Pomacentridaeis afamilyofray-finned fish,comprising thedamselfishesandclownfishes.This family were formerly placed in the orderPerciformesbut are now regarded as beingincertae sedisin the subseriesOvalentariain thecladePercomorpha.[2] They are primarilymarine,while a few species inhabitfreshwaterandbrackishenvironments (e.g.,Neopomacentrus aquadulcis,N. taeniurus,Pomacentrus taeniometopon,Stegastes otophorus).[3]They are noted for their hardy constitutions andterritoriality.Many are brightly colored, so they are popular inaquaria.
| Clownfish and damselfish Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Cocoa damselfish,Stegastes variabilis | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Pomacentridae Bonaparte,1832[1] |
| Type species | |
| Pomacentrus pavo Bloch, 1787
| |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
Around 385speciesare classified in this family, in about 31genera.Of these, members of two genera,AmphiprionandPremnas,are commonly calledclownfishor anemonefish, while members of other genera (e.g.,Pomacentrus) are commonly called damselfish.[4]The members of this family are classified in four subfamilies:Amphiprioninae,Chrominae,Lepidozyginae,andPomacentrinae.[5]
The earliest known fossil damselfish isChaychanusfrom theEarly PaleoceneofChiapas,Mexico.[6]
Etymology
editThe name of the family is derived from theGreekwords;pomaroughly translates to the English "cover", referring to the fishes'opercula,andkentronis Greek forsting.The name refers to the serrations found along the margins of the opercular bones in many members of this family.[4]
Distribution and habitat
editPomacentrids are found primarily in tropical seas, with a few species occurring in subtropical waters (e.g.,Hypsypops rubicundus). Most species are found on or nearcoral reefsin the Indo-West Pacific (from East Africa to Polynesia). The area from the Philippines to Australia hosts the greatest concentration of species.[7]The remaining species are found in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific.[citation needed]Some species are native to freshwater or brackishestuarineenvironments.[3][8]
Most members of the family live in shallow water, from 2 to 15 m (6 ft 7 in to 49 ft 3 in) in depth, although some species (e.g.,Chromis abyssus) are found below 100 m (330 ft).[9]Most species are specialists, living in specific parts of the reef, such as sandylagoons,steep reef slopes, or areas exposed to strong wave action. In general, the coral is used as shelter, and many species can only survive in its presence.[8]
The bottom-dwelling species are territorial, occupying and defending a portion of the reef, often centered on shelter. By keeping away other species of fish, some pomacentrids encourage the growth of thick mats ofalgaewithin their territories, leading to the common namefarmerfish.[8]
Characteristics
edit
Pomacentrids have an orbiculate to elongated body shape, which is often laterally compressed. They have interrupted or incomplete lateral lines and they usually have a single nostril on each side (some species ofChromisandDascyllushave two on each side).[7]They have small- to medium-sizedctenoidscales. They have one or two rows of teeth, which may be conical or spatulate.
They display a wide range of colors, predominantly bright shades of yellow, red, orange, and blue, although some are a relatively drab brown, black, or grey. The young are often a different, brighter color than adults.
Pomacentrids areomnivorousorherbivorous,feeding on algae,plankton,and small bottom-dwellingcrustaceans,depending on their precise habitats. Only a small number of genera, such asCheiloprion,eat thecoralwhere they live.[8]
They also engage in symbiotic relationship with cleaner gobies of genusElacatinus,allowing the gobies to feed onectoparasiteson their bodies.[10]Clownfish also have mutualistic relationships with anemones.[11]The anemone protects the clownfish while the clownfish rids parasites.
