Wikipedia

Puppet state

(Redirected fromPuppet government)

Apuppet state,puppet régime,puppet governmentordummy government[1]is astatethat isde jureindependent butde factocompletely dependent upon an outsidepowerand subject to its orders.[2]Puppet states have nominalsovereignty,except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support.[3]By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing the local government they tolerate.[1][how?]

Puppet states differ fromallies,who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance withtreatiesthey have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced intolegally endorsingactions already taken by a foreign power.

Characteristics

Puppet states are "endowed with the outward symbols of authority",[4]such as a name,flag,anthem,constitution,law codes,motto,and government, but in reality are appendages of another state which creates,[5]sponsors or otherwise controls the puppet government.International lawdoes not recogniseoccupiedpuppet states aslegitimate.[6]

Puppet states can cease to be puppets through:

  • military defeat of the "master" state (as inEuropeandAsiain 1945),
  • absorption into the master state (as in the earlySoviet Union),
  • achievement of independence

Terminology

The term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to apuppetcontrolled by apuppeteerwith strings.[7]The first recorded use of the term "puppet government" was in 1884, in reference to theKhedivate of Egypt.[8][unreliable source?]

In theMiddle Ages,vassal statesexisted based on delegation of the rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank. Since thePeace of Westphaliaof 1648, the concept of a nation came into existence wheresovereigntywas connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land.

An earlier similar concept issuzerainty,the control of the external affairs of one state by another.[citation needed]

Nineteenth-century examples

French revolutionary and Napoleonic clients

TheFirst French Empireand its satellite states in 1812

TheBatavian Republicwas established in theNetherlandsunder French revolutionary protection.

In Italy, theFrench First Republicencouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known assister republics.

In Eastern Europe,Napoleon'sFirst French Empireestablished the Polish client state of theDuchy of Warsaw.[9]

British Empire

Map of theBritish Indian Empire,withprincely statesin yellow

In 1896, Britainestablished a stateinZanzibar.

Early twentieth-century examples

Main article:List of World War I puppet states

Established by the German Empire

By others

World War II

Imperial Japan

Further information:Axis powers of World War II,Collaboration with Imperial Japan,andList of WWII puppet states

DuringJapan's imperial period,and particularly during thePacific War(parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre ofWorld War II), the Imperial Japanese government established a number of dependent states.

Nominally sovereign states

Location ofManchukuo(red) withinImperial Japan's sphere of influence
Wang Jingweireceiving German diplomats as head of state of theReorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of Chinain 1941
In China

Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Further information:Axis powers of World War IIandCollaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
German-occupied Europeat the height of the Axis conquests in 1942

Several European governments under the domination ofGermanyandItalyduring World War II have been described as "puppet régimes". The formal means of control inoccupied Europevaried greatly. These states fall into several categories.

Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy

Existing states under German or Italian rule

New states formed to reflect national aspirations

States and governments under the control of Germany and Italy

Italian Social Republic

  • Italian Social Republic(1943–1945, known also as the Republic of Salò) – GeneralPietro Badoglioand King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew Italy from theAxis powersand moved the government toSouthern Italy,already controlled by theAllies.In response, the Germans occupiedNorthern Italyand founded the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italianaor RSI) with Benito Mussolini as its "Head of State" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs". While the RSI government had some trappings of an independent state, it was completely dependent both economically and politically on Germany.

British examples during and after World War II

Further information:Allies of World War IIandList of World War II puppet states

The Axis demand for oil and the concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil-rich Middle East for a solution, caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and theinvasion of Iranby the UK and the Soviet Union. Pro-Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied-dominated governments.

  • Kingdom of Iraq(1941–1947) – Iraq was important to the United Kingdom because of its position on the route to India. Iraq also could provide strategic oil reserves. But due to the UK's weakness early in the war, Iraq backed away from the pre-warAnglo-Iraqi Alliance.On 1 April 1941, theHashemitemonarchy in Iraq was overthrown by apro-Germancoup d'étatunderRashid Ali.The Rashid Ali regime began negotiations with theAxis powersand military aid was quickly sent toMosulvia Vichy French-controlled Syria. The Germans provided a squadron of twin-engine fighters and a squadron of medium bombers. The Italians provided a squadron of biplane fighters. In mid-April 1941, a brigade of the10th Indian Infantry Divisionlanded atBasra(Operation Sabine). On 30 April, British forces atRAF Habbaniyawere besieged by a numerically inferior Iraqi force. On 2 May, the British launched pre-emptive airstrikes against the Iraqis and theAnglo-Iraqi Warbegan. By the end of May, the siege of RAF Habbaniya was lifted,Fallujahwas taken,Baghdadwas surrounded by British forces, and the pro-German government of Rashid Ali collapsed. Rashid Ali and his supporters fled the country. The Hashemite monarchy under KingFaisal IIwas restored, and declared war on the Axis powers in January 1942. British and Commonwealth forces remained in Iraq until 26 October 1947.[20]
  • Imperial State of Iran(1941–1943) – German workers in Iran caused both the UK and the Soviet Union to question Iran's neutrality. In addition, Iran's geographical position was important to the Allies. As a result, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance) was launched in August 1941. The following month,Reza Shah Pahlaviwas forced to abdicate his throne and went into exile. He was replaced by his sonMohammad Reza Pahlavi,who was willing to declare war on the Axis powers. By January 1942, the UK and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation of Iran six months after the end of the war.

