This article lists theheads of stateofSudansince the country'sindependencein 1956.
| Presidency of the Republic of the Sudan | |
|---|---|
| رئاسة الجمهورية السودان(Arabic) | |
 | |
 | |
| Executive branch of the Sudanese Government Head of state of the Republic of the Sudan | |
| Residence | Republican Palace,Khartoum(Chairman) |
| Formation | 17 November 1958 |
| First holder | Five-member Sovereignty Council(collective presidency) |
| Salary | 29,320 USD annually[1] |
| Website | www |
History of the office
editSince independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-membersovereignty councils) have served ashead of stateofSudan,currently under the titlePresident of the Republic of the Sudan.Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as acondominiumbyEgyptand theUnited Kingdom,under the nameAnglo-Egyptian Sudan.As such, executive power was vested in adyarchyconsisting of both countries' heads of state – at the time of independence, theQueen of the United Kingdom(Elizabeth II) and theEgyptian Revolutionary Command Council(headed byGamal Abdel Nasser). Immediately following independence, the role of head of state was filled by a five-member Sovereignty Council, with rivalnationalistfactions unable to agree on a single candidate. In November 1958, GeneralIbrahim Abboudled amilitary coup d'état,assuming the role of head of state as Chairman of the Supreme Council. Assuming the title of president in 1964, he resigned later that year due to general discontent around the rule of the military regime. Abboud was succeeded by a senior civil servant,Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa,who served as acting president for 18 days before transferring executive authority to a Committee of Sovereignty.
Ismail al-Azhari,the leader of theNational Unionist Party,was made president in July 1965; he ruled with limited power until he was deposed in a1969 military coup.The military officers responsible for the coup established theNational Revolutionary Command Council,chaired byJaafar Nimeiry.Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formedSudanese Socialist Union,assumed the position of president in 1971, and subsequently established aone-party state,which existed until 1985, when a group of military officersoverthrew his governmentand established the1985 Transitional Military Council,led by Field MarshalAbdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab.Ahmed al-Mirghanisucceeded to the relatively powerless position of Chairman of the Supreme Council in 1986, aftermulti-party electionheld that year. He was deposed in a1989 military coupled by Lieutenant-GeneralOmar al-Bashir.Al-Bashir served as head of state, under the title of Chairman of theRevolutionary Command Council for National Salvationfrom 1989 to 1993 and as president from 1993 to 2019 (and from 1996 as the leader of theNational Congress Party).
Al-Bashir wasremoved from powerby theSudanese Armed Forceson 11 April 2019, amid theSudanese Revolutionafter holding the office for nearly 30 years. Lieutenant-GeneralAhmed Awad Ibn Auftook control of Sudan without becoming head of state, established the2019 Transitional Military Council,but resigned the following day in favor of Lieutenant-GeneralAbdel Fattah al-Burhan.[2]The Transitional Military Council was replaced with theTransitional Sovereignty Councilon 20 August 2019, under the chairmanship of al-Burhan. The Sovereignty Council, an 11-member civilian-militarycollective head of state,is designed to lead the country for 39 months in thetransition to democracy,which is supposed to end with thenext general election.[3]The Transitional Sovereignty Council was dissolved by al-Burhan on 25 October 2021, following acoup d'état.[4]Al-Burhan reinstated it on 11 November 2021, with some members replaced.[5]
Term limits
editAs of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in theConstitution of Sudan.The term limit has not been met by any president yet.[6]
Titles of heads of state
edit- 1956–1958:Sovereignty Council
- 1958–1964:Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1964:President
- 1964–1965:Committees of Sovereignty
- 1965–1969:Chairman of theSovereignty Council
- 1969–1971:Chairman of theNational Revolutionary Command Council
- 1971–1985:President
- 1985:Commander-in-Chief
- 1985–1986:Chairman of theTransitional Military Council
- 1986–1989:Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1989–1993:Chairman of theRevolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
- 1993–2019:President
- 2019:Chairman of theTransitional Military Council
- 2019–2021:Transitional Sovereignty Council
- 2021:Commander-in-Chief of theArmed Forces[7]
- 2021–present:Transitional Sovereignty Council
Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present)
edit(Dates in italics indicatede factocontinuation of office)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 | 
|
Sovereignty Council [a] |