Lifecycle
editBefore breeding, the males clear an area of algae and invertebrates to create a nest. They engage in ritualisedcourtship displays,which may consist of rapid bursts of motion, chasing or nipping females, stationary hovering, or wide extension of their fins. After being attracted to the site, the female lays a string of sticky eggs that attach to the substrate. The male swims behind the female as she lays the eggs, and fertilises themexternally.Varying by species, brood sizes range from 50 to 1000 eggs.[8]
The male guards the nest for the two to seven days needed for the eggs to hatch. The transparentlarvaeare 2 to 4 mm (0.079 to 0.157 in) long. They go through apelagicstage, which depending on the species, can last as little as a week or more than a month.[12]When they arrive at a suitable environment, the young settle and adopt their juvenile colors.[8]
In captivity, pomacentrids live up to 18 years, but they probably do not live longer than 10 to 12 years in the wild.[8]
Genera
editThe 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises 31 genera in three subfamilies in the family Pomacentridae:[2][13][1]
† means extinct
- SubfamilyChrominaeAllen,1975
- AcanthochromisGill,1863:
- AltrichthysAllen, 1999
- AzurinaD.S. Jordan&McGregor,1898
- ChromisCuvier,1814
- DascyllusCuvier, 1829
- Subfamily LepidozyginaeAllen, 1975
- LepidozygusGünther,1862
- SubfamilyPomacentrinaeBonaparte,1831
- AbudefdufFabricius,1775
- AmblyglyphidodonBleeker,1877
- AmblypomacentrusBleeker, 1877
- AmphiprionBloch&Schneider,1801
- CheiloprionM.C.W. Weber,1913
- ChrysipteraSwainson,1839
- DischistodusGill, 1863
- HemiglyphidodonBleeker, 1877
- HypsypopsGill, 1861
- MecaenichthysWhitley,1929
- MicrospathodonGünther, 1862
- NeoglyphidodonAllen, 1991
- NeopomacentrusAllen, 1975
- NexilosusHeller&Snodgrass,1903
- ParmaGünther, 1862
- PlectroglyphidodonFowler &Ball,1824
- PomacentrusLacépède,1802
- PomachromisAllen &Randall,1974
- PremnasCuvier, 1816
- PristotisRüppell,1838
- SimiliparmaHemsley,1986
- StegastesJenyns,1840
- TeixeirichthysJ. L. B. Smith,1953
- †PalaeopomacentrusBellwood&Sorbini,1996[14]
Other authorities recognise 4 subfamilies and classify the family as follows:[13]
- Subfamily Chrominae
- Azurina
- Chromis
- Dascyllus
- PycnochromisFowler, 1941
- Subfamily Glyphisodontinae
- Abudefduf
- Subfamily Microspathodontinae
- Hypsypops
- Lepidozygus
- Mecaenichthys
- Microspathodon
- Nexilosus
- Parma (fish)|Parma
- Plectroglyphidodon
- Similiparma
- Stegastes
- Subfamily Pomacentrindeae
- Acanthochromis
- Altrichthys
- Amblyglyphidodon
- Amblypomacentrus
- Amphiprion
- Cheiloprion
- Chrysiptera
- Dischistodus
- Hemiglyphidodon
- Neoglyphidodon
- Neopomacentrus
- Pomacentrus
- Pomachromis
- Premnas
- Pristotis
- Teixeirichthys
- †Palaeopomacentrus
References
edit- ^abRichard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014)."Family-group names of Recent fishes".Zootaxa.3882(2): 001–230.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.PMID25543675.
- ^abJ. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752.ISBN978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^abJenkins, A.P. & G.R. Allen (2002). "Neopomacentrus aquadulcis,a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from eastern Papua New Guinea ".Records of the Western Australian Museum.20:379–382.
- ^abFroese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Family Pomacentridae".FishBase.July 2007 version.
- ^Allen, G.R. (1975).Damselfishes of the South Seas.Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.ISBN978-0-87666-034-8.
- ^Cantalice, Kleyton Magno; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Bellwood, David Roy (2020-03-01)."†Chaychanus gonzalezorum gen. et sp. nov.: A damselfish fossil (Percomorphaceae; Pomacentridae), from the Early Paleocene outcrop of Chiapas, Southeastern Mexico".Journal of South American Earth Sciences.98:102322.Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802322C.doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102322.ISSN0895-9811.
- ^abNelson, J.S. (2006).Fishes of the World.Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons.ISBN978-0-471-25031-9.
- ^abcdefgAllen, Gerald R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).Encyclopedia of Fishes.San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 205–208.ISBN978-0-12-547665-2.
- ^Pyle, R.L., J.L. Earle & B.D. Greene (2008)."Five new species of the damselfish genusChromis(Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific ".Zootaxa.1671:3–31.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1671.1.2.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Ivan Sazima; Cristina Sazima; Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho; Rodrigo L. Moura (September 2000). "Daily cleaning activity and diversity of clients of the barber goby, Elacatinus figaro, on rocky reefs in southeastern Brazil".Environmental Biology of Fishes.59(1): 69–77.Bibcode:2000EnvBF..59...69S.doi:10.1023/a:1007655819374.S2CID24134075.
- ^"Amphiprion - Encyclopedia of Life".www.eol.org.Retrieved2024-01-02.
- ^Thresher, R.E.; Colin, P.L.; Bell, L.J. (1989). "Planktonic duration, distribution and population structure of western and central Pacific damselfishes (Pomacentridae)".Copeia.1989(2): 420–434.doi:10.2307/1445439.JSTOR1445439.
- ^abEschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Genera in the family Pomacentridae".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved2 October2022.
- ^D. R. Bellwood and L. Sorbini (1996)."A review of the fossil record of the Pomacentridae (Teleostei: Labroidei) with a description of a new genus and species from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.117(2): 159–174.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02154.x.S2CID84430386.
External links
edit
- Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Family Pomacentridae".FishBase.January 2007 version.
- Smith, J.L.B. 1960.Coral fishes of the family Pomacentridae from the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 19.Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Species inventory of Pomacentridae from New Caledonia.