ThePort of Livornois one of the largestItalianseaportsand one of the largestseaportsin theMediterranean Sea,with an annual traffic capacity of around 30 million tonnes ofcargoand 700,000TEU's.
| Port of Livorno | |
|---|---|
 Harbour | |
 Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Italy |
| Location | Livorno |
| Details | |
| Owned by | Port Authority of Livorno |
| Type ofharbour | Natural/Artificial |
| Size of harbour | 160 ha (1.6 km2) |
| Land area | 25 ha (0.25 km2) |
| Size | 185 ha (1.85 km2) |
| No.ofberths | 29 |
| No.ofwharfs | 50 |
| Employees | 15,000[1](2007) |
| President | Giuliano Gallantii |
| Statistics | |
| Vesselarrivals | 7,173 (2011)[2] |
| Annual cargotonnage | 29.6 milliontonnes(2011)[3] |
| Annualcontainervolume | 637,798TEU(2011)[4] |
| Passengertraffic | 2.0 million people (2011) |
| Annualrevenue | US$ 1.1 billion (2007)[5] |
| Website www.porto.livorno.it | |
The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 15,000 employees who provide services to more than 7,000 ships every year.
The Port of Livorno is considered a majorItalianport along theTyrrhenian Sea Corridor,capable of handling all kinds ofvessels(LoLo,RoRo,liquid bulk,dry bulk,cruise ships,ferryboats). The port mainly servesTuscany,Emilia-Romagna,UmbriaandMarcheregions ofItaly.
Description
editThe Port of Livorno is situated on theLigurian sea,[6]in the north-western part ofTuscany.The harbour is divided inPorto Vecchio(Old Port) andPorto Nuovo(New Port) and is composed of four main basins.
TheAvamportois a vast area outside the harbour bounded to the south by theDiga della Vegliaia,to the west by theDiga Curvilineaand to the east by the outer side ofMolo Mediceo.This area include theNuovo Bacino di Carenaggio(New dry dock) andMorosini Portused byBenettishipyard.
Porto Vecchio
editPorto Vecchio(Old Port) occupies the southern part of the harbour and comprises:Porto Mediceo(Medicean Port),Vecchia Darsena(Old Dock),Nuova Darsena(New Dock),Bacino Cappellini(Cappellini Dock) andBacino Firenze(Firenze Dock).
Bacino Santo Stefano(St. Stephen basin) is bordered to the north by theDiga del Marzocco(Marzocco breakwater), to the west by theDiga della Meloria(Meloria breakwater) built in 1900, which is the straight extension of 550 meters of theDiga Curvilinea,theAlto Fondaledock, theDarsena Petroli(Oils Dock), theDarsena dei Calafati(Caulker Dock) and the first part of the waterway that bring to thePorto Industriale.
Porto Nuovo
editPorto Nuovo(New Port) is situated in the northern sector of the harbour and correspond to thePorto Industrialewhich enclose: theDarsena Toscana(Tuscany dock), theDarsena Inghirami(Inghirami dock), theDarsena Ugione(Ugione dock), theCanaleIndustriale(Industrial canal) and theCanale dei Navicelli.[7]
Porto Vecchio
editVecchia Darsena
editVecchia Darsena(Old Dock) was a small basin besides toVecchia Fortezzawith the entrance toward south-west repaired on the west side byAndana degli Anelli.From here 12 galleys departed on June 8, 1571 to take part in theBattle of Lepanto.[8]TheVecchia Darsenais still operating and used as harbour from fishing boats and patrol vessels.
Porto Mediceo
edit
Porto Mediceois a fortified quadrangular perimeter once open towards north and is the oldest part of Port of Livorno. It was ordered byCosimo Iwho called Bartolomeo Ammannati in 1572[9]for the project, but the construction was realized after his grand duchy. In the following years Claudio Cogorano, Antonio Cantagallina andRobert Dudleycontributed to the project. The project involved the construction ofwharfswithdefensive wallsto connectFortezza Vecchia(Old Fortress) with theFanaledei Pisani(Light of the Pisans).[10]
The first wharf has a whole length of 348 meters and was built underFerdinando I,it is calledMoloFerdinandoorAndana degli Anelli.The wordAndanahad at that time the meaning of vessels moored parallel to a wharf.Molo Ferdinandostart from the inlet opening to theVecchia Darsena(Old Dock), near theFortezza Vecchia,until the second wharf perpendicular to it. This wharf is calledMolo CosimoorAndana delle Ancorefor the reason that was built underCosimo II.It has a length of 240 meters and finish before to reach theFanale dei Pisanifor the reason that theSassaiareef blocked the construction. In this place was built a block-house calledFortino della Sassaia(Sassaia Fortress).
