PowerPC

PowerPC(with thebackronymPerformance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing,sometimes abbreviated asPPC) is areduced instruction set computer(RISC)instruction set architecture(ISA) created by the 1991Apple–IBM–Motorolaalliance, known asAIM.PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has been namedPower ISAsince 2006, while the old name lives on as atrademarkfor some implementations ofPower Architecture–based processors.

PowerPC

Designer	AIM
Bits	32-bit/64-bit(32 → 64)
Introduced	October 1992(1992-10)
Version	2.02
Design	RISC
Type	Load–store
Encoding	Fixed/Variable (Book E)
Branching	Condition code
Endianness	Big/Bi
Extensions	AltiVec,PowerPC AS,APU
Successor	Power ISA
Registers
General-purpose	32
Floating point	32
Vector	32 (withAltiVec)

IBM PowerPC 601 microprocessor

Originally intended forpersonal computers,the architecture is well known for being used by Apple's desktop and laptop lines from 1994 until 2006, and in severalvideogame consolesincluding Microsoft'sXbox 360,Sony'sPlayStation 3,and Nintendo'sGameCube,Wii,andWii U.PowerPC was also used for theCuriosityandPerseverancerovers on Mars and a variety of satellites. It has since become a niche architecture for personal computers, particularly withAmigaOS 4implementations, but remains popular forembedded systems.

PowerPC was the cornerstone of AIM'sPRePandCommon Hardware Reference Platform(CHRP) initiatives in the 1990s. It is largely based on the earlierIBM POWER architecture,and retains a high level of compatibility with it; the architectures have remained close enough that the same programs andoperating systemswill run on both if some care is taken in preparation; newer chips in thePower seriesuse thePower ISA.

History

The history of RISC began with IBM's801research project, on whichJohn Cockewas the lead developer, where he developed the concepts ofRISCin 1975–78. 801-based microprocessors were used in a number of IBM embedded products, eventually becoming the 16-registerIBM ROMPprocessor used in theIBM RT PC.The RT PC was a rapid design implementing the RISC architecture. Between the years of 1982 and 1984, IBM started a project to build the fastest microprocessor on the market; this new32-bitarchitecture became referred to as theAmerica Projectthroughout its development cycle, which lasted for approximately 5–6 years. The result is thePOWER instruction set architecture,introduced with theRISC System/6000in early 1990.

Theoriginal POWER microprocessor,one of the firstsuperscalarRISC implementations, is a high performance, multi-chip design. IBM soon realized that a single-chip microprocessor was needed in order to scale its RS/6000 line from lower-end to high-end machines. Work began on a one-chip POWER microprocessor, designated the RSC (RISC Single Chip). In early 1991, IBM realized its design could potentially become a high-volume microprocessor used across the industry.

Apple and Motorola involvement

Apple had already realized the limitations and risks of its dependency upon a single CPU vendor at a time when Motorola was falling behind on delivering the68040CPU. Furthermore, Apple had conducted its own research and made an experimental quad-core CPU design called Aquarius,which convinced the company's technology leadership that the future of computing was in the RISC methodology.IBM approached Apple with the goal of collaborating on the development of a family of single-chip microprocessors based on the POWER architecture. Soon after, Apple, being one of Motorola's largest customers of desktop-class microprocessors,asked Motorola to join the discussions due to their long relationship, Motorola having had more extensive experience with manufacturing high-volume microprocessors than IBM, and to form a second source for the microprocessors. This three-way collaboration between Apple, IBM, and Motorola became known as theAIM alliance.

In 1991, the PowerPC was just one facet of a larger alliance among these three companies. At the time, most of the personal computer industry was shipping systems based on the Intel 80386 and 80486 chips, which have acomplex instruction set computer(CISC) architecture, and development of thePentiumprocessor was well underway. The PowerPC chip was one of several joint ventures involving the three alliance members, in their efforts to counter the growing Microsoft-Intel dominance of personal computing.

For Motorola, POWER looked like an unbelievable deal. It allowed the company to sell a widely tested and powerful RISC CPU for little design cash on its own part. It also maintained ties with an important customer, Apple, and seemed to offer the possibility of adding IBM too, which might buy smaller versions from Motorola instead of making its own.

At this point Motorola already had its own RISC design in the form of the88000,which was doing poorly in the market. Motorola was doing well with its68000family and the majority of the funding was focused on this. The 88000 effort was somewhat starved for resources.

