry with many accolades from prestigious electronics, engineering and display industry award programs, including: Elektra Awards 2017,[35]British Engineering Excellence Awards 2017,[36]National Technology Awards 2018,[37]CES Innovation Awards 2019[38]and Electronics Industry Awards 2019.[39]

In March 2019, Plessey used their GaN-on-silicon technology, which natively emits blue, to innovatively engineer the early layers within the process to emit native green,[40]opening more opportunities for markets such as military. Plessey also achieved the world's first GaN-on-silicon monolithic, wafer to wafer bonding, in May which was a massive breakthrough for not only the company but the industry.[41]

South Africa

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In South Africa, following the successful GEC/Siemens takeover, after protracted negotiations in 1991, Plessey South Africa became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sankorp under the new name of Plessey Tellumat South Africa Limited (PTSA). The addition of the name Tellumat had a double symbolism, firstly for the company's commitment to exports, as it is the name of its UK-based export subsidiary. Secondly, the name derives from the Tellurometer, South Africa's world first electronic surveying development—and by implication, a commitment to ongoing electronic research and development.

PTSA continued to grow with a strong focus on telecommunications and defence products, particularly with a major expansion into large projects, rolling out the microwave backbone of MTN, one of South Africa's first GSM cellular networks and the installation of a fibre optic network and radio broadcasting system in Malaysia. A software division was formed through the acquisition of BSW data, largely staffed by engineers from the recently terminated South African space programme in which PTSA had also participated, both in the electronics of the launch vehicle and the satellite itself.

1995 was a landmark year in the history of the business in South Africa. The merger of PTSA and Tek Electronics, the consumer electronics audio and video products, manufacturer and distributor, (also wholly owned by Sankorp) took the business full circle back to its consumer electronics roots.[3]This resulted in the renaming of PTSA back to the original name ofPlessey South AfricaLimited. The full acquisition of AWA-Plessey Communications, which Plessey jointly owned in Australia with Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd (AWA) and had a similar product portfolio, resulted in penetration into the Pacific Rim market. The culmination of this growth was the company's listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) as thePlessey Corporationin the same year. Trading started off at R4.80 a share.[3]On the evening of 6 February 1996, a devastating fire swept through two bays of the White Road factory in Retreat,Cape Towncausing huge damage to stock, instruments, plant and work in progress. No one was injured, but work was disrupted for several weeks. Large sections of the factory had to be rebuilt.[3]

At the end of 1996, Plessey Corporation sold off the Sales and marketing business of Telefunken, Pioneer and Satellite TV.[3]

In August 1998, Plessey Corporation was bought byDimension Data Holdingsand Worldwide African Investment Holdings for R1.6 billion. The new owners retained BSW Data, Plessey Solutions and Communications Systems. The remaining divisions, notably with a product development and manufacturing focus, were bought back by a combined management buyout supported by Rand Merchant Bank. The corporate name was changed to Tellumat Pty Ltd.[42]Tellumat continues to develop and manufacture Plessey-branded products as before and operates in thedefence,telecommunicationsand contract manufacturing markets.

Plessey barcodes

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Main article:Plessey Code
"123456E"encoded in a Plessey barcode

The name is also used to refer to abarcodesymbology developed by Plessey, which is still used in somelibrariesand for shelf tags in retail stores, in part as a solution to their internal requirement for stock control. The system was first used in the early 1970s byJ.Sainsburyto identify all of its products on supermarket shelves for its product restocking system. The chief advantages are the relative ease of printing using the dot-matrix printers, which were popular at the time of the code's introduction, and its somewhat higher density than the more common 2 of 5 and 3 of 9 codes.

Plessey barcodes use two bar widths. Whitespace between bars is not significant. The start element is a wide bar, and the stop element is two narrow bars. In between, the bars are in groups of four. High order bars appear leftmost. Narrow bars are 0 and wide bars are 1.

This symbology is not self checking, though a modulo 10 or modulo 11 checksum (or some combination of both checksums, depending on application) is usually appended.

References

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