The third wharf is the perpendicular extension of theMolo Cosimobuilt from theSassaiareef towards north-west, parallel to the coast line, in order to give a repair to the harbour, it is calledMolo Mediceo(Medicean wharf) orMolo del Forte(Fortress wharf). It has a length of 470 meters and a width of 250 meters and has at its extremity a fortress, calledFortezza del Molo(Wharf Fortress), once equipped with 27 guns and 200 soldiers [11]in order to defend the port entrance and to maintain the harbour neutrality. It is evident thatPorto Mediceohas had at that time an important military and strategic considerations in addition to those of commercial nature as it could accommodate 140 vessels.
Porto Mediceoremained with the plan unchanged until 1853 when was built theDiga Rettilinea.[12]This breakwater, that was not connected to the coastline, had the intent to protect the Medicean Port from the waves coming from north. At the end of the 19th century theDiga Rettilineawas connected to the land and a new dock, calledDarsena del Mandracciowas built nearFortezza Vecchia.A new port plan was approved in 1906 and regarded the construction of two breakwaters: theDiga della Meloriaand theDiga del Marzocco.[13]
Nuova Darsena
edit
TheCantiere navale fratelli Orlandowas built by Orlando family in 1866 on an area that until 1852 was occupied byLazzerettoSan Rocconext toFosso Reale(Royal ditch). The canal in that place was enlarged and a dock, calledSan Rocco,was formed. The dock changed later name inNuova Darsena(New Dock) and was connected toPorto Mediceoin order to allow to the ships to reach the shipyard and vice versa. A new slipway, calledScaloUmbria,was built on the south side of the basin and a dry dock was built on the north side. Nowadays this part of the shipbuilding is no longer in use and the warehouses and sheds have been dismantled and the area is undergoing a transformation to turn it into a residential area calledPorta a Mare.
Porto Nuovo
editPorto Industriale
editThe construction of the new port started in 1910 when the new coastal railway line connecting Pisa with Rome was opened. Due to World War I the works were interrupted until 1922 when a variant to the Port Plan was proposed. It was planned by Coen Cagli regarding an enlargement of the port to the north ofBacino Santo Stefanoinside the coastline with a series of canals and docks near the industrial facilities. The port was then rebuilt after the severe damage caused by World War II and a new plan was approved in 1953. It regarded the reconstruction of quays and their equipments, the construction ofDarsena Petrolito allow the berthing of the tankers, a new wharf namedSanto StefanoandMoloItalia800 meters long and 150 meters wide. In the following years numerous variants to the plan were approved in order to adequate the port facilities and docks.[14]
TheNavicelli Channelis a channel built between 1563 and 1575 to connectPisawith the port ofLivorno.The name originates from the so-callednavicelli,small sizedTuscanboatsthat transported goods on the channel.
Breakwaters
edit
TheDiga della Vegliaiawas built on the place calledVegliaiawhere there were cliffs at 460 metres from the coast. The breakwater has the aim to protect the southern entrance of the port by the prevailing winds. It was built from 1888 to 1900, has a rectilinear structure, a length of 490 meters and the direction of 105° - 285°.
The last Grand Duke of TuscanyLeopold IIordered in 1852 the construction of theDiga Curvilinea(Curvilinear), calledMolo Novofrom the inhabitants, which delimits to the west theAvamporto.It is a massive construction, built on project by Victor Poirel, formed by a substructure made of artificial rocks while the upper part is surmounted by a wall that protects theAvamporto.TheDiga Curvilineawas completed in 1863, it is situated at 800 meters from the harbour and 400 meters from theFanale dei Pisani,has a length of 1,150 meters with a cord of 1,000 meters and an average width of 8.50 meters.[15] [16]
TheDiga della Meloria,which construction was approved in 1906, is the straight extension, 704 metres long, of theDiga Curvilineatoward north-west with the aim to repair the newBacino Santo Stefano.
TheDiga del Marzoccowas built according to Cozza plan of 1908, concerning the construction of the breakwater, parallel to theDiga Rettilinea,from theTorredel Marzocco(Marzocco Tower) toward theDiga dellaMeloria.In this manner a second harbour opening, 300 meters wide, was created in the northern part forming theBacino di Santo Stefano(Santo Stefano dock).
Lighthouses
editFanale dei Pisani
edit
Livorno lighthouse,called Fanale dei Pisani, for the reason that was built byPisansin 1303 on project attributed toGiovanni Pisanoand by the master builders Rocco Entello De Spina and Bonaggiunta Ciabatti whose names were found engraved on a stone.[17] The lighthouse was built on an emerging rock surrounded by the sea at the south entrance of the harbour; it is formed by a polygonal basement of 13 sides over which is placed the tower formed by two cylinders both with anembattledbalcony and the lantern on the top. It consists of 11 floors, connected each other by a spiral staircase up to 53 meters, every floor is 3.72 meters high expect the first and the second respectively 5.55 and 4.22 meters.[18]The lower part is made of four cylinders of decreasing diameter and the upper part of three which makes thin the tower toward the summit.