The 88000 was already in production, however;Data Generalwas shipping 88000 machines and Apple already had 88000 prototype machines running. The 88000 had also achieved a number of embedded design wins in telecom applications. If the new POWER one-chip version could be made bus-compatible at a hardware level with the 88000, that would allow both Apple and Motorola to bring machines to market far faster since they would not have to redesign their board architecture.

The result of these various requirements is the PowerPC (performance computing) specification. The differences between the earlier POWER instruction set and that of PowerPC is outlined in Appendix E of the manual for PowerPC ISA v.2.02.

Operating systems

Since 1991, IBM had a long-standing desire for a unifying operating system that would simultaneously host all existing operating systems as personalities upon one microkernel. From 1991 to 1995, the company designed and aggressively evangelized what would becomeWorkplace OS,primarily targeting PowerPC.

When the first PowerPC products reached the market, they were met with enthusiasm. In addition to Apple, both IBM and the Motorola Computer Group offered systems built around the processors.MicrosoftreleasedWindows NT 3.51for the architecture, which was used in Motorola's PowerPC servers, andSun Microsystemsoffered a version of itsSolarisOS. IBM ported itsAIXUnix.Workplace OS featured a new port ofOS/2(with Intel emulation for application compatibility), pending a successful launch of the PowerPC 620. Throughout the mid-1990s, PowerPC processors achievedbenchmarktest scores that matched or exceeded those of the fastest x86 CPUs.

Ultimately, demand for the new architecture on the desktop never truly materialized. Windows, OS/2, and Sun customers, faced with the lack of application software for the PowerPC, almost universally ignored the chip. IBM's Workplace OS platform (and thus, OS/2 for PowerPC) was summarily canceled upon its first developers' release in December 1995 due to the simultaneous buggy launch of the PowerPC 620. The PowerPC versions of Solaris and Windows were discontinued after only a brief period on the market. Only on the Macintosh, due to Apple's persistence, did the PowerPC gain traction. To Apple, the performance of the PowerPC was a bright spot in the face of increased competition from Windows 95 and Windows NT-based PCs.

With the cancellation of Workplace OS, the general PowerPC platform (especially AIM'sCommon Hardware Reference Platform) was instead seen as a hardware-only compromise to run many operating systems one at a time upon a single unifying vendor-neutral hardware platform.

In parallel with the alliance between IBM and Motorola, both companies had development efforts underway internally. ThePowerQUICCline was the result of this work inside Motorola. The 4xx series of embedded processors was underway inside IBM. The IBM embedded processor business grew to nearly US$100 million in revenue and attracted hundreds of customers.

The development of the PowerPC is centered at an Austin, Texas, facility called the Somerset Design Center. The building is named after the site in Arthurian legend where warring forces put aside their swords, and members of the three teams that staff the building say the spirit that inspired the name has been a key factor in the project's success thus far.

— MacWeek

Part of the culture here is not to have an IBM or Motorola or Apple culture, but to have our own.

— Motorola's Russell Stanphill, codirector of Somerset

Breakup of AIM

A schematic showing the evolution of the differentPOWER,PowerPC andPowerISAs

Toward the close of the decade, manufacturing issues began plaguing the AIM alliance in much the same way they did Motorola, which consistently pushed back deployments of new processors for Apple and other vendors: first from Motorola in the 1990s with the PowerPC 7xx and 74xx processors, and IBM with the 64-bit PowerPC 970 processor in 2003. In 2004, Motorola exited the chip manufacturing business by spinning off its semiconductor business as an independent company calledFreescale Semiconductor.Around the same time, IBM exited the 32-bit embedded processor market by selling its line of PowerPC products toApplied Micro Circuits Corporation(AMCC) and focusing on 64-bit chip designs, while maintaining its commitment of PowerPC CPUs toward game console makers such asNintendo'sGameCube,WiiandWii U,Sony'sPlayStation 3andMicrosoft'sXbox 360,of which the latter two both use 64-bit processors. In 2005, Apple announced they would no longer use PowerPC processors in their Apple Macintosh computers, favoringIntel-produced processors instead, citing the performance limitations of the chip for future personal computer hardware specifically related to heat generation and energy usage, as well as the inability of IBM to move the 970 processor to the 3 GHz range. The IBM-Freescale alliance was replaced by anopen standardsbody called Power.org. Power.org operates under the governance of the IEEE with IBM continuing to use and evolve the PowerPC processor on game consoles and Freescale Semiconductor focusing solely on embedded devices.