Soviet examples after 1939

Main article:Soviet satellite states

Puppet states later absorbed into the Soviet Union

Map of theFinnish Democratic Republic(1939–40), a short-lived puppet state of theSoviet Union.Green indicates the area that the Soviet Union planned to cede to the Finnish Democratic Republic, and red the areas ceded to the Soviets.

Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe

As Soviet forces prevailed over the German Army on the Eastern Front during World War II, the Soviet Union supported the creation of communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. Specifically, thePeople's RepublicsinPoland,Romania,Czechoslovakia,Bulgaria,Hungary,andAlbaniaweredominated by the Soviet Union.While all of these People's Republics did not "officially" take power until after WWII ended, they all have roots in pro-communist wartime governments.

Soviet puppet states in Central Asia

  • Republic of Mahabad(1946–1947) – Officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan and established in several provinces of northwestern Iran, or what is known asIranian Kurdistanand was a short-lived republic that sought Kurdish autonomy within the limits of the Iranian state. Iran retook control in December and the leaders of the state were executed in March 1947 inMahabad.
  • Democratic Republic of Afghanistan(1978–1991)

Other states under Soviet influence

Yugoslaviawas a communist state closely linked to the Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders. After theTito–Stalin splitin 1948, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly. Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organisations of theEastern Bloc.After Stalin's death and a period ofde-StalinizationbyNikita Khrushchev,peace was restored, but the relationship between the two countries was never completely mended. Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of theNon-Aligned Movement.[citation needed]

The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over thePeople's Republic of Chinabefore theSino-Soviet splitin 1961. Some other countries which once were Soviet puppet governments includedMongolia,North Korea,North Vietnam,the reunifiedVietnamandCuba,all of which had substantial dependence on the Soviet economy, military, science, and technology. After thedissolution of the Soviet Unionin 1991, most of its former satellites moved towards democratisation. Only China, Cuba,Laos,and Vietnam remain one-party communist states.

In 1992, all references toMarxism–Leninismin theconstitutionof North Korea were dropped by theSupreme People's Assemblyand replaced withJuche.[27]In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended to not only remove all Marxist–Leninist references from the first draft, but also drop all references tocommunism.[28]

Examples before and during decolonisation

See also:Françafrique

In some cases, the process ofdecolonisationhas been managed by the decolonising power to create aneo-colony,that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination. Neo-colonies are not normally considered puppet states.[citation needed]

Dutch East Indies

TheNetherlandsformed several puppet states in the formerDutch East Indiesas part of its effort to quell theIndonesian National Revolution.[citation needed]

Congo crisis

See also:King Leopold II,Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,andBlood diamond

Following theBelgian Congo's independence asCongo-Leopoldvillein 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived breakawayState of Katanga(1960–1963).[29]

East Timor

Indonesiaestablished aProvisional Government of East Timorfollowing itsinvasion of East Timorin December 1975.[30][31][32]

South Africa's Bantustans

Map of Bantustans inSouth West Africa(present-dayNamibia) as of 1978

During the 1970s and 1980s, four ethnicBantustans- some of which were extremelyfragmented- called "homelands" by the government of the time, were carved out ofSouth Africaand given nominalsovereignty.MostlyXhosa peopleresided in theCiskeiandTranskei,Tswana peopleinBophuthatswana,andVenda peoplein theVenda.[33][unreliable source?]

The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from the Xhosa, Tswana, and Venda peoples, and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights. All four Bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994, under anew constitution.[citation needed]

The South African authorities established ten Bantustans inSouth West Africa(present-dayNamibia), thenillegally occupiedby South Africa, in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with theOdendaal Commission.Three of them were granted self-rule. These Bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity-based governments in 1980.[citation needed]

Post-Cold War examples

Republic of Kuwait

TheRepublic of Kuwaitwas a short-lived pro-Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks beforeit was annexed by Iraqin 1990.