The lighthouse was built employing the white Verruca stone coming fromSan Giulianocave near Pisa. At first was used oil lamps for the light, then compressed oil, in 1841 was installed theFresnel lensand was used theacetylene gas lamp;at the end of 1800s the installation was electrified. [19]Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscanyorder the construction of warehouses in the basement in 1584 which were transformed in the Lazzaretto di San Rocco and a shipbuilding. In 1911 the lighthouse passed under the jurisdiction of theItalian Navyas is still.
The tower came intact until June 20, 1944 when the German troops, at the approaching of the Allied, blew up it. The Fanale was rebuilt in June 1954 according to the original project with material recovered from the ruins and from the cave; it is made by reinforced concrete 30 centimetres thick covered externally by stone. The new lighthouse was inaugurated on September 16, 1956 by PresidentGiovanni Gronchion the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the declaration to the status of city.[17]
Diga Curvilinea Lighthouse
editThe lighthouse was built in 1857 and is positioned at the south end of the Diga Curvilinea breakwater at the entrance of the Port of Livorno. It is formed by a cylindrical basement surmounted by anoctagonal towerin stone with balcony and lantern placed at 22metres above sea level.The lighthouse, operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1911 E.F, is active and fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and an alternatingwhite and red flashesin a three seconds period visible up to 10nautical miles.[20][21]
Diga Curvilinea estremità Nord Lighthouse
editThe lighthouse was built in 1857 and is positioned at the north end of theDiga Curvilineabreakwater which was connected to theDiga della Meloriain 1906. The old lighthouse is formed by a cylindrical basement with anoctagonal towerin stone with balcony and lantern placed at 22metres above sea level.The historical lighthouse is no longer active after the construction of theDiga della Meloria;it was replaced by a starboard left side light painted in red and green horizontal bands operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1941 E.F. The light is positioned at the base of the historical lighthouse, is fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and an alternatinggreen and red single flashingin a three seconds period visible up to 5nautical miles.[20][22]
Diga del Marzocco light
editThe firstDiga del Marzoccolighthouse was built in 1917, the currentsector lightis a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in red placed on a concrete basement. The light is operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1906 E.F., it is fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and three alternatingred single flashingin a 10 seconds period with a focal plan at 13metres above sea level.[23]
Diga della Vegliaia light
edit
The firstDiga della Vegliaialighthouse was built in 1895, the currentsector lightis a cylindrical green metal tower 13 metres high. The light is operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1916 E.F., it is fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and agreen single flashingin a 3 seconds period visible up to 12nautical miles.[24]
Diga Rettilinea light
editThissector lightis placed at the extremity ofDiga Rettilineaat the entrance of Medicean Port. The light is a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in red operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1946 E.F.; it is fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and two alternatingred single flashingin a 6 seconds period with a focal plan at 8metres above sea levelvisible up to 6nautical miles. [25]
Molo Mediceo light
editThissector lightis placed at the extremity ofMolo Mediceoat the entrance of Medicean Port. The light is a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in green operated byMarina Militarewith the identification number 1951 E.F.; it is fullyautomated,has asolar powerunit and two alternatinggreen single flashingin a 6 seconds period with a focal plan at 6metres above sea levelvisible up to 6nautical miles. [26]
Statistics
editIn 2007 the Port of Livorno handled 32,934,594 tonnes ofcargoand 745,557TEU's,making it one of the busiestcargoports in Italy and one of the largestcontainerports in the country.[27]
| Year | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RoRo* | 6,143,084 | 7,127,138 | 7,715,140 | 7,988,808 | 9,023,158 | 9,735,170 | 12,250,098 | 12,413,062 | 14,420,456 | 15,953,171 | 16,041,803 |
| Liquid bulk* | 9,499,913 | 9,243,308 | 8,455,074 | 8,156,069 | 8,626,687 | 8,508,475 | 9,037,492 | 8,362,816 | 8,835,225 | 9,527,429 | 9,045,286 |
| Dry bulk* | 1,314,121 | 1,395,843 | 1,403,809 | 1,336,217 | 1,185,848 | 1,186,571 | 1,169,737 | 831,615 | 757,048 | 781,992 | 782,190 |
| Break bulk* | 2,705,853 | 2,390,834 | 2,512,755 | 2,700,010 | 2,565,106 | 2,742,083 | 3,138,598 | 2,012,242 | 1,662,141 | 1,756,795 | 1,703,721 |