— | 1 January 1956 | 17 November 1958 (deposed) |
2 years, 320 days | Multipartisan |
| 2 | 
|
Ibrahim Abboud (1900–1983) |
— | 17 November 1958 | 16 November 1964 (resigned) |
5 years, 365 days | Military |
| — | 
|
Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006) Acting President |
— | 16 November 1964 | 3 December 1964 | 17 days | National Umma Party |
| 3 |
|
First Committee of Sovereignty [b] |
— | 3 December 1964 | 10 June 1965 | 189 days | Multipartisan |
| 4 | Second Committee of Sovereignty [c] |
10 June 1965 | 8 July 1965 | 28 days | |||
| 5 | 
|
Ismail al-Azhari (1900–1969) |
— | 8 July 1965 | 25 May 1969 (deposed) |
3 years, 321 days | Democratic Unionist Party |
Democratic Republic of Sudan(1969–1985)edit | |||||||
| 6 | 
|
Gaafar Nimeiry (1928–2009) [d] |
1971[e] 1977 1983 |
25 May 1969 | 6 April 1985 (deposed) |
15 years, 316 days | Military/ Sudanese Socialist Union |
| 7 | 
|
Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (1934–2018) |
— | 6 April 1985 | 6 May 1986[f] | 1 year, 30 days | Military |
| 8 | 
|
Ahmed al-Mirghani (1941–2008) |
— | 6 May 1986 | 30 June 1989 (deposed) |
3 years, 55 days | Democratic Unionist Party |
| 9 | 
|
Omar al-Bashir (born 1944) |
1996 2000 2010 2015 |
30 June 1989 | 11 April 2019 (deposed) |
29 years, 285 days | Military/ National Congress Party |
Transitional period(2019–present)edit | |||||||
| 10 |
|
Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf (born 1957) |
— | 11 April 2019 | 12 April 2019 (resigned) |
1 day | Military/ National Congress Party |
| 11 | 
|
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960) |
— | 12 April 2019 | 20 August 2019 | 130 days | Military |
| 12 |
|
Transitional Sovereignty Council [g] |
— | 20 August 2019 | 25 October 2021 (deposed) |
2 years, 66 days | Multipartisan (FFCandTMC) |
| (11) |
|
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960) |
— | 25 October 2021 | 11 November 2021 | 17 days | Military |
| (12) |
|
Transitional Sovereignty Council [h] |
— | 11 November 2021[5] | Incumbent | 3 years, 19 days | Multipartisan |
Timeline
edit
Incoming election
editNotes
edit- ^Members:Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi,Muhammad Ahmad Yasin,Ahmad Muhammad Salih,Muhammad Othman al-DardiriandSiricio Iro Wani.
- ^Members:Abdel Halim Muhammad,Tijani al-Mahi,Mubarak Shaddad,Ibrahim Yusuf SulaymanandLuigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho.
- ^Members:Ismail al-Azhari,Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi,Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho,Abdel Halim MuhammadandKhidr Hamad.
- ^Briefly interrupted during the19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
- ^Presidency referendum.
- ^Handed over power to the civilian government after the1986 parliamentary election.
- ^Members:[8]ChairmanAbdel Fattah al-Burhan,Hemedti,Yasser al-Atta,Shams al-Din Khabbashi,Ibrahim Jabir Karim,Aisha Musa el-Said,Siddiq Tawer,Mohamed al-Faki,Hassan Sheikh Idris,Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi[9]andRaja Nicola.
- ^Members: ChairmanAbdel Fattah al-Burhan,Deputy ChairmanHemedti(until 2023),Malik Agar(Deputy Chairman from 2023),Shams al-Din Khabbashi,Yasser al-Atta,Ibrahim Jabir Karim,El Hadi Idris Yahya,El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar,Raja Nicola,Abdulgasim Bortom,Yousef Jad Karim,Abdelbagi al-Zubeir,Salma Abdeljabbar.[5][10][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"The highest and lowest paid African presidents - Business Daily".Business Daily. 27 December 2020.
- ^El Sirgany, Sarah; Elbagir, Nima; Abdullah, Yasir (11 April 2019)."Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup".cnn.com.CNN.Retrieved12 April2019.
- ^"Sudan forms 11-member sovereign council, headed by al-Burhan".Al Jazeera.1 June 2021.Retrieved20 August2019.
- ^"Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government".Reuters.25 October 2021.Retrieved25 October2021.
- ^abc"Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council".Al Jazeera.11 November 2021.Retrieved20 March2023.
- ^Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph."Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
- ^Hoffmann, Anette (November 2021)."Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule"(PDF).Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael.Retrieved22 March2023.
- ^"Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council".Thomson Reuters.18 August 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 18 August 2019.Retrieved18 August2019.
- ^"FFC finally agree on nominees for Sudan's Sovereign Council".Sudan Tribune.20 August 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2019.Retrieved20 August2019.
- ^"Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council".Radio Dabanga.Khartoum.11 November 2021.Retrieved26 March2023.
- ^"Sudan's Burhan dismisses Hemedti of his position".Al Bawaba.Retrieved19 May2023.