IBM continues to develop PowerPC microprocessor cores for use in theirapplication-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) offerings. Many high volume applications embed PowerPC cores.

The PowerPC specification is now handled by Power.org where IBM, Freescale, and AMCC are members. PowerPC, Cell and POWER processors are now jointly marketed as thePower Architecture.Power.org released a unified ISA, combining POWER and PowerPC ISAs into the new Power ISA v.2.03 specification and a new reference platform for servers called PAPR (Power Architecture Platform Reference).

Generations

Many PowerPC designs are named and labeled by their apparent technology generation. That began with the "G3", which was an internal project name insideAIMfor the development of what would become thePowerPC 750 family.Apple popularized the term "G3" when they introducedPower Mac G3andPowerBook G3at an event at 10 November 1997. Motorola and Apple liked the moniker and used the term "G4" for the 7400 family introduced in 1998and thePower Mac G4in 1999.

At the time the G4 was launched, Motorola categorized all their PowerPC models (former, current and future) according to what generation they adhered to, even renaming the older 603e core "G2". Motorola had aG5 projectthat never came to fruition, and Apple later used the name when the970 familylaunched in 2003, though it was designed and built by IBM.

PowerPC generations according to Motorola, c. 2000.

G1: The601,500and800family processors

G2: The602,603,604,620,8200and5000families

G3: The750and8300families

G4: The7400and 8400* families

G5: The7500* and8500families (Motorola abandoned the G5 name after Apple applied it to the 970)

G6: The7600*

(*) These designs didn't become real products.

Design features

The PowerPC is designed alongRISC principlesand allows for asuperscalarimplementation. Versions of the design exist in both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations. Starting with the basic POWER specification, the PowerPC added:

• Support for operation in both big-endianand little-endian modes; the PowerPC can switch from one mode to the other at run-time (seebelow). This feature is not supported in thePowerPC 970.
• Single-precision forms of somefloating-pointinstructions, in addition to double-precision forms
• Additional floating-point instructions at the behest of Apple
• A complete 64-bit specification that is backward compatible with the 32-bit mode
• Afused multiply–add
• Apaged memory managementarchitecture that is used extensively in server and PC systems.
• Addition of a new memory management architecture called Book-E, replacing the conventional paged memory management architecture for embedded applications. Book-E is application software compatible with existing PowerPC implementations but needs minor changes to the operating system.

Some instructions present in the POWER instruction set were deemed too complex and were removed in the PowerPC architecture. Some removed instructions could be emulated by theoperating systemif necessary. The removed instructions are:

• Conditional moves
• Load and store instructions for the quad-precision floating-point data type
• String instructions.

Endian modes

Most PowerPC chips switch endianness via a bit in the MSR (machine state register), with a second bit provided to allow the OS to run with a different endianness. Accesses to the "inverted page table"(a hash table that functions as aTLBwith off-chip storage) are always done in big-endian mode. The processor starts in big-endian mode.

In little-endian mode, the three lowest-order bits of the effective address areexclusive-ORedwith a three bit value selected by the length of the operand. This is enough to appear fully little-endian to normal software. An operating system will see a warped view of the world when it accesses external chips such as video and network hardware. Fixing this warped view requires that the motherboard perform an unconditional 64-bit byte swap on all data entering or leaving the processor. Endianness thus becomes a property of the motherboard. An OS that operates in little-endian mode on a big-endian motherboard must both swap bytes and undo the exclusive-OR when accessing little-endian chips.

AltiVecoperations, despite being 128-bit, are treated as if they were 64-bit. This allows for compatibility with little-endian motherboards that were designed prior to AltiVec.

An interesting side effect of this implementation is that a program can store a 64-bit value (the longest operand format) to memory while in one endian mode, switch modes, and read back the same 64-bit value without seeing a change of byte order. This will not be the case if the motherboard is switched at the same time.

Mercury SystemsandMatroxran the PowerPC in little-endian mode. This was done so that PowerPC devices serving as co-processors on PCI boards could share data structures with host computers based onx86.Both PCI and x86 are little-endian. OS/2 and Windows NT for PowerPC ran the processor in little-endian mode while Solaris, AIX and Linux ran in big endian.

Some of IBM's embedded PowerPC chips use a per-pageendiannessbit. None of the previous applies to them.

