Qandala campaign

TheQandala campaignbegan when theIslamic State in Somalia(ISS) attacked and captured the town ofQandalainBari,Puntland,Somaliaon 26 October 2016. This takeover resulted in thedisplacementof over 25,700 civilians and an eventual counter-offensive by thePuntland Security Force,which succeeded in driving ISS from Qandala on 7 December, and thereaftergovernmentunits continued to attack the militants' hideouts in the nearby mountains until 18 December. The fall of Qandala was the second time that anIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant(ISIL)-affiliated group had captured a town in Somalia, but whereas the first takeover had lasted only for a very short time,ISS had managed to hold Qandala, a town of both major strategic as well as symbolic importance, for over a month.

Qandala campaign
Part of theWar against the Islamic Stateand theWar in Somalia
AnIS-Somaliafighter hoists his group's flag overQandalaon the same building where Somalifolk heroAli Fahiye Gedi was imprisoned during thecolonial era.
Date 26 October – 18 December 2016 (1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day) Location Qandala,Bari,Somalia Result TacticalPuntlandvictory; majorIS-Somaliapropaganda success
Belligerents
Islamic State in Somalia(IS-Somalia)	Puntland
Commanders and leaders
SheikhAbdul Qadir Mumin (leader of IS-Somalia) Mahad Maoallim (IS-Somalia senior commander)	Shire Haji Farah (Minister of Planning and International Relations) Yusuf Mohamed Dhedo (Bari regiongovernor) Admiral Abdirizak Dirie Farah (Puntland Maritime Police commander)
Units involved
Unknown	Puntland Security Force Puntland Dervish Force Puntland Police Force Puntland Maritime Police Force Clan militias
Strength
Unknown	"Hundreds" of fighters,several gunboats
Casualties and losses
30 killed, 35 wounded,several captured(government claim)	3+ wounded
25,700+ displaced

Background

WhenAbdul Qadir Muminbroke away fromal-Shabaaband declared allegiance to ISIL in 2015, only about 20 of the 300Islamistfighters based in Puntland joined him.Over the following year he and his followers evaded attacks by al-Shabaab militants and recruited new members; by October 2016, it was assumed that Abdul Qadir Mumin's group had significantly grown to about 300 fighters. Thus, as the first anniversary of the ISS' foundation grew near, they sought a target for their first major attack. In this regard, Qandala would be a convenient target, as Mumin's clan lived near the town, and the conquest of a significant settlement as well as the proclamation of an Islamic region in the whole of Africa could gain him more local support and sympathizers.

Furthermore, Qandala is a town of both strategic as well as symbolic significance: It is generally known that the ISS receives experts, trainers, money, weapons and other materials fromits alliesinYemen.ISS is active in areas, however, that are very mountainous and difficult to reach by land, so that they are generally supplied by sea; in this regard, the possession of a port town like Qandala would allow them to receive more shipments of supplies.Conversely, Qandala is "a traditional symbol of staunch resistance to foreign occupation", as it was the site where the Somali rebel andfolk heroAli Fahiye Gedi burned theItalian flagand was subsequently imprisoned byItalian soldiersin 1914.

Campaign

ISS capture of Qandala

On early 26 October, ISS militants began their surprise attackagainst Qandala, cutting the town'sphone lineswhile encountering little resistance. As Qandala was defended only by a very small number of soldiers, who were unable to stop the Islamic State fighters, all government officials and soldiers soon fled Qandala. Thereupon 60 ISS militants entered the town and captured it without further fighting, hoisting their flag on top of thepolice stationand the building where Ali Fahiye Gedi had been imprisoned.Even though the jihadists tried to reassure the local population by telling them "don't panic, we will rule you according to the Islamicsharia(law) ",Qandala's elders asked them to leave, to which the militants insisted that "they are not going anywhere".

On the next day, Qandala's schools closed, and for the first time in the town's history, thousands of its residents fled by boat and on foot toBosaso,while thePuntland Maritime Police Forcedeployed several gunboats to intercept any shipments by militant groups from Yemen.Puntland officials also claimed that ISS began to retreat from the town, though these reports were later disproven by locals.By 23 November, all civilian residents of Qandala had fled; overall 25,700 locals had been displaced due to the ISS takeover.Meanwhile, the town's ISS garrison began to erect defences around the town to prepare for the inevitable governmentcounter-offensive.

Puntland's counter-offensive

The two leaders of the government counter-offensive,Shire Haji Farahand Yusuf Mohamed Dhedo, at Qandala after the town's recapture from ISS on 7 December 2016.

ThePuntland Security Forcebegan their counter-offensive on 3 December,though their forces were hindered by the difficult terrain around Qandala and narrow roads that led to the town.Government soldiers encountered first resistance at the village of Bashashin, when they were forced to stop in order to dismantle landmines that had been placed on the road that ran through the village. At that moment, ISS militants launched a surprise attack, though the Puntland forces eventually repelled the assault.Another major skirmish happened on 5 December; besides these two battles,the fighting was mostly sporadic, though it lasted until 7 December.On that day, the Puntland forces entered Qandala by land and sea, encountering no resistance; ISS had evacuated its forces from the town beforehand and subsequently retreated to Gurur in the mountainous areas to the south.

On 18 December, Puntlandpoliceforces reportedly attacked and destroyed an ISS base at El Ladid, a village 30kilometerssouth of Qandala, where the rebels were regrouping after their retreat.

Aftermath

Though ISS had ultimately lost all captured territory and if government sources are to be believed, suffered heavy casualties,the fact that the small local ISIL branch had captured a major town and held it for over a month "could be viewed as an important symbolic victory for the group".

Bibliography

• Warner, Jason (2017)."Sub-Saharan Africa's Three" New "Islamic State Affiliates"(PDF).CTC Sentinel.10(1).West Point, New York:Combating Terrorism Center:28–32. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-04-30.Retrieved2017-02-11.