| Nr of passengers | ? | 1,677,484 | 1,803,237 | 1,991,513 | 2,050,994 | 2,308,684 | 2,282,440 | 3,283,841 | 3,217,255 | 3,438,965 | 3,566,271 |
| Containers (TEU's) | 531,814 | 546,882 | 592,778 | 638,586 | 658,506 | 657,592 | 745,557 | 800,475 | 734,085 | 748,024 | 789,833 |
| Containers* | 5,001,982 | 5,171,249 | 5,640,076 | 6,870,035 | 6,809,953 | 6,458,267 | 7,338,669 | 9,196,116 | 8,027,301 | 8,538,918 | 9,142,326 |
| Total* | 24,664,953 | 25,328,372 | 25,726,854 | 27,051,139 | 28,210,752 | 28,630,566 | 32,934,594 | 32,815,851 | 33,702,171 | 36,588,305 | 36,715,346 |
- *figures in tonnes
Terminals
editFrozen food terminal The terminal has an area of 18,009 m2,a storage capacity of 35,000 m2,and an annual traffic capacity of around 200,000tonnes.[29]
Copper and non-ferrous metals Thecopperandnon-ferrous metalsterminal has a storage capacity of 95,821 m2and aquaylength of 500 m.[30][31]
Cereals Thecerealterminals have an area of 63,000 m2,aquaylength of 336 m and a storage capacity of 115,560 tonnes.[32][33]
Automobile terminal The Port of Livorno has oneRoRo terminalwith a total length of 1,741m,a land area of 477,060 m2,storage capacity of 6,000 cars and atransshipmentcapacity of 1,200,000 units per year.[34][35][36][37]
Container Thecontainer terminalhas an area of 658,000 m2,aquaylength of 1,550 m and an annual traffic capacity of 2,000,000TEU's.[38][39][40]
Break - bulk Thebreak bulk cargoterminal is specialised in handlingtimber,non - ferrous metals,cellulose,paper,sand,clay,coal,bentoniteandmetal products.The terminal has an area of 181,567 m2,a storage area of 71,221 m2and a storage capacity of 160,000 m3.[41][42][43]
Multi use terminal The terminal has a storage are of 25,000 m2and aquaylength of 96 m.[44]
Liquefied natural gas The Port of Livorno has aLNG terminalwith a capacity of four billion m3owned byEndesaandAmgaopened in 2007 after an investment of US$560 million.[45]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Port of Livorno number of employees(in Italian)Archived2005-02-09 at theWayback Machine
- ^Port of Livorno vessel arrivalsArchived2012-07-09 at theWayback Machine
- ^Port of Livorno cargo volumeArchived2012-07-09 at theWayback Machine
- ^Port of Livorno container volumeArchived2012-07-09 at theWayback Machine
- ^Annual report(in Italian)Archived2005-02-09 at theWayback Machine
- ^Mar LigureMarina Militare
- ^Porto di Livorno Avvisatore Marittimo
- ^La Livornina
- ^Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.12, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno
- ^Scientific Itineraries in Tuscany
- ^travelitalia
- ^Livorno Port Authority, The historical development of the port of Livorno (Italy) and its new Port Plan 2010 in advance stage of elaboration p.9
- ^Livorno Port Authority, The historical development of the port of Livorno (Italy) and its new Port Plan 2010 in advance stage of elaboration p.11
- ^Livorno Port Authority, The historical development of the port of Livorno (Italy) and its new Port Plan 2010 in advance stage of elaboration, p.11, 12, 13]
- ^travelitalia
- ^Avvisatore del Porto
- ^abTravelitalia
- ^Research Gate
- ^Il mondo dei fari
- ^abRowlett, Russ."Lighthouses of Italy: Tuscany".The Lighthouse Directory.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- ^Livorno Diga CurvilineaMarina Militare
- ^Livorno Diga CurvilineaMarina Militare
- ^Diga MarzoccoMarina Militare
- ^Diga della VegliaiaMarina Militare
- ^Diga RettilineaMarina Militare
- ^Molo MediceoMarina Militare
- ^Annual reportArchived2006-05-08 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Studi e Sviluppo".Autorità di Sistema Portuale del Mar Tirreno Settentrionale.Retrieved23 September2020.
- ^Frozen food terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Copper and non-ferrous metals terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Copper and non-ferrous metals terminal II(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Cereals terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Cereals terminal II(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^RoRo Terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^RoRo Terminal II(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^RoRo Terminal III(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^RoRo Terminal IV(in Italian)
- ^Container terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Container terminal(in Italian)Archived2005-02-13 at theWayback Machine
- ^Container terminal II(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Break - bulk terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Break - bulk terminal II(in Italian)
- ^Break - bulk terminal III(in Italian)
- ^Multi use terminal(in Italian)Archived2008-05-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Endesa Joins LNG Project in Livorno, Italy
External links
edit
- Livorno Port AuthorityOfficial website
- Port of Livorno mapMarina Militare
- Fanale dei PisaniMarina Militare