Implementations

IBMPowerPC 604e200 MHz

Custom PowerPC CPU from theWiivideo game console

The Freescale XPC855T Service Processor of aSun FireV20z

The first implementation of the architecture was thePowerPC 601,released in 1992, based on the RSC, implementing a hybrid of thePOWER1and PowerPC instructions. This allowed the chip to be used by IBM in their existing POWER1-based platforms, although it also meant some slight pain when switching to the 2nd generation "pure" PowerPC designs. Apple continued work on a new line of Macintosh computers based on the chip, and eventually released them as the 601-basedPower Macintoshon March 14, 1994.

Accelerator cards based on the first-generation PowerPC chips were created for theAmigain anticipation for a move to a possible new Amiga platform designed around the PowerPC. The accelerator cards also included either aMotorola 68040or68060CPU in order to maintain backwards compatibility, as very few apps at the time could run natively on the PPC chips. However, the new machines never materialized, and Commodore subsequently declared bankruptcy. Over a decade later,AmigaOS 4would be released, which would put the platform permanently on the architecture. OS4 is compatible with those first-generation accelerators, as well as several custom motherboards created for a new incarnation of the Amiga platform.

IBM also had a full line of PowerPC based desktops built and ready to ship; unfortunately, the operating system that IBM had intended to run on these desktops—MicrosoftWindows NT—was not complete by early 1993, when the machines were ready for marketing. Accordingly, and further because IBM had developed animosity toward Microsoft, IBM decided to portOS/2to the PowerPC in the form of Workplace OS. This new software platform spent three years (1992 to 1995) in development and was canceled with the December 1995 developer release, because of the disappointing launch of the PowerPC 620. For this reason, the IBM PowerPC desktops did not ship, although the reference design (codenamed Sandalbow) based on the PowerPC 601 CPU was released as an RS/6000 model (Byte's April 1994 issue included an extensive article about the Apple and IBM PowerPC desktops).

Apple, which also lacked a PowerPC based OS, took a different route. Utilizing the portability platform yielded by the secretStar Trek project,the company ported the essential pieces of theirMac OSoperating system to the PowerPC architecture, and further wrote a68k emulatorthat could run68kbased applications and the parts of the OS that had not been rewritten.

The second generation was "pure" and includes the "low end"PowerPC 603and "high end"PowerPC 604.The 603 is notable due to its very low cost and power consumption. This was a deliberate design goal on Motorola's part, who used the 603 project to build the basic core for all future generations of PPC chips. Apple tried to use the 603 in a new laptop design but was unable due to the small 8KBlevel 1 cache. The 68000 emulator in the Mac OS could not fit in 8 KB and thus slowed the computer drastically.The603esolved this problem by having a 16 KBL1 cache,which allowed the emulator to run efficiently.

In 1993, developers at IBM'sEssex Junction, Burlington, Vermontfacility started to work on a version of the PowerPC that would support the Intelx86instruction set directly on the CPU. While this was just one of several concurrent power architecture projects that IBM was working on, this chip began to be known inside IBM and by the media as thePowerPC 615.Profitability concerns and rumors of performance issues in the switching between the x86 and native PowerPC instruction sets resulted in the project being canceled in 1995 after only a limited number of chips were produced for in-house testing. Aside the rumors, the switching process took only 5 cycles, or the amount of time needed for the processor to empty its instruction pipeline. Microsoft also aided the processor's demise by refusing to support the PowerPC mode.

The first 64-bit implementation is thePowerPC 620,but it appears to have seen little use because Apple didn't want to buy it and because, with its large die area, it was too costly for the embedded market. It was later and slower than promised, and IBM used their ownPOWER3design instead, offering no 64-bit "small" version until the late-2002 introduction of thePowerPC 970.The 970 is a 64-bit processor derived from thePOWER4server processor. To create it, the POWER4 core was modified to be backward-compatible with 32-bit PowerPC processors, and a vector unit (similar to theAltiVecextensions in Motorola's 74xx series) was added.

IBM'sRS64processors are a family of chips implementing the "Amazon" variant of the PowerPC architecture. These processors are used in theRS/6000andIBM AS/400computer families; the Amazon architecture includes proprietary extensions used by AS/400.The POWER4 and later POWER processors implement the Amazon architecture and replaced the RS64 chips in the RS/6000 and AS/400 families.

