TheQuanrong(Chinese:Khuyển nhung;pinyin:Quǎnróng) orDogRong[a]were an ethnic group, classified by the ancient Chinese as "Qiang",active in the northwestern part of China during and after theZhou dynasty(1046–221 BCE). Their language or languages are considered to have been members of theTibeto-Burmanbranch of theSino-Tibetan languages.
Etymology
editScholars believe Quanrong was a later name for theXianyunHiểm duẫn (written withxian,defined as a kind of dog with a long snout [Erya] or a black dog with a yellow face [Shuowen Jiezi]). According to sinologistLi Feng,"It is very probable that when the term Xianyun came to be written with the two characters hiểm duẫn, the notion of 'dog' associated with the characterxianthus gave rise to the term Quanrong khuyển nhung, or the 'Dog Barbarians'. "[2]
Claiming ancestry from two white dogs, the Quanrong tribe worshipped atotemin the form of a white dog.[citation needed]They are classified as a nomadic tribe of the Qiang and were the sworn enemies of theYanhuangtribe.
History
editAccording to theBook of the Later Han:
Former EmperorGaoxin's (father ofEmperor Yao) enemies were the Quanrong. The Emperor suffered violent invasion at their hands but did not retaliate.
The Discourses of Zhou in theGuoyurecords that at the time ofKing Mu of Zhouthe power of the Quanrong gradually increased. Conflicts during the king's reign made him consider apunitive expeditionto the west against them. Duke of Zhai was against his father's plan: "this is not advisable. The illustrious former Emperors[b]did not advocate the use of force. "[3]King Mu did not listen but won an unexpected victory in the subsequent clash, capturing the five kings of the Quanrong along with five white wolves and five white deer.
In 771 BCE, theMarquessofSheninvited the Quanrong to join him in an attack onKing You of Zhou.The joint force subsequently occupied the Zhōu capitalHaojing,killing King You and capturing his concubineBao Si.In the end, the invaders left after taking a tribute from the Zhou and stealing theNine Tripod Cauldrons.Duke Xiang of Qinsent an army to assist the Zhou as well as troops to escort King You's sonKing Ping of Zhouto the eastern capital ofChengzhou,effectively ending the Western Zhou and ushering in the beginning of the Eastern Zhou dynasty and theSpring and Autumn period.
At the time ofEmperor Ming of Han(reigned 58–75 CE) it was said:
More than 1.3 million households, roughly six million people, offer tribute to the White Wolves and other clans.
During the reign ofEmperor Taizong of Tang(reigned 626–649 CE), Court Academician Liǔ Kàng petitioned:
The Quanrong violate the mountain passes ofGansuand enter the (Tang) capital (Xi'an) without bloodshed...
The traditional base of the Quanrong is modern Wēiróng Town inJingning County,Gansu.[4]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^The Quanrong are sometimes referred to as the Báigǒu ( bạch cẩu "White Dogs" ) or Báiláng ( bạch lang "White Wolves" ).
- ^TheThree Sovereigns and Five Emperorsof Chinese mythology.
References
edit- ^"Linh đài bạch thảo pha tây chu mộ táng lí đích thanh đồng vương quốc".www.kaogu.net.cn.The Institute of Archaeology (CASSChinese Academy of Social Sciences).
There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty. They were called "Ghost people" (Guifang) because they looked different from the Chinese. Hữu khảo chứng hệ a nhĩ thái ngữ hệ đích bắc phương du mục dân tộc nhân chủng hình tượng. Khả năng thị tằng kinh đối chu triều bắc phương biên cảnh cấu thành nghiêm trọng quân sự uy hiếp đích hiểm duẫn bộ tộc, nhân tương mạo dị vu hoa hạ, bị xưng tác "Quỷ phương".
- ^Li, Feng (2006).Landscape And Power In Early China.Cambridge University Press. Page 346.
- ^Duke of Zhai advises against expedition against the Quanrong(in Chinese)
- ^"Tĩnh ninh uy nhung trấn: Khuyển nhung định đỉnh chi địa?".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-19.Retrieved2010-03-21.
- Lectures on Wolf Totem (in Chinese) (Retrieved February 2010)
- Jiang, Rong;Goldblatt, Howard (translator)(2008-03-27),Wolf Totem,Penguin,ISBN978-1-59420-156-1
{{citation}}:|first2=has generic name (help)