Republic of Serbian Krajina

TheRepublic of Serbian Krajinawas a self-proclaimed territoryethnic cleansed[clarification needed]by Serbian forces during theCroatian War(1991–95). It was completely dependent on the Serbian regime ofSlobodan Milošević,[34]and was not recognised internationally.

Recent and current examples

United States

  • Republic of Iraq(Interim GovernmentandCoalition Provisional Authority) – Critics of the Iraqi Interim Government argued that it existed only at the pleasure of the United States and other coalition countries and considered it a U.S. puppet government.[35]This criticism was also extended to politicians active within the Interim Government, with the media suggesting thatAyad Allawi,was Washington's puppet.[36][37]The CPA's economy was dominated by American influence. The CPA began todismantle Iraq's centrally planned economy.Paul Bremer,chief executive of the CPA, planned to restructure Iraq's state owned economy withfree marketthinking. Bremer dropped thecorporate taxrate from around 45% to aflat taxrate of 15% and allowed foreign corporations torepatriateall profits earned in Iraq. Opposition from senior Iraqi officials, together with the poor security situation, meant that Bremer's privatisation plan was not implemented during his tenure,[38]though his orders remained in place. CPA Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatisation in Iraq and permitted 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets and strengthened the positions of foreign businesses and investors. Critics likeNaomi Kleinargued that CPA Order 39 was designed to create as favourable an environment for foreign investors as possible, which would allow U.S. corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.[39]Also controversial wasCPA Order 17which granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraqimmunityfrom "Iraqilegal process,"effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit, civil or criminal, for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq.[40]CPA Order 49 also provided significanttax cutsfor corporations operating within Iraq by reducing the rate from a maximum of 40% to a maximum of just 15% on income. Furthermore, corporations who collaborated with the CPA wereexemptedfrom having to pay any tax.[41]

Armenia

  • Artsakh– A former self-declared independent state heavily populated by Armenians, it was internationally recognised as part ofAzerbaijan.Russian peacekeepers controlled theLachin corridorthat allowed traffic to reach Armenia, on which it was heavily dependent.[44][45]

China

Russia

Abkhazian PresidentAlexander Ankvabwith Transnistrian PresidentYevgeny Shevchukin 2013. Both Abkhazia and Transnistria have been described as puppet states of Russia.
  • Abkhaziais considered a puppet state that is dependent on Russia.[48][49]The economy of Abkhazia is heavily integrated with Russia and uses theRussian rubleas its currency. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.[50]Most Abkhazians haveRussian passports.[51]Russia maintains a 3,500-strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters inGudauta,a former Soviet military base on theBlack Seacoast[52]and the borders of Abkhazia are protected by Russian paratroopers.[53]
  • South Ossetiahas declared independence but its ability to maintain independence is solely based on Russian troops deployed on its territory. As South Ossetia is landlocked between Russia andGeorgia,from which it seceded, it has relied on Russia for economic and logistical support, as all of its exports and imports and air and road traffic is only with Russia. Former President of South OssetiaEduard Kokoityclaimed he would like South Ossetia eventually to become a part of the Russian Federation through reunification withNorth Ossetia.[54]
  • TheDonetsk People's Republic(DPR) and theLuhansk People's Republic(LPR) were self-proclaimed republics in eastern Ukraine following the fallout from theEuromaidanprotests and widely considered to be Russian puppet states.[55][56]Russiaannexedthe DPR and LPR on September 30, 2022, following theRussian invasion of Ukraine.
  • Transnistria,a conservative holdover of pro-Soviet forces from theTransnistria War,is considered a puppet state sponsored by Russia.[57][58][59][60]

Disputed examples

In Yemen

Map of territorial control inYemen
Southern Transitional Councilsupported by the UAE
Internationally-recognizedGovernment of Yemenbased in Saudi Arabia
Houthi-ledSupreme Political Councilsupported by Iran
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian PeninsulaandAQ-affiliatedAnsar al-Sharia

Iran

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Turkish Republic of North Cyprus

  • Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus– According to theEuropean Court of Human Rights,theRepublic of Cyprusremains the sole legitimate government in Cyprus, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus should be considered as a puppet state under Turkish control.[66][67]Its isolation,Turkish military presence,and heavy dependence on Turkish support mean thatTurkeyhas a high level of control over the country's decision-making processes. That has led to some experts stating that it runs as an effective puppet state of Turkey.[68][69][70]Other experts, however, have pointed out the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments and concluded that "puppet state" is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus.[71][72]

Belarus

See also

References

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Further reading

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