IBM developed a separate product line called the "4xx" line focused on the embedded market. These designs included the 401, 403, 405, 440, and 460. In 2004, IBM sold their 4xx product line to Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (AMCC). AMCC continues to develop new high performance products, partly based on IBM's technology, along with technology that was developed within AMCC. These products focus on a variety of applications including networking, wireless, storage, printing/imaging and industrial automation.

Numerically, the PowerPC is mostly found in controllers in cars. For the automotive market, Freescale Semiconductor initially offered many variations called theMPC5xxfamily such as the MPC555, built on a variation of the 601 core called the 8xx and designed in Israel by MSIL (Motorola Silicon Israel Limited). The 601 core is single issue, meaning it can only issue one instruction in a clock cycle. To this they add various bits of custom hardware, to allow for I/O on the one chip. In 2004, the next-generation four-digit55xxdevices were launched for the automotive market. These use the newere200series of PowerPC cores.

Networking is another area where embedded PowerPC processors are found in large numbers. MSIL took theQUICCengine from theMC68302and made thePowerQUICCMPC860. This was a very famous processor used in manyCiscoedge routers in the late 1990s. Variants of the PowerQUICC include the MPC850, and the MPC823/MPC823e. All variants include a separate RISC microengine called theCPMthat offloads communications processing tasks from the central processor and has functions forDMA.The follow-on chip from this family, the MPC8260, has a 603e-based core and a different CPM.

Honda also uses PowerPC processors for itsASIMOrobot.

In 2003,BAE Systems Platform Solutionsdelivered the Vehicle-Management Computer for theF-35fighter jet. This platform consists of dual PowerPCs made by Freescale in a triple redundant setup.

Aeronautical Development Establishmenttested a high-performance digital flight control computer, powered by a quadraplex PowerPC-based processor setup on aHAL Tejas Mark 1Ain 2024.

Operating systems

Operating systems that work on the PowerPC architecture are generally divided into those that are oriented toward the general-purpose PowerPC systems, and those oriented toward theembeddedPowerPC systems.

Native

• AmigaOS 4
• Classic Mac OSfromSystem 7.1.2; andCopland
• BeOSR5 Pro
  • Haiku,experimental
• IBM i;formerly named i5/OS, originally OS/400
• MorphOS
• Plan 9
• Inferno
• POSIX:Unix,Unix-like
  • RhapsodythroughMac OS X Leopard10.5.8
  • AIX
  • Workplace OS,including a port ofOS/2
  • FreeBSD
  • NetBSD
  • OpenBSD,32-bit macppc
  • Linux
    • Arch Linux,supported in unofficial port
    • CRUX PPCthrough 2.0.1.1
    • Debian:
      • 32-bitpowerpca released port sincepotato
      • 64-bit big-endianppc64in mostly stalled development
      • 64-bit little-endianppc64lea released port sincejessie
    • Fedora
    • Gentoo Linux,with 32-bitppcreleases and 64-bitppc64releases
    • MintPPC,support for Old World and New World 32/64-bit Macs based on Linux Mint LXDE and Debian
    • MkLinux,Mach-kernel based distribution for older Macs, officially launched by Apple
    • openSUSE
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux
    • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
    • Ubuntu
    • Yellow Dog Linux,full support for 32/64-bit; PS3
    • Void Linux,support in third-party forkfor 32-bit and 64-bit (big-endian and little-endian)
  • Solaris2.5.1 PowerPC edition on the PReP platform
    • OpenSolaris,experimental
• JavaOS
• Windows NT3.5,3.51 and 4.0
• ReactOS,PowerPC port no longer under active development
• GameCube,Wii,andWii Usystem software
• Xbox 360 system software
• CellOSforPlayStation 3
• HelenOS

Embedded

• M-RTOS
• VxWorks
• VxWorks 653
• Nucleus RTOS
• LiveDevices RTA-OSEKLive
• Microware OS-9
• MikroTik RouterOS
• MontaVista Linux
• Wind River Linux
• QNX
• Cisco IOS
• Cisco AireOS
• LynxOS
• PikeOSRTOS and virtualization platform fromSYSGO
• ELinOSembedded Linux
• eCos
• BroadcomBCM Tech
• RTEMS
• BlueCat embeddedLinuxfromLynuxWorks
• Operating System Embedded(OSE) fromENEA AB
• Integrity
• Juniper NetworksJunosrouter and switch OS
• FreeRTOS
• Deos
• SCIOPTARTOS, certified accordingIEC61508,EN50128 and ISO26262
• Embedded PowerPC Operating System by IBM

