Pope Celestine III(Latin:Caelestinus III;c. 1105 – 8 January 1198), was the head of theCatholic Churchand ruler of thePapal Statesfrom 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, includingEmperor Henry VI,KingTancred of Sicily,and KingAlfonso IX of León.
Celestine III | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
 Pope Celestine III, from theLiber ad honorem Augusti(1196) | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Papacy began | 30 March 1191 |
| Papacy ended | 8 January 1198 |
| Predecessor | Clement III |
| Successor | Innocent III |
| Previous post(s) | Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin(1144–1191) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 13 April 1191 |
| Consecration | 14 April 1191 byOttaviano di Paoli |
| Created cardinal | February 1144 byCelestine II |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Giacinto Bobone c. 1105 |
| Died | 8 January 1198(aged 92–93) Rome, Papal States |
| Motto | Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis( "Going in Thy path" ) |
| Signature |  |
| Other popes named Celestine | |
Ordination history of Pope Celestine III | |||||||||||||||||||
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Early career
editGiacinto Bobone was born into the nobleOrsini familyinRome.[1]He was appointed ascardinal-deaconin 1144 byCelestine IIorLucius II.[2]Considered by theRoman Curiaas an expert onSpain,Bobone conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as theCardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.[3]
Pontificate
editCelestine waselectedon 29/30 March 1191 and ordained a priest 13 April 1191.[2]He crowned Emperor Henry VI a day or two after his ordination.[4]In 1192, Celestine recognizedTancredas king of Sicily, despite Henry VI's wife's claim.[5]He threatened toexcommunicateHenry VI for wrongfully keeping KingRichard I of Englandimprisoned, but he could do little else since the College of cardinals were against it.[5][6] He placedPisaunder aninterdict,which was lifted by his successor,Innocent IIIin 1198.[7]
Celestine, in 1192, sent a cardinal-priest of St. Lorenzo, Cinthius, to Denmark to address the discord between the Danish princes.[8]Upon Cinthius' return to Rome, Celestine issued three papal bulls;Cum Romana ecclesia,Etsi sedes debeat,Quanto magnitudinem tuam.These bulls advised the archbishop Absalon of Lund to instruct the King of Denmark to release the bishop of Schleswig.[9]The bulls also threatened to excommunicate the offending Duke Valdemar, who had imprisoned the bishop of Schleswig, and place the kingdom of Denmark under interdict.[9]The bishop would stay imprisoned until Pope Innocent III restarted the process in 1203.[10]
Celestine condemned KingAlfonso IX of Leónfor his marriage toTheresa of Portugalon the grounds of consanguinity.[11]Portugal and León were placed under interdict.[11]Then, in 1196, he excommunicated Alfonso IX for allying with theAlmohad Caliphatewhile making war on Castile.[12]Following his marriage withBerengaria of Castile,Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.[13]
In December 1196, Celestine issued a bull acknowledging the possessions of theTeutonic Knights.[14]
Death
editCelestine would haveresigned the papacyand recommended a successor (CardinalGiovanni di San Paolo,O.S.B.) shortly before his death,[15]but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.[16]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^Cross 1997,p. 309.
- ^abDuggan 2016,p. 1.
- ^Robinson 2004,p. 417-418.
- ^Robinson 1990,p. 510.
- ^abRobinson 2006,p. 382.
- ^Poole 1926,p. 467.
- ^Clarke 2007,p. 118.
- ^Nielsen 2016,p. 159.
- ^abNielsen 2016,p. 161.
- ^Nielsen 2016,p. 163.
- ^abLay 2009,p. 174.
- ^Lower 2014,p. 605.
- ^Moore 2003,p. 70-71.
- ^Edbury 2016,p. 137.
- ^William Stubbs (editor),Chronica Magistri Rogeri de HouedeneVol. IV (London 1871), pp. 32-33.
- ^Karl Holder,Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste(Freiburg Switzerland: B. Veith 1892), pp. 69-70.
Sources
edit- Clarke, Peter D. (2007).The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century: A question of collective guilt.Oxford University Press.
- Cross, F.L., ed. (1997). "Celestine III".The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.Oxford University Press.
- Duggan, Anne J. (2016). "Hyacinth Bobone: Diplomat and Pope". In Doran, John; Smith, Damian J. (eds.).Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor.Routledge. pp. 1–30.
- Edbury, Peter W. (2016). "Celestine III, the Crusade and the Latin East". In Doran, John; Smith, Damian J. (eds.).Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor.Routledge. pp. 129–144.
- Lay, Stephen (2009).The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier.Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lower, Michael (2014). "The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa".Speculum.89(3 JULY). The University of Chicago Press: 601–631.doi:10.1017/S0038713414000761.S2CID154773840.
- Moore, John Clare (2003).Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): To root up and to plant.BRILL.
- Nielsen, Torben K. (2016). "Celestine III and the North". In Doran, John; Smith, Damian J. (eds.).Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor.Routledge. pp. 159–178.
- Poole, Austin Lane (1926). "The Emperor Henry VI". In Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.).The Cambridge Medieval History.Vol. V: Contest of empire and papacy. Cambridge at the University Press.
- Robinson, I.S. (1990).The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation.Cambridge University Press.
- Robinson, I.S. (2004). "The institutions of the church, 1073-1216". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).The New Cambridge Medieval History.Vol. IV: c.1024-c.1198, Part 1. Cambridge University Press.
- Robinson, I.S. (2006). "The papacy". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).The New Cambridge Medieval History.Vol. IV: c.1024-c.1198, Part II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–384.
External links
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Media related toCelestine IIIat Wikimedia Commons
initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of an old encyclopedia