Licensees

Companies that have licensed the 64-bit POWER or 32-bit PowerPC from IBM include:

32-bit PowerPC

• Altera,field-programmable gate array(FPGA) manufacturer nowIntel
• Apple('A' in originalAIM alliance), switched to Intel in early 2006
• Applied Micro Circuits Corporation(AMCC)
• Avago Technologies
• BAE SystemsforRAD750processor, used in spacecraft and planetary landers
• Cisco Systemsfor routers
• Culturecom forV-DragonCPU
• Exponential Technology
• Kumyoungused inkaraokeplayer CPU (Muzen and Vivaus series)
• LSI Logic
• Motorola(wasFreescale SemiconductornowNXP), as part of the original AIM alliance
• Rapport forKilocore1025 core CPU
• Samsung
• STMicroelectronicsfor the SPC5xx series
• Xilinx,FPGA maker, embedded PowerPC in the Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-4, and Virtex-5 FPGAs

64-bit PowerPC

• P.A. Semi
• Microsoft
• Hindustan Computers Ltd.
• Sony
• Freescale Semiconductor
• Toshiba

Game consoles

Main article:PowerPC based game consoles

PowerPC processors were used in a number of now-discontinuedvideo game consoles:

• Bandaifor itsBandai Pippin,designed byApple Computer(1995)
• Microsoft,for theXbox 360processor,Xenon
• Nintendofor theGameCube,Wii,andWii Uprocessors
• SonyandToshiba,for theCellprocessor (inside thePlayStation 3and other devices)

Desktop computers

The Power architecture is currently used in the following desktop computers:

• Sam440ep,Sam440epFlex, based on an AMCC 440ep SoC, built byACube Systems
• Sam460ex,based on an AMCC 460ex SoC, built by ACube Systems
• Nemo motherboard based around PA6T-1682M found in theAmigaOne X1000from A-EON Technology
• Cyrus motherboard based around Freescale Qoriq P5020 found in the AmigaOne X5000 from A-EON Technology
• Tabor motherboard based around Freescale QorIQ P1022 found in the forthcoming AmigaOne A1222 from A-EON Technology
• Talos II and Blackbird mainboards/workstations, based around the IBM Power9 Sforza architecture, built by Raptor Computing Systems

Embedded applications

The Power architecture is currently used in the following embedded applications:

• National InstrumentsSmart Cameras for machine vision
• Mars roverCuriosity- usesRAD750
• Mars roverPerseverance- usesRAD750

See also

• Common Hardware Reference Platform(CHRP)
• OpenPOWER Foundation
• Power ISA
• Power Architecture
• Power Architecture Platform Reference(PAPR)
• PowerOpen Environment
• PowerPC Reference Platform(PReP)
• RTEMSreal-time operating system
• List of PowerPC processors
• List of PowerPC-based game consoles

Further reading

• Weiss, Shlomo; Smith, James Edward (1994).POWER and PowerPC.Morgan Kaufmann.ISBN978-1558602793.
• May, Cathy; et al. (1994).The PowerPC Architecture: A Specification for A New Family of RISC Processors(2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.ISBN978-1-55860-316-5.
• Hoxey, Steve; et al., eds. (1996).The PowerPC Compiler Writer's Guide.Warthman Associates.ISBN0-9649654-0-2.Archivedfrom the original on April 8, 2021.
• Programming Environments Manual for 32-bit Implementations of the PowerPC Architecture(PDF).Motorola. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 14, 2005.A 640-page PDF manual.
• Book E: Enhanced PowerPC Architecture(3rd ed.). IBM. 2000.
• Duntemann, Jeff; Pronk, Ron (1994).Inside the PowerPC Revolution.Coriolis Group Books.ISBN978-1-883577-04-9.
• "PowerPC Architecture".Archived fromthe originalon February 14, 2008.An IBM article giving POWER and PowerPC history.
• Chakravarty, Dipto; Cannon, Casey (1994).PowerPC: Concepts, Architecture, and Design.McGraw Hill.ISBN9780070111929.

External links

• OpenPOWER Foundation
• Evolution of PowerPC Architecture, lecture by Michael W. Blasgen and Richard Oehler
• PPC Overview- an overview of PowerPC processors
• OS/2 Warp, PowerPC Editionreview by Michal Necasek
• PowerPC Architecture History Diagram
• A quite an extensive list of operating systems supporting PowerPC processors